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empire; but all this is done with extreme surrounded with a cordon of Prussian cusquietness and civility, and if two zwanzi tom-houses, so near as to render it imposgers are accidentally found to have insinu-sible for the citizens to go backward and ated themselves within the folds of the forward to their country-houses, without passport, you hear nothing of searching. being exposed to the brutal insolence of We have always admired the simplicity functionaries whose whole office and existand directness with which Mr. Murray's ence was new and hateful to them. Ladies "hand-book" fixes the price of the virtue and children were forced to stand, in rain of a K. K. custom house officer. The wri and storm, while every corner of their carter evidently knew his men. The good riages were searched. Even their persons Austrians are the last people to take this were not respected, and the women of the amiss. Hypocrisy is not one of their lower classes were exposed to the grossest faults; for that you must seek further insults. The rage of the citizens, which a north. consciousness of their own impotence had heightened into almost frantic desperation, gradually subsided into profound and suppressed hate of Prussia, and every thing Prussian.

Should we enter on the chapter of changes in all that relates to travelling, we should never have done. England, in this respect, took the lead of all other countries, and for many years was immeasurably Such were the scenes in the midst of ahead. Her superiority is still very great; which Madame Schopenhauer grew up. but the demand and the money of her own We need not wonder that the spirited rewandering sons have forced the countries ply of a young Danziger to a Prussian through which they pass in swarms, into general, which won the hearts of all his some approach to her own condition. The fellow-citizens, made a deep impression Zollverein has put an end to half the vexa- upon hers. tions of travellers. Fifteen years ago, the custom-house officers of M. de Nassau and M. de Bade (as M. Victor Hugo, in his work on the Rhine, thinks fit to call them) were troublesome and inquisitive-exactly in an inverse ratio of the magnitude of their sovereign's territory. Now, having shown your passport on the frontiers of Prussia, where you rarely find either incivility or exaction, you may go from Aix-la-Chapelle to Bohemia without a question.

We have seen that among Madame Schopenhauer's earliest recollections, was the sudden blow given to the franchises and the commerce of her native city. Her whole youth was passed in witnessing its convulsive struggles and long agony; and when we read her description of the barbarous and destructive form under which monarchical power first presented itself to her, we cease to wonder, or even to smile, at her stiff-necked republicanism. It is impossible to see without indignation, a free, peaceful, industrious population, whose prosperity was their own work, and whose institutions were sanctified by time, handed over without appeal to the brutality of a foreign soldiery, and the blunders of ignorant and arbitrary legislation, without allowing for all the prejudices of the suffer

ers.

Danzig stood conditionally under the protection of Poland, and its ruin was one of the many evils attendant on the partition of that kingdom. By a sort of irony, the city itself was not occupied, but it was

"A Prussian general was quartered in the country-house of one of the most eminent merchants of Danzig. He offered to the son of his host to permit the forage for his horses to enter the city duty free. 'I thank the General for his obliging offer, but my stables are for the present exhausted I shall order my horse to be shot,' well provided, and when my stock of forage is was the brief and decisive answer. It was soon known through the town, and the more admired, because the young man's passion for his beautiful horses was notorious. Nobody delighted in it more than I, though I knew my republican countryman only by sight."

This was Heinreich Floris Schopenhauer, to whom soon after, at the age of nineteen, she was united. Not long after, this patriotic citizen went to Berlin and requested an interview with the great Frederic. It was immediately granted, and Frederic, struck by his rank, upright character, and his knowledge of commercial affairs, pressed him to settle in his dominions, and offered him every possible privilege and protection. M. Schopenhauer was beginning to feel the resistless influence which Frederic exercised on all around him, when the King, pointing to a heap of papers in a corner, said, Voilà, les calamités de la ville de Danzig. These few words broke the spell for ever; and though Frederic afterwards repeated his offers, the sturdy patrict never would accept the smallest obligation from him. At length, seeing that all hope of the deliverance of his native city from a foreign yoke was at an end, he determined to quit it for ever, and to seek a freer

home. In this determination his young tendency is apoplectic, to wear wigs, shoes, wife fully concurred, and they set out on a and silk stockings. tour of observation through the Netherlands, France, and England. Here we must leave them not without expressing our regret that she did not live to fill up the outline she had marked out.

