interrupted by the Parthians, particularly when they travelled towards those countries where silk and others of the most valuable manufactures were procured, it became an object to the Romans to conciliate the friendship of the sovereigns of those distant countries. This attempt seems to have been made; for the Chinese historians tell us, that Antoun, by whom they mean the emperor Marcus Antoninus, the king of the people of the western ocean, sent an embassy to Ounti, who reigued in China A. D. 166. With regard to the Indian islands, considering the little way they extended their navigation, the ancients could not be acquainted with many of them. Ceylon, however, they called Taprobane: the name was entirely unknown in Europe before the time of Alexander the Great; but that conqueror, though he did not visit, had heard of it; but all the accounts of ancient geographers concerning it are confused and contradictory. The other islands described by Ptolemy to the eastward of Taprobane are, according to Dr. Robertson, those called Andaman and Nicobar in the Gulf of Bengal. From the time of Ptolemy to that of the emperor Justinian we have no account of any intercourse of the Europeans win India, or of any progress made in the geographical knowledge of the country. Under that emperor Cosmas, an Egyptian merchant, made some voyages to India, whence he acquired the surname of Indicopleustes. Having afterwards turned monk, he published several works; one of which, named Christian Topography, has reached us. In this, though mixed with many strange reveries, he relates, with great simplicity and appearance of truth, what he had seen in his travels or had learned from others; and describes several places on the western coast of the hither peninsula, which he calls the chief seat of the pepper trade. From one of the ports on that coast, named Male, Dr. Robertson thinks that the name of Malabar may probably be derived, as well as that of Maldives, given to a cluster of islands at no great distance. Cosmas informs us also, that in his time the island of Taprobane had become a great staple of trade. He supposed it to lie about half way betwixt the Persian Gulf and the country of the Sina: in consequence of which commodious situation it received the silk of the Sine, and the precious spices of the remote regions of the east, which were from thence conveyed to all parts of India, Persia, and the Arabian Gulf. He calls it not Taprobane, but Sieldibia, derived from Selendib, or Serendib, a name by which it is still known in the east. From him also we learn, that the Persians, having overthrown the empire of the Parthians, applied themselves with great diligence and success to maritime affairs; in consequence of which they became formidable rivals to the Romans in the Indian trade. The latter being thus in danger of entirely losing that lucrative branch, Justinian formed a scheme of preserving some share of it by means of his ally the emperor of Abyssinia. In this he was disappointed, though afterwards he obtained his end in a way entirely unexpected. Two monks who had been employ ed as missionaries in different parts of the east, and had penetrated as far as the country of the Seres or China, induced by the liberal promises of Justinian, brought a quantity of the eggs of silkworms in a hollow cane. They were then hatched by the heat of a dunghill; and, being fed with the leaves of the mulberry, worked and multiplied as well as in those countries of which they are natives. Vast numbers were soon reared in Greece; from whence they were exported to Sicily, and from thence to Italy; in all which countries silk manufactures have since been established. On the conquest of Egypt by the Saracens, in 640, the India trade was of course transferred to them; and they soon began to pursue it with much more vigor than the Romans had done. The city of Bassora was built by the caliph Omar, upon the west banks of the great river formed by the union of the Euphrates with the Tigris. Thus the command of both rivers was secured, and the new city soon became a place of almost as much consequence as Alexandria itself. Dr. Robertson takes notice, that, from the evidence of an Arabian merchant who wrote in 852, it appears, that not only the Saracens, but the Chinese also, were destitute of the mariner's compass; contrary to a common opinion, that this instrument was known in the east long before its discovery in Europe. Notwithstanding this disadvantage, they penetrated far beyond Siam, which had set bounds to the navigation of Europeans. They became acquainted with Sumatra and other Indian islands; extending their navigation as far as Canton in China. A regular commerce was now carried on from the Persian Gulf to all the countries lying betwixt it and China, and even with China itself. Many Saracens settled in India properly so called, as well as in the countries beyond it. In the city of Canton they were so numerous, that the emperor permitted them to have a cadi or judge of their own religion; the Arabian language was understood