Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical, as applied and relating to the Arts and Manufactures. By Dr. Sheridan Muspratt, F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., &c., &c. Glasgow: Mackenzie.
THE completion of one division or volume of this important work has enabled us to judge, with tolerable certainty, of what it is likely to be when completed. From a careful examination of this division, we feel justified in expressing our belief, that it will prove one of permanent value and interest. We have seldom met with a performance of the kind which so thoroughly deals with the topics upon which it treats, which places before us so fully all that the reader may reasonably expect to find, or which so fairly represents the actual state of an advancing science.
The work is correctly described on its title-page. It is neither a manual of chemistry, nor a chemical dictionary. The contents are arranged alphabetically, and many of the articles are perfect treatises upon their particular subjects. The completeness of such articles is surprising; and, where requisite, an ample supply of illustrative woodcuts are given. The following extract, although inadequately brief, will give some idea of the curious information in which the work abounds :
"BUTTER. Though butter may be considered as one of the most common of all ordinary things, yet the ancients were nearly, if not entirely, ignorant of its existence. The older translators of Hebrew seemed to think that they had met with it in Scripture, but most modern biblical critics agree that what was formerly interpreted 'butter' signified 'milk or cream, or, more properly, 'sour thick milk.' The word referred to plainly alludes to a liquid, as it appears that the substance meant was used for washing the feet, and that it was imbibed, and had an intoxicating influence. It is well known that mares' milk, when sour, has a similar effect. Those acquainted with the authorized version of the Bible would infer, on reading the thirtieth chapter of Proverbs, that butter was prepared by shaking or beating; the original, however, signifies 'pressing or squeezing,' evidently meaning milking, and not the making of butter.
"Herodotus, in his account of the Scythians, makes obscure mention of butter. This is the oldest reference known.”
Of the more strictly scientific articles we cannot profess to give any specimens. To manufacturers the work will prove of great importance; and to all who may desire to study the rationale of the chemical processes involved in the arts and in manufactures, Dr. Muspratt has provided a work which will at once meet their wants, and greatly add to his own reputation.
Abernethy, John, Memoirs of, 44-his youth, 57-his apprenticeship, 57-is elected Assistant-Surgeon to St. Bartho- lomew's Hospital, 58-professional in- fluence of John Hunter, 59-his lectures and writings, 59-his marriage, 60- his character as a lecturer, 61-his faults of manner, 63-uprightness of his cha- racter, 63-his great reputation, 65- his eccentricities, 65-resigns his ap- pointment at St. Bartholomew's, 66- his death, 66
Addison, Joseph, account of his father, 100 -his boyhood, 101-his Latin poems, 102 becomes Fellow of Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford, 103-his verses on Dry- den, 103-his translations, 104-takes a Master's degree, 105-travels on the Continent, 107-his letters to Edward Wortley Montagu, 107--his Continental comments, 109-his father's death, 110 -writes "The Campaign," 112—is ridi- culed by Pope, 112-is appointed Under- Secretary of State, 114-considered as a political prophet, 115-is made Secre- tary for Ireland, 115-contributes to the "Tatler" and "Spectator," 116-as a re- former of manners, 117-comparison of Johnson with, 118-his "Cato," 119- is elevated to the post of Secretary of State, 120-his marriage with the Count- ess of Warwick, 120-his illness, 120- his last moments, 121-his death, 121 Albigenses or Cathari, 1-distinct from the
Vaudois, 3-only known literary relic of, 5-their origin, 9-massacre of the, in Macedonia, 12-recently discovered ri- tual of the, 19-cruelty of the Crusaders towards the, 22-power of the, in the South of France, in the twelfth century, 23-massacre of the, at Beziers, 27- and at Carcassonne, 27-Crusade of Si- mon de Montfort against the, 28-their persecution by Louis VIII., 31-by Louis IX. and Raimond VII., 31-their reta- liation on their persecutors, 34-are burnt at Agen, 34-are persecuted in the South of France, 35-in the North of France, 36-in Spain, 36-in Ger- many, 36-in Italy, 36-are driven out of Florence, 37-their decline and ex- tinction, 40
A Month before the Camp at Sebastopol " reviewed, 203. See Russia. Animal Organization: great increase in the number of observers in physical science, 351-Karl Linné, 353-Hunter's Mu- seum, 357-Sir Everard Home, 358- Lamarck and Lacepède, 359-subordina- tion of physiological organs, 361-re- storations and homologies, 363-Owen on the pleurapophysis, 367-the nervous system, 368-brilliant discoveries of Bell and Hall, 369-defence of eminent dis-
coverers, 371-Dr. Carpenter's claims as a discoverer, 872-Von Baer and Owen, 373 infusorial monads, 374- Von Baer's law, 375-future prospects of the physical sciences, 377
Art, the science and poetry of, 403-typi- cal or ideal character of beauty, 405- subtle perceptions of art-genius, 407— education of the eye, 407-beauty of the Grecian sculptures, 408-association of religion and the arts, 411-the realizing power of imagination, 413-beauties of Raffaelle, 414-a picture of the mind, 413-Mozart, 416-the Madonna of the Dresden Gallery, 417-Greek Art, 419 -the Parthenon, 421
Ashley Cooper" impostors, account of the, 48
Becon, Thomas, his Works reviewed, 289. See Reformation.
