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London: Aylott and Son, Paternoster row, London: Printed by CHARLES REYNELL of High street, Putney, at his Printing-office Number 16 little Pultenes street, in the Parish of St James, Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, and published by GEORGE LAPHAM, of Number 5 Wellington street, in the Strand, in the aforesaid County of Middlesex, at Number 5 Wellingten, street aforesaid Saturday, January 15, 1859. No. 2,660.] THE POLITICAL EXAMINER. MR BRIGHT'S PLAN OF PARLIAMENTARY REFORM. that the direct taxes derived from it would only indicate the county franchise he proposes to reduce to 10., a point wealth of a few individuals, two or three millionaires, but already as good as carried by Mr Locke King. in taking the two things together, a sound and safe prinIt I might give a short hint to an impartial writer it would be to tell him his fate. We warn our friends now, as we did in 1831-32, that all let him proclaim war with mankind-neither to give nor to take quarter the ral reliance than on the very thing which supports it, the want of protection to the voter the register is, in its present If be resolved to venture upon the dangerous precipice of telling unbiassed truth ciple is adopted. Can the State have a better, a more natu- such calculations will be illusory without the Ballot. For he tells the crimes of great men they fall upon him with the iron hands of the law; if he tells them of virtues, when they have any, then the mob attacks him industry and wealth rendering their allotted shares to the meagre state, disquantitied of all who have reason to fear the with slander. But if he regards truth, let him expect martyrdom on both sides, and then he may go on fearless; and this is the course I take myself.-DE FOE.revenue? A place which contributes half a million in direct displeasure of patrons, customers, landlords, employers, and taxation has surely an immediate and deep collective in- also, we may add in many cases, the employed. To qualify terest in good government. is not to enfranchise. You may bring the horse to water, The opposition to Mr Bright's plan will, however, turn but cannot make him drink. You may bring a man within on the preponderance it would give to the town representa- the conditions of the franchise, but he will take care to Mr Bright has expounded his plan of Parliamentary Re- tion over the county; but having bottomed his scheme as disqualify if he apprehends that the honest exercise of it form at Bradford in a speech temperate and judicious, such he has done, it will be difficult to prove that the prepon- will subject him to injury, perhaps ruin. Until the Ballot derance is not due. And, as he observes, it is always to be be obtained, many of the very best men will keep aloof from as becomes a man solicitous about a great object, and borne in mind that one of the three estates is purely territorial, the register, and we would rather take the present electoral desirous of uniting as many minds as possible in pursuit of and that against any advantage possessed by the town in-law with the Ballot, than an enlargement without are confident that the Ballot, without it. He did not on this occasion ever turn aside from his terest in the Commons is to be set off the unmixed landed it, for we any other change, would recruit the existing contheme to fling out charges against classes, or to indulge in element in the Lords, the House of Landlords. That Mr Bright's project may be too large to pass is very deed, the growth of population and wealth; look at the stituency by more than half a million. Consider, inany injurious insinuations, he dealt in no sweeping condemna- likely, he himself is not sanguine about its success, but the houses springing up everywhere, and ask whether it is contion or proscriptions, but avoiding all such matter of strife, bread is not in vain cast on the waters, and though this plan ceivable that the qualified classes of the kingdom amount to and indeed substituting for it a conciliatory tone, he applied be too large to pass, it will have the effect of making un- no more than 1,200,000. Why, the ten-pounders alone presentable any petty shuffling measure. In pitching a himself directly and solely to the recommendation of his demand somewhat too high, he precludes at least an accep- portion of them the register is the black book, to inscribe must far exceed that number, but in the eyes of a large project, and this without any overweening conceit of its per tance too low. fection. He does not offer it as clear of objection. He their names on which entails either dishonest subserviency The Times charges Mr Bright with unfairness for not or persecution for the preference of public duty to private knows that much objection must attach to it. Some will having assigned members to counties according to populatake fright at it as too extensive a measure, others will find tion, in the same ratio that he has assigned them to towns; but the Times overlooks the fact that Mr Bright has looked cable; it would be marvellous, indeed, if he could arrange a To pick holes in Mr Bright's work may be very practifault with it as insufficient. As in the old fable, the gray to the amount of direct taxes contributed by the boroughs, plan perfectly harmonious, and squaring with principle. hair will displease one party, while the black will not as well as to numbers. The Times instances South Devon Errors and discrepancies there must be; but the question be less obnoxious to another. Mr Bright explains his pur- with 392,000 inhabitants, as entitled by Mr Bright's scale finally to be determined will be, whether the merits do not pose in these words: I want now to propose that which, as far as I can judge, meets the existing requirements of public opinion, taking into consideration the timidity that exists on the one hand, and the earnestness and the ardour which prevail on the other. Unless you do that your Bill will not be practical. The most ardent cannot carry all they wish. The most ardent will not allow the timid to rest secure in their timidity. We must have something which meets as much of public opinion as will enable it to be carried, and when carried will give such satisfaction as will make the measure work satisfactorily to the whole kingdom. to six members; but from the 392,000 should be deducted We pass to another point to which we attach much Mr Bright says: Whether a town like Manchester should be divided into two wards, with three members to each, into three wards with two members each, or into six wards with each one member, will be for the arrangement I have proposed will be thought advantageous to the consideration of the Parliamentary Committee, and I hope that the prevail more over the defects than in any other scheme that Parliament for the two opposite reasons, of being too good may be offered. Measures are, however, fated to defeat in or too bad. A word now about Mr Bright's personal grievances. He frankly admits that he has made mistakes in his recent agitation of the Reform question, but charges with malignity and falsehood the writers of the press who have not suffered his errors to pass uncorrected. Is not this rather too like the lady who, upon her husband's assenting to her proposition that all mortals have their faults, angrily asked what faults he was base enough to impute to her? The broad outline of Mr Bright's plan is the disfranchisement of places in England and Wales having lees than 8,000 inhabitants, fifty-six in number, and returning Surely Mr Bright, who is conscious of not being infallible, eighty-seven members. Sixty-nine boroughs in the United country. may ascribe the confutation of his errors to motives other Kingdom having populations exceeding 8,000, and short of It is as easy to divide a great town into six wards as than malignant. But he does not practise the give and 16,000, thirty-four of which now return two members, are into two, and the more we consider the subject the more take. He is little measured in his attacks, often sweeping in Mr Bright's plan to return one member each. Thus there convinced we feel of the advantage of giving a single vote in his denunciations and unjust, but his excesses of this will remain to be disposed of 130 seats. And now for the to electors, and a single representative to every electoral nature are not to be attributed to malice, but to an honest appropriation. district or subdivision. No good choices are made in the zeal overshooting his mark. When, however, writers of To sixteen boroughs, having more than 25,000 inhabi- lump, and the more we diminish the number of the the Press interpose to repel his unjust attacks, none but the tants, and less than 54,000, and returning one member objects of choice, the more we augment the care in the worst motives are, according to him, to be assigned to their each, it is proposed to give an additional representative, selection. The responsibility of the single representative interference. making two for each. To five boroughs whose populations exceed 316,000, now returning two members, he proposes to give six members each. These places are Manchester, Finsbury, Glasgow, Marylebone, and Liverpool. 