and spoken in every place of consequence; and ships from China are even said to have visited the Persian Gulf. According to the Arabian accounts of those days, the peninsula of India was at that time divided into four kingdoms. The first was composed of the provinces situated on the Indus and its branches, the capital of which was Moultan. The second had the city of Canoge, which, from its remaining ruins, appears to have been a very large place. The Indian historians relate, that it contained 30,000 shops, in which betel nut was sold, and 60,000 sets of musicians and singers who paid a tax to government. The third kingdom was that of Cachemire, first mentioned by Massoudi, who gives a short description of it. The fourth kingdom, Guzerat, is represented by the same author as the most powerful of the whole. Another Arab writer, who flourished about the middle of the fourteenth century, divides India into three parts; the northern comprehending all the provinces on the Indus; the middle extending from Guzerat to the Ganges; and the southern, which he denominates Comar, from Cape Comorin. From the relation of the Arabian merchant above mentioned, explained by the commentary of INDI A. another Arabian who had likewise visited the eastern parts of Asia, we learn many particulars concerning the inhabitants of these distant regions at that time, which correspond with what is observed among them at this day. They take notice of the general use of silk among the Chinese, and the manufacture of porcelain, which they compare to glass. They also describe the tea-plant, with the manner of using its leaves; whence it appears, that in the ninth century the use of this plant in China was as common as it is at present. They mention likewise the great progress which the Indians had made in astronomy; a circumstance which seems to have been unknown to the Greeks and Romans; they assert, that in this branch of science they were far superior to the most enlightened nations of the west, on which account their sovereign was called the King of Wisdom. superstitions, extravagant penances, &c., known The to exist at this day among the Indians, are also mentioned by those writers; all which particulars manifest that the Arabians had a knowledge of India far superior to that of the Greeks or Romans. The industry of the Mahommedans, in exploring the most distant regions of the east, was rivalled, however, by the Christians of Persia, who sent missionaries all over India and the countries adjoining, as far as China itself. But, while the western Asiatics thus kept up a constant intercourse with these parts, the Europeans had in a manner lost all knowledge of them. The port of Alexandria, from which they had formerly been supplied with the Indian goods, was now shut against them; and the Arabs, satisfied with supplying the demands of their own subjects, neglected to send any by the usual channels to the towns on the Mediterranean. The inhabitants of Constantinople and some other great towns were supplied with Chinese commodities by the most tedious and difficult passage imaginable. country was purchased in the most westerly proThe silk of that vince named Chensi; thence it was conveyed by a caravan, which marched eighty or 100 days to the banks of the Oxus. Here it was embarked, and carried down the river to the Caspian; whence, after a dangerous voyage across that sea, it was carried up the river Cyrus as far as it is navigable; after which it was conducted by a land-carriage of five days to the river Phasis, then down that stream into the Euxine, and thence to Constantinople. The passage of goods from Hindostan was less tedious; being carried either directly to the Caspian or to the Oxus, but by a passage much shorter than that from China; after which they were conveyed down the Phasis to the Euxine, and thus to Constantinople. In spite of every difficulty, however, this commerce flourished, and Constantinople became a considerable mart for East Indian commodities; and from it all the rest of Europe was chiefly supplied with them for more than two centuries. The perpetual hostilities in which the Christians and Mahommedans were during this period engaged, contributed still to increase the difficulty; but, the more it increased, the more desirous Europeans seemed to be of possessing the luxuries of Asia. About this 699 time the cities of Amalfi and Venice, with some others in Italy, having acquired a great degree of independence, began to exert themselves in promoting domestic manufactures, and importing the productions of India. Some traces of Dr. Robertson, may be observed from the end of this revival of a commercial spirit, according to the seventh century. But, during the seventh and eighth centuries, it is very probable that no commercial intercourse whatever took place period, all the public deeds of the Italian and betwixt Italy and Alexandria; for, prior to this other cities of Europe were written upon paper made of the Egyptian papyrus, but after that upon parchment. About the end of the tenth century, a considerable revolution took place in India, by the conquests of Mahmud Gazni, who erected the empire of Gazna. empire, to the death of Mohammed Shah.