Bernays, Dr., his "Household Chemistry
reviewed, 425. See Chemical researches. Body-snatchers, their proceedings exposed, 50-anecdote of, 52
Brief Literary Notices :- Coulthard's Sphere and Duties of Government, 260
Kirkus's Christianity, Clark's Out- lines of Theology, 262-Earl of Carlisle's Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters, 263 -Smyth's Mediterranean, 264-Pres- sense's Le Rédempteur, 265-Matter's Histoire des Doctrines morales et poli- tiques des trois derniers Siècles, 267- Hand-Book of French Literature, 270— Amerika, 270-Die Verhandlungen des Siebenten Deutschen Evangelischen Kir- chentages zu Frankfurt am Main im September, 1854, 271-Tatham's Dream of Pythagoras, 273-Arnold's Poems, 274 Ruther's Haymakers' Histories, 275-Gonge's Golden Age, 276-Dent's Thoughts and Sketches in Verse, 277-- Blakey's History of Political Literature, 277-Marquis de Custine's Russia, Spen- cer's Turkey, Russia, the Black Sea, and Circassia, The Englishwoman in Russia, 277-Leech's Pictures of Life and Cha- racter, Doyle's Foreign Tour of Messrs. Brown, Jones, and Robinson, 278-The Restoration of Belief, 281-Rippon's Capital Punishment, 282-Proctor's History of the Book of Common Prayer, 282-Farmer's Tonga and the Friendly Islands, 283-Boner's Cain, 284- Forbes's Literary Papers, 284-Fabiola, 284-Montgomery's Popery in Great Britain and Ireland, 285-Kingsmill's Prisons and Prisoners, 285-Horne Tooke's Study of Language, 286--Bart- lett's Jerusalem Revisited, 286-Fair- holt's Dictionary of Terms in Art, 287 -Sharpe's Notes on the Old and New Testaments, 287-Excelsior, 287-Me- moir of the Rev. Joseph Entwisle, 287
-Fullom's Marvels of Science, 288- Headley's Sketches of the Women of the Bible, 288-Robson's Constructive Greek Exercises and Reading Lessons, Robson's Constructive Latin Exercises and Reading Lessons, 288-Alison's History of Europe, 521- Lanfrey's L'Eglise et les Philosophes au 18 Siècle, 525-Girardin's Cours de Littérature Dramatique, 528-Herzog's Real-Ency- clopädie, für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 530-Der Weg zu Christo, 532-Hay's Harmonic Law of Nature, 533 Tucker's Southern Cross and Southern Crown, 536-Brock's Ser- mons, 537-Catalogue of the Irish Ex- hibition, 539-Pirret's Ethics of the Sabbath, 540-Collected Works of Du- gald Stewart, 540-Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, 541- Bayne's Christian Life, 542-M'Burnie's Errors of Infidelity, 543-Bland's Reply to Dr. Cumming, 544-Maury's Phy- sical Geography of the Sea, 544-Cal- derwood's Philosophy of the Infinite, 546-Remains of the Hon. and Rev. Somerville Hay, 548-Arthur's People's Day, 548-Treatise on Practical Mathe- matics, 549-Bouchier's Manna in the Heart, 550-Cumming's Urgent Ques- tions, 550-Cornwell and Fitch's Sci- ence of Arithmetic, 550-Alliott's Psy- chology and Theology, 551-Bible Teach- ing, 551-Champion's Life's Holidays illuminated, 552-Refutation of Spinoza by Leibnitz, 552-Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary, 553-Spencer's Pastor's Sketches, 554-Tennent's Wine: its Use and Taxation, 555-The British Workman, 555-Kingsley's Glaucus, 556-Douglass's Passing Thoughts, 556 -Constable's Miscellany of Foreign Li- terature, 557-Ferrier's Institutes of Metaphysics, 558-Holden's Natal, 560 -Tait's Meditationes Hebraicæ, 561— | Guizot's Meditations and Moral Reflec- tions, 562-Muspratt's Chemistry, 564 British costume, an account of, 122-in- congruities in, 124-fifty years ago con- trasted with the present time, 125-cu- riosities of, 127-medieval barber-ism, 129-Stubbs's anecdotes of, 130-ab- surdities in head-dress, 131-Pepys's anecdotes of, 132-the Bloomer cos- tume, 133-evils of tight lacing, 134— remarks on bonnets, 137-on boots, shoes, and collars, 141 Buffon, account of, 356
Bunsen's "Hippolytus and his Age" re- viewed, 142. See Latin Christianity. Carpenter's "General and Comparative Principles of Physiology" reviewed, 351. See Animal Organization. Cathari. See Albigenses.