66 FOREIGN AFFAIRS. for a place is greater than that of one, of two, or three, or To twenty-three boroughs whose populations exceed four. And there are various other advantages and con54,000, and are under 127,000, of which four return one veniences which will occur to every mind upon considering member each, and the rest two each, Mr Bright proposes this proposal, and not least amongst the advantages is in to give to each three members, and to twelve places exceed- our view an end of the common compromise of one member warlike than it was a few days ago. Fettered as opinion is The aspect of affairs on the Continent is certainly less ing 127,000 inhabitants and under 270, he proposes to give for the one side, and another for the opposite, neutralizing in France, the nation nevertheless has made its government to each four members. the representation. understand distinctly enough that it will not consent to war. The polling, too, would be much more conveniently For what but peace, indeed, has it supported the present mobbing and rioting proportionately diminished, if not pre- is it for liberty in Italy that it is to be moved to the sacrimanaged in smaller divisions or wards, and the chances of dynasty? For peace at home it has given up liberty, and vented altogether. People are accustomed to think of fices of war? French sympathies do not cross the Alps; He proposes to enfranchise Gravesend, Leamington, choosing Members of Parliament as they number game, by and if indeed the interests of all the rest of Europe were Stalybridge, Burnley, Birkenhead, Chelsea and Kensington. the brace or leash, and they have not asked themselves at stake, we do not believe that Frenchmen would consent To fourteen English counties or divisions of counties he what is the use of the practice, or what would be the effects to vindicate them at the price of the conscription and the proposes to give eighteen additional members. To seven of departing from it, and confining the choice of a member other costs of war. If insulted or attacked, the nation, Irish counties eight additional members. to one, like that of a helpmate; but if they will do so, and touched in its pride, would doubtless respond to an appeal There are other minor details which will be best seen in fairly think the matter out, we are quite confident of the to arms, but it will not enter into any quarrel not strictly the schedules, and after all the proposed arrangement there conclusion. and manifestly its own. Casimir Perier expressed the will remain seven unattached members to be disposed of. We have given the first place to the consideration of the national sentiment in the words, "The gold and blood of It cannot be objected to this bold and large scheme that redistribution of representation, because Mr Bright himself France belong to France alone." France has indeed it is based on numbers only. Mr Bright has proceeded attaches most importance to it, and has devoted to it the three loves, the love of money, the love of pleasure, and upon a sounder principle, having taken together population greatest share of his care and attention. the love of peace, which ministers to the other two. The and the amount of direct taxation rendered by it. Thus About the extension of the borough franchise he is inexplicit idea of war is associated with diminished means and stern we see that the fifty-six places having less than 8,000 inha- and obscure. We seem in a haze in this part of his speech. privations. bitants, and returning eighty-seven members, contribute He objects, indeed, to certain franchises proposed, such as The Paris correspondent of the Times of yesterday only 199,7134. to the revenue in direct taxation, while the a franchise founded on 501. in a saving-bank, or the en- gives some striking quotations from a pamphlet with twelve boroughs with more than 127,000 inhabitants and franchisement of classes, lawyers, medical men, and the like; the title Aurons nous la Guerre ? The answer is, less than 270,000, to each of which he proposes to assign but his own proposal is not to be found in any greater" No, if France has the courage to think aloud, if the four members, contribute no less than 3,223,9911. "immense majority of the nation makes its voice heard, We have lately seen some very fine-spun arguments against "for the Chief of the State is deeply interested in listening the representation of numbers, but it is rather difficult to industry is called upon to contribute some portion to the maintenance" to it and following it. The only difficulty is how to mako imagine how representation can exist at all without numbers, of the most indigent and helpless sick class of the people should be" the truth penetrate to him. The attempt, however, must except indeed in the form of the venerable stocks and stones admitted to the Parliamentary franchise. "be made. Action is indispensable. None of us would of the departed Gattons and Sarums, and even in Gatton After this Mr Bright declares his willingness to accept" be safe from the consequences of apathy." The writer there was number, though in unity, for the gardener was the the franchise which Mr Fox and Lord Grey proposed in then appeals to every public man in France, minister, roter. Mr Bright takes number into account, but combines 1797, and Lord Durham in 1832; but how many of his deputy, senator, or prefect, to say whether the desire it with taxation, in accordance with the principle that taxation Bradford hearers, or indeed of the present generation, know of peace is not the universal passion; he calls on them to and representation should be concurrent. To take either apart what that franchise was? We gather, however, inferentially collect the public wishes and feelings from every quarter of open to objection. Numbers may be so massed as to be that the franchise in Mr Bright's mind will more than the country, and especially to observe "who are those that deficient in intelligence, and property may be so massed double the present constituency, or be to it as 5 to 2. The" rejoice, and who are those whom the rumours of war LATEST EDITION. distinctness than lies in these words: I have recommended, as many of you know, that all persons whose astonish, sadden, and terrify." How powerfully does not this, and still more what follows, corroborate what we said last week of the absolute horror with which ninety-nine Frenchmen out of a hundred contemplate the prospect of a war. these islands. They intermixed freely with the native in-Times the songs and dialogues of his own Pantomime, stating Go! no matter where, and get information. Penetrate into the temerity of madness. To the same purport is the extract from an admirable article in the Revue des Deux Mondes, to which the same correspondent directs our attention. prove. "First Are you all screwed? I mean to concert pitch; For if you are, why just behave as sitch. The word "screwed," is a broad allusion to the Dean's position as President of the Temperance Society. So that here we have not only the piousest of our divines introduced roaring a comic song in a pantomime, but actually recommending by his tipsy example the sin which he most abhors. 