The facts which Mr. Jeffreys urges in support of his theories are not new; and perhaps something like his views may partly be found in other writers. They are, however, presented by him in so complete and systematic a form, that they seem entitled to the praise of originality; especially the first and last sections-for the second part, on the generation of heat, is neither very intelligibly nor convincingly treated,

MR. JEFFREYS' STATICS OF THE HU-though the conclusion may be sound

MAN CHEST.

From the Spectator.

Views of the Statics of the Human Chest, Animal Heat, and Determinations of Blood to the Head. By Julius Jeffreys, F. R. S., formerly of the Medical Staff in India, &c. London: Highley.

enough. Of his three prelections, howev er, the first, on the Statics of the Chest, is the most curious and important; and if the practical conclusions to which the theory tends are not so readily put in practice they affect a much greater number of peras the directions to elderly gentlemen, sons, inasmuch as consumption is more common than apoplexy.

THIS volume consists of three parts: the first treating of the quantity and condition Every one knows that without breath we of the air in the lungs, and the probable cannot live; and now-a-days most readers mode of its purifying the blood; the se- know that by the act of respiration the cond investigates the generation of animal venous blood is changed into arterial, the heat, with a view to show that the vital dark blood giving out carbon, and receivpowers exercise an influence over this pro- ing oxygen. The popular and even the cess, according to the character of the professional notion as to this process, if climate, or at least that in a hot climate the the bulk of persons have any definite idea production of heat is much less than under upon such subjects, is, that the atmospherintense cold, even should the consumption ic air drawn into the lungs immediately of food be similar; the third part incul- comes into direct contact with the vessels cates rather a new rule to English notions and air-cells. This is the conclusion "keep the head warm and the feet cool." which Mr. Jeffreys denies; and he substi The principle of the recommendation is tutes a view which we will endeavor to this: if a part of a heated body be exposed explain, as succinctly as we can. to the air, the heat will pass off more rapidly in the uncovered than the covered parts; in the human body, generating a supply of heat, these parts will, by long habit, cause an increased circulation of blood to themselves to keep up the requisite degree of animal warmth; full examples of which may be seen in the red arms of milk-maids, and the red faces of guards, coachmen, &c. The practical conclusion which Mr. Jeffreys deduces from this principle is, that apoplexy in England is stimulated rather than diminished by generally keeping the head cool, and by the baldness of elderly gentlemen. The hint which set him to work upon the subject was derived from the care with which the hot-climed Hindoos swaddle up the head, leaving the legs and feet uncovered; and among them determinations of blood to the brain are very rare. And the practice he recommends, with requisite care and under proper conditions, is for persons of a certain

There are, or may be, in the chest of every one in tolerable health, four distinct portions of air, which our author classes as follows, with the average contents of each part as deduced by himself from a comparison of his own observations with the elaborate experiments of other writers.

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Average Contents in cubic inches.

1. Residual air; which, owing to mus-
cular formation, cannot be expelled
from the chest by any act of expira-
tion, and which remains in the body
after death.
2. Supplementary air; which is gener-
ally resident, but can be expelled by
a strong effort, and whose departure
with life is the act of expiring..
3. The breath; or air continually in-
spired and expired.

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4. Complementary air; ordinarily ab-
sent, but which can be inspired by a
strong effort.

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120

130

26

100

From these facts it follows, that instead

age, whose hair is getting thin, and whose of fresh air being constantly drawn into

the lungs, and stale or carbonized air exhaled, there is always permanently in the chest nearly five times as much air as we breathe in, and generally nearly ten times as much. However opposed to the popular notion of the modus operandi of respiration this may be, says Mr. Jeffreys, it is so, and there is an end of the matter.But he also puts forward a series of arguments to show the probability that it should be so, without regard to the fact of its being so, and the objects which Nature has had in view in making it so, as well as an exposition of the manner in which the fresh atmospheric air, after gradual dilution, eventually reaches the air-cells of the lungs. The arguments on this last point, however, are rather conjectural than experimental, and have no very general interest. The reasoning on the two first points rests more upon facts and observations, and is also of a more attractive kind, as showing the careful provision of Nature. Here are some anatomical facts, whence Mr. Jeffreys deduces a strong à priori probability that the pure atmospheric air was never intended to come into immediate contact with the more delicate parts of the lungs.