Chemical researches in common life, 425 -Sir Thomas Browne, 427-his shrewd discrimination, 429-our pioneers of po- pular research, 431-the Royal Society
and Vernetti, 432-atmospheric balance of gases, 433-meteorology, 434-the Lawson observatory, 435-diversity of colour in water, 437-comparative purity of water, 438-Geological science, 439 -exhaustion and improvement in soils, 440-bread, 442-varieties of human sustenance, 445-starch, 446-fat, 447 -general remarks, 448
Chevreul's "Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours" reviewed, 122. See British costume. Christianity, historical basis of, 145-de- velopment of, 147-early, Greek, 151– idiosyncrasy of Greek, 157-differences between Eastern and Western, 159- extension of, 165-progress of real, 177 Church of Rome, opposition to, in the twelfth century, 13-hostility to, in the South of France, 15
Colour, phenomena of, 135 Cooper, Bransby B., his "Life of Sir Ast- ley Cooper" reviewed, 44 Cooper, Sir Astley, Memoir of, 44—his early life, 46-his marriage, 47-his vast practice in the city, 47-removes west- ward, 54-his enormous income, 51– is created a Baronet, 54-retirement from the profession, 54-removes to Hemel Hempstead, 55-resumes practice, 55-his last illness, 55-de- cease, 55-his scientific character, 55 Coverdale, Myles, his Works reviewed, 289. See Reformation.
Cranmer, Thomas, his Writings reviewed, 289. See Reformation.
Cunitz, Professor, his "Catharic Ritual" reviewed, 1. See Albigenses. Cunningham, Peter, his edition of "John- son's Lives of the Poets" reviewed, 99. See Addison.
Curier, his valuable discoveries, 360-his investigations of fossils, 362-discarded Oken's discoveries, 365 D'Aubigné's "History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century" reviewed, 289 -his "Religious Liberty from Christian Points of View" reviewed, 377-letter to, "On the Principles of Religious Li- berty as it is understood in Germany," reviewed, 377
Davy, Dr., his "West Indies before and after Emancipation" reviewed, 478. See West-India Question.
D'Israeli, quoted, 114
Dualism, spread of, among the Sclavonians, 11 Dualists, their origin, 11-estimate of their number in Italy, 37
Fairholt, F. W., his "Costume in Eng-
land" reviewed, 122. See British cos- tume.
Félice, Dr., his "History of the Protest- ants of France" reviewed, 448. See Protestants of France.
Gilfillan, Mr. George, his "Third Gallery of Portraits" reviewed, 179-his "Bards of the Bible" reviewed, 179-his preten-
sions, 181-his style and address, 185- his treatment of Chalmers, Hall, and Ir- ving, 186-his various criticisms, 189, | et seq.-his opinion of Mr. Hallam, 193
-of Mr. Macaulay, 194-of Mr. Burke, 195-of Plato, 197-his pretensions and profanity, 199-Bishop Lowth, 201- general remarks, 202
Hahn, Dr. C. U., his "History of the New Manichæan Heretics" reviewed, 1. See Albigenses.
Hair, ludicrous style of dressing the, 130 Hallam's "History of the Literature of Europe during the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries" reviewed, 289. See Reformation.
Herbert, Mr. Sydney, his "Speech on the Conduct of the War" reviewed, 203. See Russia.
Hollweg, M. de Bethmann, his Letter to
D'Aubigné reviewed, 378
Homer, his great descriptive powers, 410 Hurter, his "History of Pope Innocent III." reviewed, 1. See Albigenses. Inquisition established, 31-remedial mea- sures of the, 33-unpopularity of the, 35-awful frequency of suicide in the dungeons of the, 35-introduction of, into Lombardy, 37-resistance of the Ban of Bosnia to the, 39
Jackson's "Life of Dr. Newton" reviewed, 329. See Newton.