66 disenchantment? Be under no delusion-have no doubt on the to a small number of European alguazils, corregidors, judges, The fact is, that from beginning to end, the poetry and matter; out of 36,000,000 of people there are more than 35,000,000 tax-collectors, counsellors, and governors, to the total exclu- dialogue of the Christmas piece in question is a palpable who offer up. prayers for peace. The notion of re-editing the high deeds of the first Empire appears to them an anachronism, and the sion of all other natives of Spain? Under Spanish rule libel upon Dean Close himself, as it is only too easy to all the more advanced natives have been converted to Roman Catholic Christianity, and the Spanish language is In another passage it is said that "a people does not The very first scene presents us with the Chapter of Carrepeat itself; and that a second edition of the first Em-widely spread, whereas with us, our Protestant Christians lisle, ironically called " the Hall of Harmony," with a truly pire is a dangerous chimera," nay," a temptation proceed-may be reckoned on the ten fingers, and except in the diabolical reference to the recent discord between the Dead metropolitan towns, which are ruled by English laws, the and Precentor Livingstone, which gave so much occupation "ing from hell." English language has hardly more currency than in the days to the long robe. Not content with this, Mr Smith has of Clive and Hastings. Approaching near Hindustan, we have the example of gone the daring length of producing his very reverend antagonist in person, for really it is nothing less. the great group of the Philippine Islands. The free fiddle advances and sings a solo." Who can this possiFrance must not, even for a generous cause, expose herself to the settlement and colonization of Spaniards has prevailed in bly be but Dean Close? Was it not his determination to reproach and the danger of arbitrarily disturbing the repose of the these for three centuries. Near five millions of natives have world and endangering those great interests of labour, of commerce, within that time been not only converted to Christianity, but And mark the song which is put into the mouth of a sanctified play first-fiddle that led to his battle with Mr Livingstone? and of industry which have occupied so large a space in the existence of modern societies. We have just witnessed the disastrous effects greatly advanced in civilisation, so as generally to equal, and dignitary of the Church: which the very fear-a fear vague and indefinite-of complications has in some respects to surpass our Hindus with the civilisation produced on these interests. In a few days the panic has depreciated of forty centuries. In this long period there have been in by more than one thousand millions of francs the value of that part the Phillipines a few partial insurrections arising from of the personal wealth of Europe which is quoted on the exchanges such absurd panics as all barbarians are occasionally subject of Paris, London, and Germany. Those who declare that this panic is unfounded justify more than they condemn it by such a reproach. to, but no serious rebellion against Spanish authority, The first necessity of these interests, which form the grandeur and which, through the policy pursued, is as secure from the prosperity of a nation, is the publicity which permits good sense internal commotion as from foreign aggression. to foresee, to control, and to measure the chances of the future. But it is on the field of Hindustan itself that we The Emperor has obviously made a false move, presenting have the most pregnant example of the success of a policy him in the position of the cat in the adage, "Letting I dare the reverse of that which we have ourselves pursued. the members of the Chapter, the Precentor being "Do,"" The attendants" Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La," are plainly "not wait upon I would." Of late his course in several Our predecessors in conquest, strangers like ourselves in race, the first in rank, upon whom the Dean " uses the bow as a respects has been similar to that of Louis Philippe be- language, manners, and religion, consisted of various nations, fore his fall, like him extolled for his wisdom to the even of various races, with whom a common religion poorly there may be no doubt, however, as to who and what is in'baton," according to the satirical stage direction. That skies, and like him always making his own difficulties, supplied the place of a common nationality. For seven tended, the name of HANDEL is carefully posted up in large and running against a wall of his own building. Last centuries, Turk, Persian, Afghan, and Arab, held sway capitals, so as to be seen from all parts of the house, and year it was the affair with us, the end of which did not over some of the fairest provinces of India. As long as remind everybody that it was about an anthem of that redound to the Emperor's credit. Then came the bullying they were strangers, their progress was slow, and for two famous composer the Dean and his chapter were at loggerof Portugal, and now the differences with Austria, alarming hundred years they may be said to have been confined all Europe, and making people feel what it is to have their to the portions of north-western India which they first heads. Here we speak of what we have ourselves witnessed. True it is, however, that Dean Close has brought all this dearest interests dependant on the discretion of one man. invaded. As they colonized, settled, and converted, they Napoleon III may make his retreat from the present diffi- spread their dominion from Peshawur to Bengal, and from upon himself; for it cannot be denied that there is a poetical culty, into which he has plunged himself most unadvisedly, the Himalayas well nigh to Cape Comoriu. They are at or at least a pantomimic justice in Mr Smith's revenge. And the worst of it is, that the revenge taken does not stop as he has done from others, but in all these escapes he present estimated to amount to a tithe of the whole leaves something of his prestige behind him. And one of population of India, that is, to some twenty millions, or to be blood once roused, flies at higher game, and spares nothing at the Deanery. The genius of Pantomime, having its these days the retreat will be a Russian retreat, like that in the proportion to 2,000 to 1 compared with British-born of his uncle. residents not in the public service. As the most energetic Music the following profane expression occurs: holy, not even the mitre. In the address delivered by of the Indian population, we have found them the most active Get beer and bishop, &c. and mischievous in the rebellion, and for the most part THE FUTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. indeed its leaders. Mr Smith must not ask us to defend this. The vile meanWe have hitherto conducted the government of India on And now for the part we have played in this matter our-ing, we presume, is that Christian bishops ought to drink a system which no other race of conquerors ever pursued, selves. Until within the last four-and-twenty years, not an nothing better than the cheap and vulgar beverage named. and which would not have obtained even the most ephe- Englishman could hold a foot of land in British India, and After this we cannot wonder at the production of Cantermeral ascendancy, except over a people indefinitely divided not an Englishman could even sojourn in it without being as bury. "Enter Canterbury Hall"! It is a little too much and disunited by language, by nationality, by religion, by liable to banishment, without cause assigned, as any subject to expect orthodox fathers and mothers to bring their young caste, and inured to subjection by eight centuries of the of Russia, or any Frenchman under the law of Public Safety. people to witness such irreverent doings, no matter how rule of strangers. We have held under that system no more The very safety and stability of our rule was pronounced to provoked. But other sacred personages are only assailed than a mere precarious military occupation of that vast do- depend on the absence of the very element which had esta incidentally. The attack on the Dean runs through the minion, consigning its civil administration to a small and blished and secured the dominion of every other race of whole. We might almost suspect that Mr Livingstone had exclusive section of