"But some will say, by such an arrangement the air-cells would never be visited by air of the freshness requisite for duly oxydating the blood. The reply to this is, that, whatever may be our preconceived notions respecting the presence of fresh air in the cells, the statics of the case render it impossible it should ever be there under ordinary circumstances. They assure us, beyond the possibility of a doubt, that it is resident air only which moves into and out of the cells in the action of the chest. It is this resident air which performs all the duty of oxydating the blood, and which receives from the blood its eliminated carbonic acid and watery vapor. The air of respiration performs no direct duty in connexion with the blood. In its fresh state it does not come even near to the cells; its duty is altogether indirect; its action is to ventilate the chest gradually, from above downwards, and to receive the impurities gradually brought up from below, exchanged for an equal bulk of more recent air, conveyed, in the manner described, from above.

of oxydating the blood appears to be carried on in the cells, we are not to suppose that the extensive surface of membrane expanded over the lengthened and infinitely numerous tubes leading to the cells is unemployed. Such a view does not accord with the economy of means everywhere discernible in the body; and it is opposed to the observed development of the blood-vessels, which travel along with the tubes, and spread their minute branches over them, in the same way as, at the extremity of their course, they do

over the cells.

"There can be no doubt, that in tubes where the pulmonary membrane grows thin enough, there the air begins to penetrate through it, and to act on the blood circulating over such tubes. Let us suppose the action proceeds with due activity at some given distance in the lungs, where the pulmonary membrane has a certain thickness, and the air in the tubes a certain percentage, say eighteen. If such a proportion of oxygen acts with due activity through a membrane of such a given thickness, could we refuse assent to the probability, (were it not a fact absolute,) that, as the membrane grew more and more delicate, less and less oxygen should be found in the air, until in the cells the proportion of oxygen should be reduced so far as to guard against injurious activity in the process, where an infinitely delicate membrane only was interposed between the air and the minute bloodvessels? Assuredly, if, where the membrane was much thicker, the process went on with due activity, its activity would become far above what was due, when the membrane became of extreme tenuity, unless the quantity of oxygen in the air fell in proportion, unless the air became as it were diluted in proportion."

The reader who is interested enough in this question to wish to pursue it, may refer to the volume; but there is a further view advanced by Mr. Jeffreys, which has a practical purpose, though the individuals most requiring its benefit may find some difficulty in reducing it to practice. By a glance at the little table already given, the reader will perceive, that whilst the capacity of the chest is fourteen times as much as the mere "breath" requires, upwards of one-fourth of this capacity is seldom occupied, and that this vacant space is nearly four times the capacity of that demanded by the air necessary to the act of breathing. Mr. Jeffreys also states that he has found the quantity of supplementary air to differ considerably in different people; and he infers that it differs in the same indi"Is the following not a very satisfactory reply? vidual at different times. From these facts As we proceed from the larger air-tubes onwards he proceeds to deduce some important through their numerous ramifications, till we are conclusions; all, however, resting upon the lost in searching out the delicate cells, do we not principle that high breathing is good breathfind the pulmonary membrane lining the way; ing-that the more supplementary air a percommencing comparatively thick and tough, and getting finer and finer, until at last it becomes son can retain in his chest, and the more too delicate to be clearly discovered, a mere film, he can employ the space devoted to the overspread by equally delicate blood-vessels? complementary air, the more vigorous his Again, though the greater part of the business breathing and his lungs become. Individu

*

*

*

"Such being the fact, we may discern in it a beautiful provision, offering an answer to the other portion of the question, why should such impure air be always resident in the lungs ?

als with a full chest and of active occupations have this naturally; and persons whose pursuits are favorable to its development acquire it; but Mr. Jeffreys considers its attainment, to some extent, to be in the power of any one who has, we may say, the time and the will to strive for it. We take some passages bearing upon this important point, rather with a view to call attention to the principle, than to recommend its injudicious pursuit; which might do more harm than good.

RATIONALE OF RUNNING.

but not so strenuous efforts are made, as in carrying a more moderate weight for some distance, and even in active walking without any load, a man still keeps his chest more than usually distended; holding the air in for a time exceeding the period of an ordinary breath, and then letting it out to take in a fresh stock of complementary air, (to use the term adopted,) to give stiffness to his chest.

Now this action being frequently repeated, must and does have the effect of establishing a permanently fuller state of the chest. It is, in fact, the rendering a person "broad-chested;" the connexion of which with vigor is too striking to be overlooked even by the uninformed, who do not fail to see the fuller condition of the chest, though without an acquaintance with the manner in which it is brought about, or in which it is advantageous.