-The authentic history of Hindostan is reckoned to 3. India, from the erection of the Gaznian commence with the conquests of Mahmud Gazni. Major Rennel thinks nothing before that period is to be depended on. dom had arisen out of that of the Saracens, who had extended their conquests immensely, under Mahmud's kingthe caliph Al-Walid, both to the east and west. Mahmud was the third from Abistagi, a governor of Khorasan, who had revolted from the king of Bucharia. He possessed great part of the ancient Bactria. the Indus, and Balkh, were his chief cities. After conquering the rest of Bactria, he invaded Gazna, near the source of Hindostan, A. D. 1000, and reduced the province of Moultan, which was inhabited by the Kuttry and Rajpoot tribes (the Catheri and Malli of Alexander), who still retained their ancient bravery, and made a very formidable resistance. Mahmud being equally influenced by a love of conquest, and a superstitious zeal to exterminate the Hindoo religion, a league was at last formed the Ganges to the Nerbudda. Their allied troops against him among all the Indian princes, from were, however, defeated; and in 1008 the famous temple of Nagracut in the Panjab was destroyed. In bis city and temple of Tanafar, and reduced Delhi. fall to pieces. The west and largest part was south of the Jumna, the fort of Gualior, &c. On his death, in 1205, the empire of Gazna was again divided, and the Patan or Alghan empire was founded by Cuttub, who had the Indian part, the Persian remaining to Eldoze. Cuttub inade Delhi his capital; and in 1210 his successor, Altumish, reduced the greatest part of Hindostan Proper. One of his sons obtained the government of Bengal, and, from this period, one of the emperor's sons had always that government. During his reign, the bloody Jenghiz Khan put an end to the other branch of the Gaznian empire, as related under the article GAZNA, but Hindostan was left undisturbed. The kingdom of Malwa, which had been reduced in 1205 by Cuttub, shook off the yoke in 1265, and the Rajpoots revolted. From this period the most dreadful confusion and massacres followed almost to the time that the British government commenced. The empire being sabdivided among a set of rapacious governors, the people were reduced to the greatest degree of misery. To add to their distress, the Moguls made such frequent and formidable invasions, that at last the emperor Ferose II. allowed them to settle in the country in 1292. The emperor was incited by Alla, governor of Gurrah, to attempt the conquest of the Deccan; and Alla being employed in that business, wherein he amassed an immense quantity of treasure, no sooner accomplished it, than he deposed and murdered Ferose, and assumed the sovereignty of Hindostan. After this he reduced the forts of Guzerat, Ratanpour, and Cheitore; and in 1303 the city of Warangole, capital of Tellingala. After this the remainder of Malwa was subdued; in 1306 the conquest of the Deccan was undertaken; and in 1310 Alla carried his army into Dowlatabad and the Carnatic. But all this usurper's expeditions, and those of his general Cafoor, seem to have been made more with the view of plunder than of permanent conquest. The quantity of riches Cafeor amassed was so great, that it is said his soldiers carried away only the gold, leaving the silver behind as too cumbersome. In 1322 several places rebelled, but were reduced; and the Carnatic was ravaged from sea to sca in 1326, when Alla died. His successors were not able to retain the dominions he left. Under Mohammed III. the inhabitants of the Deccan revolted, and drove the Mahommedans completely out of all their territories, except the city of Dowlatabad. In 1344 Belaldeo, king of the Deccan, who had headed the revolt, founded the city of Bisnagur. Many provinces in Bengal, Guzerat, and Panjab, also revolted. Ferose III., who succeeded Moham.ned in 1351, was a wise prince, who preferred the improvement of his empire by the arts of peace, to the extension of it by war and conquest. In his reign, which lasted thirty-seven years, agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, were encouraged. But upon his death, in 1388, a civil war broke out, which continued five years, till Mahmud III. succeeded in 1393. During this period Hindostan exhibited the uncommon phenomenon of two emperors residing in the same capital, yet at war with each other. In this unfortunate situation of affairs, Tamer lane, after subduing all the west of Tartary and Asia, turned his arms against Hindostan, and made an easy conquest of it. But the bloody monster, not contented with his victory, ordered a general massacre of the inhabitants, in consequence of which, it is said, that 100,000 of then were murdered in one hour. In January, 1399 he defeated the Indian army, with great slaughter, and soon after took the city of Delhi, which then consisted of three cities, surrounded by