the conquerors, while we proscribed and conquerors. Naturally, when mutiny and insurrection sur- a finger in the pie, although he is not the author mentioned banished the mass of our nation, as if they had been public prised the local government founded on principles so false, in the bill. In one place Music, who is probably meant enemies. Under this fictitious, unnatural, barbarous, and it was found utterly powerless, and if England had not for the Precentor, is made to say or sing: impolitic system, we struck no root in the country, and stepped in with its blood and its credit, the labours of a after a century's perseverance in it, we were overtaken by a century must have perished. This is a truth which cannot wide-spread rebellion, which may be truly said to have been be gainsaid, and we must add that, as England cannot "That common chord in C!" Why in C, Mr Smith, the natural and necessary offspring of our own impolicy. afford to maintain a permanent force of 100,000 Europeans if you did not mean all London to understand Close? It may safely be averred that no conquerors ever suc- in India, to say nothing of double that number of native In the second scene a "Tableau of the pastoral nymphs" ceeded in establishing a dominion of any permanency by troops, nor India yield funds to pay such armies, a com- is introduced. Well, this looks harmless enough, but it is any system bearing the remotest resemblance to that plete revolution in our system of rule becomes imperative, the very reverse, for mark the style in which the Queen of which we have followed in India. No people, indeed, if Indian dominion is to be held without the imposition of the Fairies addresses these nymphs who look so innocent ever had the folly to attempt so wild and impracticable intolerable burthens on the mother country. Exactly so, and harmony must be in an advertisement. Ye pastoral nymphs who after shepherds look Here Mr Smith, or his poet, insinuates broadly, first that a scheme. A glance at a few of the most salient facts We know no means of diminishing the cost of a of history will show that success was attained only by mere military occupation of India such as we now hold, the pursuit of a policy the very reverse of our own. Thus, except the free introduction of British settlers, as landit was by settlement and colonization far more than by con- holders, merchants, planters, and master artizans, with the the clergy, by the name of shepherds, require looking after, quest that the Greeks, a small people whose numbers never capital which would certainly accompany them. Such coloexceeded the tenth part of those of the United Kingdom, nists and their descendants would be the most effective and established themselves, first in Asia Minor, then in Egypt, most economical support of British authority, making unand finally over central Asia, from the Mediterranean to necessary an army of intolerable cost and size, while it would the Indus, in the latter and most difficult case, maintaining furnish in due time an economical and efficient class of civil their supremacy for a period three times as long as we have functionaries in lieu of an extravagant and inefficient one. held the sovereignty of India. The few persons of this class that were to be found within The conquests effected by the Roman legions were the sphere of the rebellion did actually render most valuable everywhere supported by military colonies, by the establish- service, which we are happy to find that the local Government of Roman merchants and Roman agriculturists, or ment has acknowledged and liberally rewarded. they would not have had long duration. It was by the free commixture of Roman citizens with the conquered, and not by mere soldiers and public functionaries, that the laws, DEAN CLOSE AT DRURY LANE. manners, and language of Rome were established over Italy, Although we felt it our duty to take up the cause of our France, and Spain, and held their ground for centuries. Christmas theatrical amusements against the strictures of By similar means the rude but brave hordes of Germany the Dean of Carlisle, we cannot say how much we have been and Scandinavia superseded the degenerate Romans over a shocked by the mode of retaliation to which the managers of great portion of Europe. It was the same with the Drury-lane Theatre have resorted. Mr E. T. Smith, by way pirates of Sleswick-Holstein and Denmark, who conquered of vindicating the morality of his theatre, has published in the The meaning of which is too obvious to need explanation. When Robin Hood appears with his merry men, the performance thenceforward would seem to have no other object but to keep poor Dean Close on his knees for life" praying "to avert to heaven," to use his own charitable words, the judgments we deserve." Carousing, drinking, dancing, singing, poaching, and even kissing, form the staple of the piece; to all which, however, we should never dream of IRISH FILLIBUSTERING. further, and would even enact that the creditor who established the 2. I think that there ought not to be two laws-a law of bankruptcy and a law of insolvency. I think that there should be but one law, and that law should be the existing law of bankruptcy. The principle of the law of bankruptcy is right. It is this,-take possession of the bankrupt's property, realize it, and after paying expenses distribute it among the creditors. Inquire into the conduct accordingly, so far as punishment goes; but, in any event, return of the bankrupt before and pending his bankruptcy, and treat him him sooner or later to the world of industry, entirely free from all former debts. Let him recommence the struggle to maintain himself exertions by weighting him down with old debts. Creditors are nearly as much to blame as debtors, and ought not to be permitted to oppress those whom they have themselves misled by the carelessness with which they have given credit. Assuming that there ought not to be two laws, a law of bankruptcy and a law of insolvency, and assuming that the main principles of the law of bankruptcy are right, it follows that the insolvent law should be dropped, and the bankrupt objecting, approving, as it is known that we do, of a fair upon the executive next Thursday. No constable shall be is this. When the debtor cannot longer delay the evil day, he calls amount of frolic and fun in due season; but liberty is one appointed-so runs the draft of the bill-without a certifi- his creditors together to hear his statement of debts and assets, and thing and licence another. Great is our respect for the cate of good character, and only hear from whom?-from the in the pound. Generally he offers about as much as he can pay. he submits a proposition, which is always to pay so many shillings chartered mirth of an English Christmas, but a Dean in a Magistrates at Petty Sessions! The creditors consider his proposition, and almost always stipulate pantomime is a strong measure; and all that the managers Then follow a series of clauses to worry the keepers for something more. The debtor is so anxious for secrecy that ho of Drury Lane have to say for themselves is, that the first of public-houses into loyalty and good behaviour. The generally undertakes to pay the something more, but he proposes to blow was not struck by them. Irish ale-house is in future to be a sort of supplementary Having thus bought secrecy, he obtains during the twelve months, pay it by acceptances, at three, six, nine, and twelve months. police-office; the proprietors are to be compelled to paper of tradesmen who have not heard of his insolvency, the means of their walls with Police Notices and Government Pro- paying his existing creditors; and thus Peter is robbed to pay Paul, clamations; to which sapient provision it is a pity these and the result is that a knave is turned loose on the world unexposed. The existing creditors do not trust him during the twelve months, Ireland, we regret to say, is by no means so secure against clever lawgivers did not go on to add how Mr Boniface is because they know him; new creditors do trust him, because they invasion as some people may suppose. There may be little to compel the playful Paddy to abstain from tearing the do not know him. Is this a system which the law should encourage? danger