Johnston, James, his "Chemistry of Com- mon Life" reviewed, 425. See Chemical researches.
Latin Christianity, its external and internal history, 142-mythology of, in the Mid- dle Ages, 149-rise of, 153-deteriora- tions and corruptions of, 169-Milman's notices of, 171-its influence on early jurisprudence, 173-its connexion with art, 174
Layard, A. H., his "Speech on the Pro- spects of the War" reviewed, 203. See Russia.
Liberia, 507-its bearing upon Slavery, 509 -evidence of progress, 511-Monrovia, 511-exports, 514-climate, 514-Si- erra-Leone and Liberia, 515-Sinou, Bassa-Cove, and Fishtown, 516-the Slave Trade, 517-Colonization Soci- eties, 519
Linnæus, his early love of plants, 352-
his classification and nomenclature, 355 Luther, quoted, 380
Macaulay, Mr., exaggerates the resources of Rome, 41-quoted, 388 Macilwain, George, his "Memoirs of Aber- nethy" reviewed, 44 Macqueen's "The War; Who's to Blame ?" reviewed, 203. See Russia. Meaux, treaty of, 31
Merrifield, Mrs., her "Dress as a Fine Art" reviewed, 112. See British costume.
Milman's "History of Latin Christianity
reviewed, 142. See Latin Christianity. Montfort, Simon de, his Crusade against
the Albigenses, 28-besieges Toulouse, 30-his defeat and death, 30 Newton, Rev. Dr., his birth, 329-conver- sion of his father, 330-his own conver- sion, 331-enters the Wesleyan Minis- try, 333-his great popularity, 334- his extraordinary labours, 337-his con- duct in time of trial, 343-diversity in unity, 345-his self-denial, 348-the Itinerant Ministry, 349-general re- marks, 350
Oken, his discoveries, 365
Owen, Professor, his "Lectures on the Anatomy and Physiology of the In- vertebrate Animals," "Archetypes and Homologies of the Vertebrate Ske- leton," and "Nature of the Limbs," reviewed, 351. See Animal Organiza- tion.
'Papers and Reports of the Anti-Slavery Society" reviewed, 478. See West-India Question.
Papers relating to the Affairs of the Is- land of Jamaica" reviewed, 478. See West-India Question.
Planche's "History of British costume' reviewed, 122. See British costume. Prisons of the Continent, an account of the, 67-of Geneva, 69-of Lausanne, 71— of France, 71-dispatches of prisoners to Toulon and Brest, 75-the New Bi- cêtre, 75-treatment of prisoners at the bagnes, 77—prison employment at Tou- lon, 79-prison work and food, 81-the maisons centrales, 83-their defects, 87
-the maisons de correction, 90-Rus- sian punishments, 93-Russian repug- nance to prisons, 95-Swedish system of punishment, 96-Danish prisons, 97- Dutch and Italian systems, 97 Pomare, Queen, account of, 392 Popular Criticism, 179. See Gilfillan. Protestants of France, 448-introduction of Reformed doctrines into France, 449 -persecution of the Reformed, 450- heresy made a civil offence, 451-burning of Anne Dubourg, 452-the conspiracy of Amboise, 453-the Conference of Poisy, 454-the wars of religion, 455- Peace of Longjumeau, 456-murder of the Prince of Condé, 457-Coligny's confidence in God, 457-Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 458-effect of the Massacre on Europe, 459-character of Henry III., 460-the Guises and the Valois, 461-assassination of Henry III., 461-accession of Henry IV., 462-the Edict of Nantes, 463-policy of the Huguenots, 465-renewed persecution, 467-fall of La Rochelle, 469-termi- nation of the religious wars, 469-im- portance of the services of the Reformed, 470-increased severities, 471-Revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes, 471-frightful scenes of cruelty, 472-the Refugees in England, 473-loss to France, 474-the Refugees in Spitalfields, 476-concluding remarks, 476
culty of the Eastern Question, 216—reli- gious aspect of the war, 217-freedom of Christian Churches in Turkey, 219-the Church in Russia an instrument of the State, 220-the "Holy Places," 221- battle of Oltenitza, 222-the intrench- ments of Kalafat, 223-Omar Pacha's strategy, 223-Paskiewitsch and Gort- schakoff, 224-the victory of Citate, 225 -impossibility of a successful attack on Kalafat, 226-moral effect of the victory of Citate, 226-the siege of Silistria, 227 -Silistria and Sebastopol compared, 229 -landing of the Allies at Gallipoli, 230 -delays and mismanagement, 231- importance of time in war, 233-sailing of the Allied fleets from Varna, 235- landing at Old Fort, 234-battle of the Alma, 236-attack on Sebastopol, 239 -fight of Balaklava, 240-battle of In- kermann, 242-attack of the Russians on Eupatoria, 246-their defeat, 246— disasters and sufferings during the win- ter, 248-who is to blame? 249-our Allies, 251-perfidy of Prussia, 256- Austria's obligations to Russia, 257- death of Nicholas, 258-the future, 259 Schmidt, C., his "History and Doctrine of the Sect of the Cathari or Albigenses' reviewed, 1. See Albigenses. Socrates, quoted, 424 Somerset, proud Duke of, anecdote of the, 111