During exercise, and especially during considerable exertion, we know that the hurried circulation of blood through the lungs calls for a more copious supply of air. To command a range In such vigorous persons, then, the supplemenfor a deeper respiration, we must either breathe tary air becomes larger, a portion of the compleout some of the resident air, and add the room mentary space being added to it, and then ordithus gained to the previous range of the respira-nary respiration takes place on the top of this intion, or, retaining in our chests the same quantity of resident air, we must increase the respiratory range by intruding upon the complemental space.

creased supplementary quantity. That this is true, we may satisfy ourselves by measuring the quantity of air such a person can breathe out, and comparing it with that breathed out by a person of sedentary habits. We shall find that the volume of the air durably resident in the chest is much larger in the former, the comparison being made between two persons of the same bulk.

ERRORS OF SEDENTARY BREATHING.

This is no trifling distinction. What is vulgarly termed "being in breath," and its opposite "not breath," appears mainly to depend upon these different modes of increasing our respiration. An unpractised runner, for instance, tries to relieve himself by the former method; but he soon feels the consequence of letting out too much of his resident air, and drawing in too On the other hand, they whose misfortune it deeply atmospheric air, fully oxygenous, and is to lead a sedentary life, and to lean over their perhaps also cold. He gets out of breath; that work, habituate themselves, by the constant is, when he wants more air than usual, he cannot doubling together of the trunk, to do with a take in so much; a kind of asthmatic spasm smaller quantity of resident air in their chests prevents him from getting air enough down, than is natural or proper. In them, then, the although the chest is not really much more than air of respiration is at once introduced to a half full. On the other hand, by practice he deeper region of the lungs than it ought. instinctively learns to keep adding air to that Though it is impossible, in any case, to exist already present, and to breathe nearer to the top with so little resident air in the chest as that the of his chest. He can then respire deeply with-air of the breath should flow unmixed into the out drawing in the fresh air too suddenly and too far into the lungs. Also, by increasing the quantity of resident air, his cells are more fully expanded, there is more surface of action, and the blood-vessels are rendered less tortuous still, by which they admit, with less distress, of the quickened circulation through them.

MEANS OF BECOMING BROAD-CHESTED.

air-cells themselves,-for the residual air which cannot be expelled is bulky enough to dilute it considerably,-yet, when the quantity of resident air is materially reduced, it is plain the air of the breath goes in too far, and proves exciting to tubes too delicate to receive it, on account of its full quantity of oxygen, and also, no doubt, of its temperament and other qualities.

Muscular exertion tends greatly to establish a The distress which the presence of pure air permanently fuller state of the chest. The ex- produces in tubes intended to receive only mixtent to which the chief muscles of the trunk of ed air, leads such persons to accustom themthe body are inserted into, or have their origin selves to do with less breath than is natural. It from the walls of the chest, is one cause of this. is quite an error to think that their chests, at In order that such muscles should act with power the time, will not contain more breath on acwe have to draw in a larger quantity of air than count of the position; for if they were to breathe usual; and when we want to make a considera-out still more of the resident air, they might ble effort, as in lifting a heavy weight, we have leave more room for breath than the volume of to close the windpipe and detain all this air in the the breath ever requires, and yet keep their chest. The walls of the chest, the ribs, &c., chests within the confined limits they had been then are stiffly supported by this bed of air, like reduced to. The truth of this may be noticed a distended bladder, or air-cushion. In this way, whenever a medical man or friend remonstrates the chest can support a great pressure, and forms with a girl on account of her tight lacing. One a firm basis for the vigorous action of the whose folly has nearly reduced her figure to muscles attached to it. When longer continued that of an insect, and whose countenance be

trays the state of her lungs, will yet be able to show that her stays are "quite loose," by thrusting her hand between them and her body. Many a friend is deceived, as well as the selfdestroyer, by this demonstration. All it proves is, that there is yet some supplementary air in the lungs, which, breathed out at the moment of the demonstration, leaves quite enough room for a respiration of full amount to be carried on for the time, and even for the stays all the while to be made to appear loose about the chest.

HINTS TO ORATORS.

The collateral but very important duty of the chest in speaking, especially in oratory, requires the command of both the supplementary and complementary spaces. The duration of an

which, till persons have got the knack of breathing high, would be likely to do them more harm than good.