of piratical expeditions from New York; but there Proclamations down. Here we would pause, only that there If I could make the law, I would not only not give the smallest is nevertheless a species of fillibustering which the country is one proposal more which, for iniquity if not absurdity, power to the majority of creditors to bind the minority, I would go has already frequently experienced, and is distinctly throws all the rest into the shade. It is to be proposed bankruptcy should receive some advantage as a reward for having threatened with again at the present moment. The filli- at the Rotunda that as the law for the punishment been the first to denounce the insolvent, and so stop his mischievous busterers we allude to are a much more formidable band of those who harbour felons is not practically efficient, the career. In a bankruptcy before me a short time ago, two eminent than any which the Meaghers and Mitchells could possibly Lord Lieutenant, upon information given, is to be em- banking houses in the city lost, one 5,0002, the other 1,500%., by not knowing that a person who put his name to a bill as a second raise in the United States; they possess wealth, social powered to issue a proclamation calling on the accused party security had privately arranged with his creditors a year before. I, importance, political influence, a certain amount of educa. to surrender, or in default all persons harbouring him are for one, will never lift a finger to assist private arrangements. The tion, habits of acting in concert, and if they are only a to be guilty of felony! It would not be easy to bang this, true policy is publicity. small faction, they derive additional power from that very which, as they say in Ireland," bangs Banagher." circumstance, for they are all the more compact, and be felony to harbour a man only accused of felony, who may move together with greater facility to effect their objects. not be a felon at all, and is certainly not a felon in the eye In short, the real danger impending over Ireland is not of the law, nor a criminal in any degree, until the verdict from its emigrant mobility on the other side of the Atlantic, of a jury has so pronounced him. who would have their footing to conquer with the rifle and And now a word on the actual state of the country against bowie-knife, but from invaders who are already landed in which this audacious fillibustering enterprise has been set every sense of the word, to wit the Tory aristocracy, who, upon foot. We are satisfied there is much less mischief reckoning, we presume, upon the encouragement, or at least in all the Phoenix Clubs put together than in this Phoenix and his family; do not impede, or, it might be said, neutralize his connivance of a government of their own kidney, have Park Club, presided over by Tommy Downshire. But announced their intention to muster in Dublin on the 27th let that pass. What do the assistant-barristers, judges inst., with the intelligent Marquis of Downshire for their of the county courts, tell us of the condition of Ireland at General Walker. the very moment which the landed oligarchy have chosen There is no difficulty in discovering what this oli- for raising their old whoop against the people? garchical movement imports, as, with the character- At the last Belfast Quarter Sessions we have the chair-law substituted, with such amendments as should be approved of. It istic frankness of Irish insurgents, they have favoured man of the county Antrim boasting of the "gratifying state is proposed to consolidate the Bankrupt and Insolvency Courts, and the public with their plans. In the front of their mani-" of the calendar," as well he might, where there were only have only one Court, the judges of which should be called judges, festo stands, of course, the old stereotyped complaint of ten malefactors for trial, and all for petty larceny. At not commissioners. This seems right. I think that the word bankruptcy should be dropped. The proper word is insolvency. The the state of the law, which, let us remember, was never Killarney there was a similar report of the behaviour of consolidated Court should, therefore, be called the Court of Insolvency. grinding enough to satisfy them, even when the code of Kerry. The business, if business it can be called, consisted But it would be inexpedient to have all cases of insolvency managed Naples was the only parallel in Europe for that of Ireland. of two indictments, and both springing out of one transaction. in the same court, as there is great inconvenience in mixing the lowest During the last few years, in spite of all that Tory In Mayo the county judge proclaimed "the remarkable of the low with persons who have always moved in a higher sphere. The proposal, therefore, to retain the court-house and establishment influence could do to resist it, a milder legislation has "lightness of the calendar." In Longford there were only in Portugal street, as well as the building and establishment in prevailed, a more enlightened system of Irish government four custody and three bail cases, all of the most trumpery Basinghall street, and use the former for the lower class of insolvents has been pursued, some respect has been paid to popular character, nothing agrarian in one of them, or against the and the creditors and the latter for the higher classes seems judicious. rights, some fixity allowed to constitutional principles; and majesty of the lords of the soil. In the King's County It is a great advantage that they are a mile and more from each other. Insolvents should be divided into two classes-say class A how successful upon the whole has been the experiment every there was a lighter quarter sessions than there had been for and class B. Class A should consist of those insolvents whose unprejudiced observer of the country, every intelligent traveller many a year; three criminal cases at Philipstown, two at available assets would probably exceed 2004; class B should consist has borne witness; but because all at once every symptom of Parsonstown, one at Tullamore. of those whose available assets would probably not exceed that sum. disorder has not vanished,-because occasionally and here and Now the King's County has always enjoyed the highest Class A should be dealt with by the judges sitting in Basinghall there the grim old forms of agrarian crime reappear, because character for predial disturbances of all the counties in street and the Bankruptcy Courts in the country, Class B by the turbulent habits, the origin of which is lost in the night of Ireland, with the single exception of its neighbour, the fair judges sitting in Portugal street and the insolvency judges in the country. antiquity, have not been completely eradicated in a quarter and famous Tipperary. It will naturally be supposed 3. The law which now enables a creditor who has got judgment to of a century, and an Irish village is still not such a perfect that we have nothing to say for Tipperary. Prodigious should be abolished. He ought to have 20s. in the pound on the cost take the property of his debtor in execution for his own private use image of peace and contentment as an average English indeed it would be if Tipperary were quiet, when fun he has incurred, but should come in with the other creditors for a hamlet, we are menaced once more with an insurrection of of any sort is going on in which Irishmen could pos-dividend on his debt. Under the existing system, the debtor is the landlords; and again the ill-omened cry is raised for sibly mingle, whether at home or abroad. It may be constantly in league with the execution creditor, and the two contrive sharper statutes, and of course for bayonets to enforce them. prodigious, but it is true; and the fact is enough of to cheat all the other creditors. Even if the demand of the creditor Mr Henry Drummond has advised us to recal our army itself to demolish the case of the conspiring landlords. is an honest demand, it is most unjust that he should get 20s. in the pound upon his debt, when the other creditors get little or nothing; from India to guard against the designs of France, but Hear what Mr Serjeant Howley has published to the but if it is not an honest demand (and it is very difficult to find out should the