Raoul-Rochette, his "Lectures on Ancient Art" reviewed, 403. See Art. Reformation, the, its influence upon Eng- lish literature, 289-the modernization of Europe, 290-ancient political Pro- testantism of England, 291-what re- formed England? 293-classical litera- ture, 295-study of the ancient languages in England, 297-classical pursuits of the Universities, 298-decline of scholastic philosophy, 299-influence of the Court upon learning, 301-abolition of monas- teries, 302-destruction of the conven- tual libraries, 302-Erasmus's Greek Testament, 303-and opposition of the Papacy to, 304-Tyndale and the New Testament, 305-Mr. Hallam's stric- tures, 307-controversial stage of the Re- formation, 309-literary character of Cranmer, 310-style of thought and writing in the sixteenth century, 313- great preachers of the Reformation, 315 -More, Elyot, and Ascham, 317-in- fluence of the Reformation on poetic art, 318-religious versicles, 323-formation of the English drama, 324-moralities or interludes, 327-tragedies, 328- amusements at Court, 328, note Religious intolerance, the principle of, 378 -the Kirchentag, 378-Pourtales and D'Aubigné, 379-the Homburg Confer- ence, 379-intolerance to be studied at Rome, 381-infallibility has a right to persecute, 383-systematic condescen- sion of the Jewish law, 385-comparison of Romish and Hebrew legislation, 387- Romanism a relapse into Judaism, 389-Weiss, Professor, his " History of the results of civil interference, 391-analogy between civil and religious liberty, 393- principle of persecution abstract, 395- relative importance of abstract principles, 397-by what right intercede for suffer- ing brethren? 399-burning of Bartho- lomew Legate, 400-intolerance of ad- vocates of religious liberty, 401 Reuss, Professor, his "Vaudois and Catha- ric Versions of the Bible" reviewed, 1. See Albigenses.
Ridley, Nicholas, his Works reviewed, 289. See Reformation.
Rio, his "Poetry of Christian Art" re- viewed, 403. See Art.
Romish supremacy, Cyprian's estimate of, 155
Russia, the war with, 203-importance of the command of the Euxine, 205-policy of the war, 206-the "balance of power,' 207-encroachments of Russia, 208- claims of the Circassians, 209-Lord Palmerston's opinion of the strength of Russia, 209 despoliation of Sweden, 209-partition of Poland, 210-Russian encroachments upon Turkey, 211-the Treaties of Kainardji, Yassi, and Adrian- ople, 212-natural defences of Russia, 213-material guarantees, 215-diffi-
Stahl, Dr., quoted, 393, 394 Stephen's "Lectures on the History of France" quoted, 463, note.
French Protestant Refugees" reviewed, 448. See Protestants of France. West-India Question, the, 478-condition of the West Indies, 478-decline of pros- perity, 479-ruin of the original pro- prietors, 480-Lord Goderich, 481- St. Domingo, 481-absenteeism, 482-- how it works, 483-improvidence of the planters, 484-heavy expense of slave labour, 484-neglect of improvements, 485-the Apprenticeship scheme, 486- the memorable 1st of August, 487-im- positions of the planters, 489-good con- duct of the Negroes, 491-they become settlers, 493-success of Emancipation, 494-refutation of the charge of Negro indolence, 496-increase in the value of colonial property, 496-Hill Coolies, 498 -protective duties, 501-sugar, 503- general remarks, 506 William of Tudela, his "History of the Crusade against the Albigenses re- viewed, 1. See Albigenses. Wolowski, M. L., his "Revue de Législa tion et de Jurisprudence" reviewed, 67 Wordsworth, Dr. Christopher, his "St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome in the Third Century" reviewed, 142 Writers, mistakes of great, 105
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