walls. Though no resistance was made, and of course there was no pretence for bloodshed, yet a quarrel was fomented within a few days by his Tar tar soldiers, who pillaged the city, massacre most of the people, and sold the rest for slaves The spoils, in plate and jewels, were immense After this dreadful carnage, Tamerlane marched through the other provinces of Hindostan, defeating the Indians every where, and slaughtering the worshippers of fire. On the 25th of March this bloody conqueror retired, leaving Mahmud in possession of the throne, and reserving only Panjab to himself. The death of Mahmud III., in 1413, put an end to the Patan dynasty. He was succeeded by Chizer, a descendant of Mahomet the impostor, and his posterity continued to reign till 1450, when Alla II. abdicated the throne, and Belloli, an Afghan, took possession of it. Under him a prince who resided at Jionpour became so formidable, that he left him only the shadow of authority. Belloli's son, however, recovered a great part of the empire, about 1501, when he made Agra his residence. In the reign of Ibraham II. Sultan Baber, a descendant of Tamerlane, conquered a considerable part of the empire. His first expedition was in 1518; and in 1525 he took Delhi. On the death of Baber, who reigned only five years, his son Humaioon was driven from the throne, and obliged to take shelter among the Rajpoot princes of Ajimere. The sovereignty was usurped by Sheer Khan, who in 1545 was killed at the siege of Cheitore. His territories extended from the Indus to Bengal; but the government was so unsettled, that no fewer than five sovereigns succeeded within nine years after his death. This induced a strong party to join in recalling Humaioon; who is said to have been a prince of great virtue and abilities; but he lived only one year after his return. Upon his death, in 1555, his son Acbar succeeded, one of the greatest princes that ever reigned in Hindostan. He was then only fourteen years of age; but, during his long reign of fifty-one years, he established the empire on a more sure foundation than it had probably ever been before. His first years were spent in reducing the revolted provinces, and in securing their future obedience, not only by appointing faithful governors, but by attending to the rights and privileges of the people, and establishing an unlimited toleration in religion. In 1585 he invaded the Deccan; but, though the war continued twenty years, the only progress made was the reduction of Candeish, Tellingana, the west part of Berar, and the north part of Amednagur. The city of Amednagur was taken in 1601, after a tedious and bloody siege. Under his successor, Jehan Guire, the war was faintly carried on, the empire being disturbed by his rebellious son Shah Jehan, and his councils distracted by the influence of his mistress Noor Jehan. In this monarch's reign Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador at the court of Hindostan, arrived. Jehan Guire died in 1627, and was succeeded by his son Shah Jehan, who pushed the conquest of the Deccan with vigor, but in so destructive a manner, that most of the princes submitted. A war next broke out with the Portuguese which ended in their expulsion from Hoogly. Shah Jehan was a debauched prince; and his rebellion against his father was retaliated by that of his son Aurengzebe, who dethroned him, disguising his ambition under the mask of religion, and committing the greatest crimes under that pretence. He engaged in a war with his brothers, Morad and Dara, whom he defeated and put to death, and then pretended to lament their misfortune. He, however, treated his father with tenderness till his death in 1666. From 1660, when Aurengzebe attained full possession of the throne, till 1678, a profound tranquillity prevailed throughout the empire; but from a jealousy of Sevagee, the founder of the Mahratta state, he undertook the conquest of the Deccan; and, having quelled a rebellion of the Patans beyond the Indus, he persecuted the Hindoos so severely, that the Rajpoot tribes in Ajimere commenced a war against him. In this war, having headed his armies in person, he was hemmed in among the mountains, and would have been taken prisoner, had not the Rajpoots generously allowed him to escape, as well as his empress, whom they actually had taken prisoner. This did not prevent him from renewing his incursions into that country in 1681. He took and razed Checture, committing great devastations, and destroying the Hindoo temples and idols every where; but was at last obliged to abandon his persecutions, and allow the Hindoos to remain in peace. He reduced, however, the greatest part of the Deccan, and even during the last five years of his life was employed in the field. His long absence from his capital occasioned rebellions to break out in various parts; and about this period the Jats, or Jauts, first made their appearance in the province of Agra. At his death, in 1707, his empire extended from 10° to 35° lat., and nearly as many degrees in long. His revenue,' says major