fillibusterers of the Rotunda succeed, we world from the top of the rock of Cashel. "This whether it is or is not) it is a most revolting piece of knavery, shall assuredly have to bring it home for another purpose. "county is in a most orderly condition. Not a symptom because it is turning the law, which ought to be a protection to honest men, into an instrument to cheat them. We shall want every disposable soldier to keep the peace of "exists of any secret society. Such unhappy organizations 4. The law should declare that it is the duty of every person, when Ireland against the Marquis of Downshire and his com"may exist in other places; but this county is free from unable to meet his engagements, to record the fact in the Court of rades. "them." And here is the evidence of Mr Bernal Osborne, Insolvency. The mode of proceeding should be for the debtor to go We shall not say that there may not be found here and a Tipperary resident and proprietor, who, of course, with before the registrar of the day, accompanied by an attorney of the there, in the programme of hostilities before us, a sugges- every respectable man of liberal principles, has refused to ments. The Court upon this ought to cause the insolvency to be Court to identify him, and declare himself unable to meet his engagetion worth attending to, as for instance the hint to the join the fillibusterers. Mr Osborne states in his letter of gazetted, and the usual proceedings should take place. If the Castle to appoint better stipendiary magistrates; but taking refusal : insolvent did not originate proceedings against himself, any unpaid the propositions collectively, they might fitly be described as A resident in the south of Ireland, I venture to question the creditor should be at liberty to go before the proper Court, and state an outline of a plan for getting up a general rebellion. grounds on which such views are entertained, while altogether upon oath a primâ facie case of debt due. There should not be any Every description of arbitrary and vexatious innovation is ment so as to render it more effective "for the security of landlords stronger would be the proof it afforded of the insolvency of the debtor. denying that the law, as at present administered, needs any amend-specific amount required. The smaller the debt due and unpaid, the recommended. The abolition of trial by jury might as well who wish to improve their estates," &c. Whatever may be the state issue his summons to the alleged debtor, calling upon him to attend He who cannot pay 57. cannot pay 507. The judge should immediately have been demanded at once, as the exclusion of small shop- of the counties of Down and Donegal there is no sufficient evidence the court on a fixed day, and show cause why he should not be keepers, the class from which the majority of common jurors are of the revival of Riband societies in this county. In general no one adjudged insolvent. When the insolvent attended, the Court would necessarily taken, especially in the county courts, where acquainted with Ireland will confound the Republican aspirations of deal with the case as justice required. If the insolvency was nine-tenths of the criminal business of Ireland is transacted. agrarian outrage. Unfortunately for the credit of the provincial declared, everything, would proceed as now till the insolvent had These reasonable and modest men proceed to insist committee, there never was a period when the county of Tipperary passed his last examination. He would then ask for his certificate, which would be granted as of course, unless opposed, the Court upon having special juries in all agrarian cases, in other was so free from illegal combinations. granting a first, second, or third class, according to the circumstances words, juries taken exclusively from the ranks of the petty The public may be easy about the general state of of the case; but I think that no certificate but a third-class certificate equirearchy, their own parasites and tools. Nor is this Ireland, as long as they receive such accounts as these, on should be given, unless the Court should be of opinion that the enough. Wherever the offence smells of the soil, in other the best authorities, as to the state and behaviour of the insolvent had produced assets which, if they had been sold according to the usual course of business, would have amounted to twenty per words, wherever the interests of their own order are anywise very heart and centre of Irish lawlessness, when law-cent, upon his debts. There ought to be a code of commercial crimes concerned, the venue is to be changed as a matter of course, lessness was the rule, not the exception. We say without or offences and punishment. The punishment should err on the side so that if a landlord offended in Kilkenny has not sufficient hesitation, that the most dangerous men in Ireland at this of mercy, not severity. A law constructed on these principles would, confidence in a special jury of that county, he may make a moment are the followers of the Marquis of Downshire; passed as proposed, will throw us all into confusion, from which I think, win public favour. I am very apprehensive that the Bill, conviction as sure as fate by shifting the trial to Dublin or and the only dangerous confederacy, one of which the people we shall not recover for a great length of time. Armagh. are not the members, but the intended victims. June 25, 1858. the so-called Phoenix clubs with the revival of Riband societies, and MR COMMISSIONER FANE ON BANKRUPTCY REFORM. if PARLIAMENTARY REFORM.G TO THE EDITOR OF THE EXAMINER. COSMO In the next place, Commissions of the Peace are only to be given to "gentlemen of station and character," the meaning of which words employed in such a document we need not stop to explain. We have been in the habit of The following observations by Mr Commissioner Fane on proposed thinking that the object of a Stipendiary Magistracy in reforms in the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Laws have been published: 1. I do not think that any legislative assistance should be given to Sir,-Now that the question of reform is so prominently beIreland was to supply the place of the discretion, vigour, enable any majority of creditors, seeking what is called "liquidation" fore the public, I should feel obliged if you could spare a small and impartiality so notoriously deficient among the Great (which, however, is nothing but a plausible word for "secrecy") to portion of your valuable space for the insertion of the following Unpaid. The Marquis of Downshire, however (can this be control any minority of creditors, however small. I would not allow remarks. the Tommy Downshire who used to figure some years since even ninety-nine creditors to control the hundredth creditor. The I have just read Mr Bright's speech at Bradford, but neither ninety-nine who advocate secrecy are public enemies. The hundredth in that gentleman's proposed measure, nor in any scheme for as the northern representative of Captain Rock?), takes an- man who insists on publicity is the friend of the public. There is the extension of the suffrage which has come under my notice, other view, for the next of his temperate requisitions is that nothing so agreeable to an insolvent and his creditors as secrecy, have I seen recognised the right to electoral privileges of a class the unpaid magistracy shall be invested with all the powers nothing so disagreeable as publicity. The debtor is only too often a and authorities now specially confided to the stipendiaries! knave, the creditors are almost all victims of their own readiness to whose importance is indisputable. There are in this country a give credit without inquiry. The debtor hates to have his knavery, very large number whom the 57. franchise can never reach, beAfter this, there is nothing to surprise us in the new mode the creditor hates to have his folly exposed. They are in a conspiracy cause they are not householders at all. And yet their incomes of filling places in the Constabulary which is to be pressed against honest men, and their engine is "secrecy." The usual course are such as to be assessed for the income tax, and their avoca tions are guarantees for education and intelligence, much