SENSATIONS IN A TRANCE.-The sensations of a

seemingly dead person, while confined in the coffin, are mentioned in the following case of trance:

66

A young lady, an attendant on the Princess--, after having been confined to her bed for a great length of time with a violent nervous disorder, was at last, to all appearance, deprived of life. Her lips were quite pale, her face resembled the countenance of a dead person, and the body grew cold. She was removed from the room in which she died, was laid in a coffin, and the day of her funeral fixed on. The act of expiration is greatly increased in giving country, funeral songs and hymns were sung before day arrived, and, according to the custom of the expression to a long sentence. The chest has the door. Just as the people were about to nail down o be nearly filled with air: the air, occupying the lid of the coffin, a kind of perspiration was obalmost the whole of the complementary space, served to appear on the surface of her body. It grew is first spoken forth, then that of the region of greater every moment, and at last a kind of convulthe breath; and in a long sentence, forcibly ut-sive motion was observed in the hands and feet of tered, a large demand is also made upon the the corpse. A few minutes after, during which time supplementary air. But for this long range opened her eyes, and uttered a most pitiable shriek. fresh signs of returning life appeared, she at once there could be no powerful eloquence. At the same time, a loud voice and long sentences of a few days she was considerably restored, and is Physicians were quickly procured, and in the course make so frequent and large demands on the sup- probably alive at this day. The description which plementary stock, as to subject delicate portions she gave of her situation is extremely remarkable, of the pulmonary membrane to the frequent and forms a curious and authentic addition to psypresence of undiluted air, against which the sup-chology. She said it seemed to her that she was plementary air was especially provided as their natural protection. Hence these efforts either by degrees inure such delicate parts as are vis. ited by the inhaled air to its action-or, as too frequently happens, the air gains the better of them; irritation is excited; and, if the efforts are persevered in, disease is established. By employing very short sentences, and by habituating the chest to receive a full complementary quantity of air, that quantity, together with the ordinary region of breath, will be found to suffice; so that the resident air need not ever be intruded upon. It is of great importance in such cases, that this resident stock should be also of full quantity; occupying steadily its protect-be nailed down. The thought that she was to be ive position; there receiving all the impulses of buried alive was the one that gave activity to her quickly-inhaled breath; duly modifying the por- mind, and caused it to operate on her corporeal tion of it retained; and gradually incorporating frame."-Binns on Sleep. it into itself as resident air before conveying it down into the cells. It is probable, that many a preacher might continue in his vocation by carefully attending to this simple rule. Indeed many, no doubt, practise it instinctively as a matter of experience, without inquiring into the physiological reason.

There are other curious passages on this subject, especially one relating to the use or injury of wind-instruments; but we have already trespassed somewhat upon our space, and must again refer the curious to the volume. To any one inclined to practise for a broad chest, we should, however,

really dead; yet she was perfectly conscious of all that happened around her in this dreadful state. She distinctly heard her friends speaking and lathem pull on the dead-clothes, and lay her in them. menting her death at the side of her coffin. She felt This feeling produced a mental anxiety which is indescribable. She tried to cry, but her soul was without power, and could not act in her body. She had the contradictory feeling as if she were in the body, and yet not in it, at one and the same time. It was equally impossible for her to stretch out her arm, or to open her eyes, or to cry, although she continually endeavored to do so. The internal anuish of her mind was, however, at its utmost sung, and when the lid of the coffin was about to height when the funeral hymns were begun to be

MILES COVERDALE-Within the last few days, a tablet has been erected in the church of St. Magnus the Martyr, London bridge, executed by Samuel Nixon, sculptor, with the following inscription:Near this Tablet, in a vault made for that purpose, are deposited the bones of MILES COVERDALE,

formerly Bishop of Exeter, and Rector of the Parish of St. Magnus the Martyr,

in the year of our Lord 1567. His remains were interred, in the first instance, in the Chancel of the

Church of St. Bartholomew, Exchange;

recommend the simple exercises of walk but, on the occasion of that church being taken down,

ing, gentle running, and careful reading
aloud, with a very cautious attempt at lift-in
ing weights fully within the muscular pow
er, than any more artificial experiments;.

they were brought here on the

4th of October, 1840,

compliance with the wishes, and at the request of,
the Rector, the Rev. T. Leigh, A. M.,
and Parishioners of St. Magnus the Martyr.
Britannia.

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