Rennel, exceeded £35,000,000 sterling, in a country where provisions are about four times as cheap as in England. But so weighty a sceptre could be wielded only by a hand like Aurengzebe's; and accordingly, in fifty years after his death, a succession of weak princes and wicked ministers reduced this astonishing empire to nothing.' He left four sons; Mausum, Azem, KaumBush, and Acbar. This last had rebelled against his father, and been obliged to fly to Persia thirty years before. A civil war commenced between Mausum and Azem; and a decisive battle was fought, wherein 300,000 men were engaged on each side, and Azem was defeated and killed. Maurum then assumed the title of Bahader Shah, and, during his short reign of five years, gave proofs of considerable abilities. He defeated and killed his brother Kaum-Bush; after which he reduced the Seiks, a new sect of religionists, who, in the reign of Shah Jehan, had silently established themselves along the eastern mountains, and had now taken up arms in Lahore, ravaging the country to the banks of the Jumnah. Bahader Shah died at Lahore, after a short illness, and the empire was again contested among his four sons. Of these the second, named Azem Coshaum, took possession of the treasures, but was opposed by his brothers, who agreed to divide the empire. Azem was defeated and killed, in a battle gained chiefly by the valor of Shah Jehan, the youngest, who was willing to abide by the agreement. But the intrigues of Zoolfecar Khan, an omrah in high trust, prevented this. A new civil war took place, in which Jehan was killed. The two surviving brothers tried their fortune in a third battle, in which Jehauder, the eldest, being victor, took possession of the throne; but in nine months was dethroned by Furroksere, the son of Azem Ooshaun, assisted by Houssein Ali Khan and Abdoollah Khan, two brothers, who had extensive governments in the eastern provinces. In 1713 the Seiks again took arms; and, in 1716, were grown so formidable, that the emperor marched against them. About this time the English East India Company obtained the famous firman, or grant, by which their goods of export and import were exempted from duties. Furroksere was deposed and murdered by the brothers Houssein and Abdoollah, who set up another emperor, whom they also deposed and murdered in the same year; and thus, in eleven years after Aurengzebe's death, eleven of his posterity, who had either possessed or been competitors for the throne, were exterminated; and the government declined so rapidly, that the empire seemed ready to fall to pieces. In 1718 the two brothers raised to the throne Mohammed Shah, the grandson of Bahader: who, warned by the fate of his predecessors, soon rid himself of these two powerful subjects, though at the expense of a civil war. But new enemies started up. Nizam Al Mulek, viceroy of the Deccan, in 1722, had been offered the place of vizier, or prime minister, but did not accept it. Independence was his aim, and the increasing power of the Mahrattas furnished him with a pretence for augmenting his army. Persuaded that he had a party at court, he, in 1738, came thither, with a great body of armed followers; but, finding that the interest of the emperor was still too powerful for him, he invited the famous Persian usurper, Nadir Shah, or Kouli Khan to invade Hindostan. This invitation was readily accepted, and Nadir entered the country without opposition; yet, when far advanced into Hindostan, he considered the issue of matters to be so uncertain, that he offered to evacuate the country and retire for fifty lacks of rupees, about £500,000 sterling. The intrigues of the nizam and his party hindered the emperor from complying with this demand; instead of which he threw himself upon the usurper's mercy, who then took possession of Delhi, and demanded a ransom of £30,000,000 sterling. After a conference with the emperor, Nadir seized upon 200 cannon, with some treasure and jewels which he sent off to Candahar. He then marched back to Delhi, where a commotion arose about the price of corn. While Nadir endeavoured to quell it, a shot was fired at him, and narrowly missed him; upon which the barbarian ordered a general massacre of the inhabit ints, and slaughtered 120,000, or, according to some, 150,000 persons. This was followed by a seizure of all the jewels, plate, &c., which could be found; besides, exacting the £30,000,000, which was done with the utmost rigor. In the midst of these scenes Nadir caused the marriage of his son to be celebrated with a grand-daughter of Aurengzebe, and then took leave of the emperor, with professions of friendship, on the 6th of May 1739. He is said to have carried off goods and treasure to the value of £125,000,000 sterling. Mohammed had also ceded to him all the provinces of Hindostan west of the Indus. The villanous nizam possessed almost all the remaining power of the empire, which he employed to establish himself in the sovereignty of the Deccan. Bengal had become independent in 1738, under Aliverdy Cawn, and was not long after invaded by a vast army of Mahrattas in the emperor's name, who, not being able to pay them his arrears of tribute, sent them to Bengal to collect it themselves. About the same time the Rohillas, a tribe from the mountains between India and Persia, erected an independent state on the east of the Ganges, eighty miles from Delhi. The empire seemed now to be running fast to its dissolution. Nadir Shah being murdered, Abdallah, one of his generals, seized on the east part of Persia and the adjacent Indian provinces which Mohammed Shah had ceded to Nadir, and formed them into the kingdom of Kandahar, or Abdalli. See KAN DAHAR. 