supe- EAR-RINGS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE EXAMINER. Sir,-I read with much pleasure the very sensible and temperate article in the Examiner of the 8th inst. on the present absurd and dangerous fashion of female dress. There is one other fashion which till lately appeared to be fast disappearing, but which, to the discredit, I may say, of my country women, has again revived, and now become almost general. I allude to that not only silly but barbarous custom of wearing ear rings. I suppose the revival of this ugly fashion is attributable to the present rather graceful one of wearing the hair, which leaves the ears partially exposed; but I feel sure that if my country women could know how utterly contemptible this fashion is in the eyes of the other sex, and in those of the more sensible of their own, they would let no consideration prevent them ceasing to lower themselves to the level of poor savage South Sea Islanders. There is something to my mind utterly repugnant to all womanly sense and feeling in submitting to torture for the purpose of personal adornment. A WOMAN, BUT NOT A SLAVE, OF FASHION. January 17, 1859. THE LITERARY EXAMINER. The Italian Valleys of the Pennine Alps: a Tour through all the Romantic and Less Frequented "Vals" of Northern Piedmont, from the Tarentaise to the Gries. By the Rev. S. W. King, M.A., F.R.G.S. With Illustrations from the Author's Sketches, Maps, &c. Murray. With what purpose in view the author of this book, who travelled with a lady by his side, returned, after a six years' absence, to the Great St Bernard Pass, these paragraphs explain : It would be gratifying to the naturalist could the laws for their the chasm; but operations had been suspended for that year, and protection be much more strictly enforced. The ibex is becoming the brink of the unfinished road, from which the arch was to spring, rarer every year, and though it once was distributed all over the was left unguarded, even by a single rail or pole, to warn the unmountains of Switzerland, the Tyrol, Savoy, and Piedmont, it has witting traveller of the frightful grave yawning below. Neither of us had ever felt the slightest flinching of our nerves been extinct in the two former for very long. Occasionally the live animal has been taken and kept in confinement, but it is very rarely on the giddiest ledge, mountain-top, or glacier ridge; but when we to be seen except preserved in museums, as at Berne and Zurich, looked in the morning light down into the horrid abyss, with its where-in the former especially-are some fine stuffed specimens. dark damp sides, and the gloomy sluggish pool below, and at the There are two in the British Museum, one of which was presented by abrupt edge of the unfinished path on the opposite cliff on which we Messrs Murray and Brockedon, who brought it from Ponte in the had unconsciously stood the night before, we shuddered as we thought of the frightful fate we had so narrowly escaped; and felt, Val d'Orca, on the south side of the Cogne range. Blasius, in his recent excellent work, has minutely and accurately almost with the vividness of reality, what would have been the sen described the character of the bouquetin or steinbock, Capra ibex; sations of the instant of falling, as one's body struck from side to side and also those of the other varities or species-whichever they may of the chasm before plunging into the hopeless pool at the bottom of be considered-allied to it. Tschudi also has given a somewhat full the gulf. We were more thankful than ever to the Almighty Provihistory of its haunts and habits, and the substance of their remarks dence which had watched over us, and, by means so apparently may not be out of place or uninteresting here. The latter writer slight as the pale rays of the planet, had mercifully preserved us asserts that it was formerly indigenous to all the higher mountains of from so horrible a fate; one which in a misty or cloudy night must Germany and the Ural, as well as the Alps, but without giving any in all human probability have been inevitable. The graver studies illustrated in the book, although we ibex remaining in the canton Glarus was shot in 1550 on the proof, and it seems very doubtful if such were the case. The last Glärnisch Alps, and its horns are still preserved in the Council House have not dwelt upon them, form a part of its contents not at Glarus. In the Grisons it was once frequent, and live specimens the least interesting even to the most casual reader. were very often sent from thence to Inspruck. In the mountains of the Engadine, Chiavenna, and Bregaglia, where they were formerly abundant, they had so diminished in 1612 that the chase was for bidden under a penalty of fifty crowns. In the middle of the last century one was shot by a Judge Steiger, while crossing the St Gothard. In the Tyrol, the Archbishops of Salzburg specially prelong extinct. Blasius saw the horns of one at Zell, killed in the served them with great care, but ineffectually, and they have been Zillergrund in the previous century. The haunts of the bouquetin or steinbock Poems and Ballads of Goethe. Aytoun and Theodore Martin. Translated by W. E. the united abilities of Mr Martin and Mr Aytoun. The This is not the first poetical work which has employed preface informs the public that the "Bon Gaultier Ballads," a volume of extremely clever jeux-d'esprits, which appeared some years since, and has been commonly ascribed to Mr Martin alone, was produced by him in concert with his friend. The present performance will largely add to the reputation of both authors. We have in the first place to congratulate them upon the happy choice of their subject, not merely with reference to their own powers, as poets and translators, but to the merits and beauties of the poems themselves which they have undertaken to transplant into their native tongue. The fame of Goethe in England has hitherto chiefly rested upon his longer productions, particularly his Faust, but we are mistaken if, through the medium of these admirable translations, an equal popularity is not in store for his minor, or rather, shorter works, in the composition of which it is certain that he bestowed the The church, large enough for a city parish, and pleasantly situated utmost amount of care and elaboration. It is upon the on a terrace in front of the chief houses, had decorated side chapels; exquisite poems from among which this volume is perhaps on each side of the choir, large carved doors enclosed reliquaries, as judicious a selection as could have been made, that Mr and the air was heavy with the perfume of incense. Outside, in an arched recess, grated in front, was a pile of bleached skulls, neatly Lewes, the excellent biographer of Goethe, as well as one arranged, and finished up with three, on each of which was a cure's of his best critics, has made the following remarks: worn-out, four-cornered black cap, as if in grim mockery; but we were told they were the actual crania of three of their former respected pastors-the latest not fifty years old! A touch of human character that is worth quoting occurs in the account of the little German colony of Rima, with a population of less than two hundred, in the Val Sermenta: In language, manners, and marriage, these little German communities have for centuries held themselves entirely and proudly aloof from the other inhabitants of the valleys: and considering the smallness of their respective populations, and that all are intricately connected by the closest cousinship, it is a remarkable fact, of which I could find no satisfactory solution, that they are so signal an exception to the usual pernicious effects of frequent intermarriage, both mental and physical. Our project was, after crossing the Alps, to explore and traverse, from head to foot, all the remote and less frequented valleys of Piedmont, which descend from the steep southern face of the great Pennine chain, from Mont Blanc west to Monte Rosa east. The latter noble mountain, with its deep glens and their remarkable inhabitants, had been an especial object of interest to us, ever since we had been present at one of the great annual fairs at Varallo. They are instinct with life and beauty, against which no prejudice The picturesque Greek-like costumes peculiar to each Val--the strikcan stand. They give musical form to feelings the most various and ing beauty of the women both young and old-the accounts we to feelings that are true. They are gay, coquettish, playful, tender, heard of the district-and also its romantic scenery, so far as a hasty reconnoitring enabled us to judge, excited a strong wish to see more Here is an account of a night peril above the Mastalone passionate, mournful, reflective, and picturesque; now simple as the "tune which beats time to nothing in your head;" now faden with of them; and when, from the road between Como and Milan, on our torrent: weighty thought; at one moment reflecting with ethereal grace the way to Venice, we took a farewell look of Monte Rosa, its many summits glittering in the setting sun like a wondrous mass of crystal, came dark, the outlines of the noble mountains and bold rocks on which press a cry from the heart. The road for a mile or two was excellent; and though it soon be-whim and fancy of caprice; at another sobbing forth the sorrows we determined to revisit it on the first opportunity. rted th stalone torrent, ha Another and at least equal incitement was the desire to explore the either side of us, as we a grand The translators tell us that they have been guided both wonderful glaciers and scenes of Alpine grandeur of these southern effect; dimly lighted up by the stars which spangled the narrow in the choice of the pieces of themselves, and of the meaarch of heaven overhead, where Jupiter shone with almost more than valleys. Many of them have hitherto been but little known, except his wonted lustre. In this way we were proceeding steadily down sures in which they have rendered them, by the taste of the when we were brought to a sudden stand-still. English reader, for whom, "not for German scholars, the The road, which here overhung the torrent at a considerable" volume has been written." The work, however, could height, was completely destroyed and overwhelmed by steep piles of rock, rubbish, and soil; just as had been the case in the Val Strona only have been executed with so much fidelity to the spirit the day before, and evidently from the same cause. With some of the originals, as well as such eminent success as mere difficulty, and at no little peril, E. managed to scramble up it, and English poetry, by writers of the greatest skill in both landown to the road on the other side; but the risk for Mora was still guages and the most extensive acquaintance with their greater, as the huge masses of sliding débris and rock fragments treasures and resources. were readily set in motion, and might easily have shot down with to scientific travellers, or through the pages of De Saussure and Forbes. They promised too, what it is not easy to find nowadays, the pleasure and adventure of travelling in a country not overrun with tourists, and abounding in every element of natural interest from the snow-peaks, glaciers, and wild ranges, the last haunts of the all but extinct Bouquetin, or Ibex, to the rich valleys, with their strangely-mixed races of Savoyard, Piedmontese, Italian, and German; as strongly contrasted as the wonderful gradations of their vegetation. Three months were spent in an exploration, not entirely free from peril, of the innermost nooks of Alpine valleys, by a traveller who could feel deeply their grandeur and their beauty, who had a quick perception of the picturesque, whether in men or mountains, and could sketch what he saw very faithfully with pencil or with pen. To the qualifications of a tourist who can interest all readers by his account of exploration upon unfamiliar ground, Mr King adds the advantage of a wider and a deeper insight into all the wonders that surround him, than is usually to be found among the producers of our books of travel. He is a student of the rocks and stones; the flowers are his friends; he knows the butterflies that visit them, is on good terms with the Camberwell Beauty, and has more than a mere acquaintance by sight with the four-footed gentry of the Alps. His love of nature leads him to a thorough study of her grandest operations. He is even more prompt to dwell on the formation of a glacier, than to smuggle safely through Piedmont the horns of a bouquetin. At Cogne, says Mr King: any of us into the roaring but invisible torrent underneath. This We shall just quote one short passage from the preface, At length the mountains receded a little on our side the torrent; "best do justice, and in this way he worked with a fresh- us from stepping over the edge, and, heaving some of them over, From the "Poems in the manner of the Antique," as Keeping E. on my left, under the rock, for safety, I groped along I had inquired of Glarey if he could procure me specimens of the bouquetins' horns, male and female. His best pairs, he said, were us headlong. Still it seemed hardly possible that the road, well is entirely exotic, and not calculated either to make the concealed up in the mountains, but he would do what he could. Late beaten and without a single obstruction to the very edge, could end same impression or give the same pleasure as a skilful at night he came in with a bag, and amongst a quantity of chamois' thus suddenly; and we groped cautiously about for some little time," use of the standard English metres, of which there is a horns, from which I selected several unusually large sets, he produced trying whether there were not some narrow pathway round the "sufficient variety for every phonetic purpose." In the a fine pair which had been found with the skeleton of a buck bouque-shoulder of the rock, and as we afterwards found to our imminent all returned to the dark gorge to make a final trial, leaving E. at its THE NEW LOVE. Love, not the simple youth that whilom wounda tin that spring among the remains of an avalanche. They were peril; but it was soon evident that it stopped at the edge of the pre- structure of blank verse Mr Martin is particularly successsomewhat blanched, which a little oil would soon restore, and I cipice. E. was anxious to make further trial, imagining there must ful, and he only places a proper confidence in its wonderful secured them after some bargaining, which was not facilitated by his be some track, but, now knowing the peril, I determined to turn flexibility and aptitude for all the graver moods of poetic "misfortune" on the mountains, followed evidently by a similar back and confer with Delapierre. When, after some time, we met thought. mishap since. Baron Peccoz subsequently presented me with a pair him, he would not believe that we had not made a mistake, and we of those of the "chèvre de bouquetin," or female, and also of a young male; making with the skin purchased at Courmayeur, a very complete collection, considering the rarity of the animal. The great difficulty was to get them carried through Piedmont, and especially on the mule. Heavy fines and imprisonment being the penalty for killing or aiding in killing them, or even having any part of them in one's possession, we had many amusing adventures afterwards in securing our spoils from mischance, bulky as they were. It would have been difficult to have persuaded the authorities that they had been found in an avalanche, or given by a friend of the King's; and though I had not much fear for any consequences to myself, yet we might not improbably have had them seized. With a little contrivance, however, the curve of the large pair fitted admirably under the belly of the mule, where E,'s holland riding-skirt concealed them, and the others were more easily stowed away. We afterwards returned by daylight to visit and examine the place, which we found was the famous chasm of the "orrido e meraviglioso Ponte della Gula," as a local guide calls it; and celebrated as one of the greatest wonders of the country, both for the majestic grandeur of its scenery, and the awe-inspiring situation in which the old crazy bridge is built. It crossed the chasm a little below the place where we had happily stopped, and the old path to it was over the top of the rock round which we bad in vain sought for a ledge. Up to this point the new road had been brought, and from it in continuation a new and safer bridge was intended to have been thrown across |