4. India, from the death of Mohammed Shah to the recovery of Calcutta by the English, in 1757.In 1739 Mohammed Shah died, and was succeeded by his son Ahmed; during whose reign, which lasted only six years, the division of the remainder of the empire took place; and nothing remained to the family of Tamerlane but a small tract of territory round Delhi. The Jauts established themselves in Agra; Oude was seized on by Seifdar Jang, father of the late Sujah Dowlah; Allahabad by Mohammed Kouli; Ajmere reverted to its ancient lords the Rajpoots; Malivah was divided between the Poonah Mahrattas and several native zemindars; and the Mahrattas, besides their dominion in the Deccan, possessed the greatest part of Berar, Guzerat, and Orissa. Abdallah, having established his empire of Kandahar, entered Lahore and Moultan: and now the whole country of Hindostan,' says major Rennel, 'was in commotion, each party fearing the machinations or attacks of the other; so that all regular government was at an end, and villany was practised in every form. Perhaps in the annals of the world it has seldom happened, that the bonds of government were so suddenly dissolved, over a portion of country containing at least 60 000,000 of inhabitants.' In 1748 the nizam Al Mulek died, at the age of 104; and was succeeded by his son Nazer Jung, to the prejudice of his elder brother Gazi, vizier to the nominal emperor. The contest that followed on this occasion, for the throne of the Deccan and the nabobship of Arcot, first engaged the British and French to act as auxiliaries on opposite sides. Immediately after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, the French commandant, M. Dupleix, began to sow dissension among the nabobs, who had by this time usurped the sovereignty of the country. Nizam Al Mulek, viceroy of Deccan and nabob of Arcot, had, as officer for the Mogul, nominated Anaverdy Khan to be governor of the Carnatic in 1745. On the death of the nizam his second son, Nazir Zing, was appointed to succeed him in his viceroyalty, and his nomination was confirmed by the Mogul. He was opposed by his cousin Muzapher Zing, who applied to Dupleix for assistance. By him he was supplied with a body of Europeans and some artillery; after which, being also joined by Chunda Saib, an active Indian prince, he took the field against Nazir Zing. The latter was supported by a body of British troops under colonel Laurence: and the French, dreading the event of an engagement, retired in the night; so that their ally was obliged to throw himself on the clemency of Nazir Zing. His life was spared, though he himself was detained as a state prisoner; but the traitor, forgetting the kindness shown him on this occasion, entered into a conspiracy against the life of Nazir Zing, and murdered him in his camp; in which infamous transaction he was encouraged it is said by Dupleix and Chunda Saib, who had retired to Pondicherry. Immense riches were found in the tents of Nazir Zing, great part of which fell to the share of Dupleix, whom Muzapher Zing now sociated with himself in the government. By this association the Frenchman assumed the state and formalities of an eastern prince; and he and his colleague Muzapher Zing appointed Chunda Saib nabob of Arcot. In 1749 Anaverdy Khan had been defeated and killed by Muzapher Zing and Chunda Saib, assisted by the French; after which his son, Mohammed Ali Khan, had put himself under the protection of the English at Madras, and was confirmed by Nazir Zing, as his father's successor in the nabobship or government of Arcot. This government therefore was disputed betwixt Mohammed Ali Khan, appointed by the legal viceroy Nazir Zing, and supported by the English company, and Chunda Saib, nominated by the usurper Muzapher Zing, and protected by Dupleix, who commanded at Pondicherry. Muzapher, however, did not long enjoy his ill-acquired authority; for in 1751 the nabobs who had been the means of raising him to the power he enjoyed, thinking themselves ill rewarded for their services, fell upon him suddenly, defeated his forces, and put him to death; proclaiming Salabat Zing next day viceroy of the Deccan. On the other hand, the Mogul appointed Gauzedy Khan, the elder brother of Salabat Zing, who was confirmed by Mohammed Ali Khan in the government of Arcot; but the affairs of the Mogul were at that time in such disorder that he could not support the nomination he had as |