(c) If the statement made by A is right, the contradictory statement made by B is wrong. But

A's statement is wrong, and therefore B's must be right.

(d) No good classical scholar can be also a firstrate mathematician; and none but good classical scholars are experts in philology; no one, therefore, can be at once a first-rate mathematician and an expert in philology.

9. All fire-proof dwellings are expensive, but no cheaply-built (inexpensive) dwellings are wellbuilt. All well-built dwellings are the most profitable in the end, but no dwellings which are not well-built are so. What information can be drawn from these premisses-(a) about wellbuilt dwellings, and (b) about dwellings which are not well-built?

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
Professor Laurie.

1. What are the characteristics of an adequate Definition? Must definition be per genus et differentiam? Can you reconcile the statements that all definitions are properly nominal, and that the inquiry how to define a name may involve considerations going deep into the nature of the things which are denoted by the name "?

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2. What, according to Mill, is the part played by Induction when we add syllogism to syllogism in trains of reasoning? Examine his position here.

3. Is the meaning of causation exhausted when cause is defined as the invariable antecedent? What light, if any, is thrown on this subject by the doctrine of the Conservation of Energy?

4. On what grounds has it been held that observation, without experiment, and supposing no help from deduction, cannot prove causation? Is observation, in such circumstances, competent to establish any uniformity?

5. When into circumstances known to be incapable of producing a the phenomenon or set of phenomena A is introduced, and x is then produced, are you entitled to conclude that A is the cause of x? State the rule on which your answer is based.

6. What value should be attached, in support of hypotheses, to predictions of theory which they render possible, and which are subsequently verified? Illustrate by any predictions arising from the undulatory theory of light.

7. Compare an analogical argument with a complete induction, and show the relation of analogy to hypothesis.

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8. What do you understand by an empirical law"? Examine Mill's statement that ultimate laws of coexistence must be ranked, for the purpose of logic, among empirical laws.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Laurie.

1. State, and examine critically, the criteria of cer-tainty advanced by Descartes and Leibniz respectively.

2. Show how Spinoza was led to the position that substance is infinite and one.

3. On what grounds was it held by Spinoza that our ideas of material things are not caused by their ideata or objects perceived by us? Examine his position here.

4. What meaning, or meanings, did Locke attach to the word "idea"? And what, according to him, are the sources of our ideas? Discriminate clearly between these sources.

5. On what grounds was it held by Berkeley that "God is known as certainly and immediately asany other mind or spirit whatever distinct from ourselves"?

6. State and examine Hume's explanation of our conviction of personal identity. Show how he was led to his position on this subject by his empirical premisses.

7. Mention the principal features in Reid's doctrineof external perception, noting any points in which it was defective or unsatisfactory.

8. Examine critically the manner in which Kant attains his Categories, illustrating his procedure by any one group.

9. What is the problem attacked by Kant in his schematism of the Categories? Show the importance which he attaches to Time in his solution of this question.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Laurie.

1. Write a short essay on the relation of the Sophists to the prior development of Greek philosophy.

2. Show the connexion between Aristotle's inquiry into the nature of the human soul (or Psyche) and his division of the virtues.

3. Compare the summum bonum of Aristotle with that of Epicurus.

4. What are the principal characteristics of Conscience as set forth by Butler ? How does he meet the difficulty of divergent moral judgments?

5. Examine critically the importance attached to universality of law in the moral philosophy of Kant.

6. Consider the distinction drawn by Mill between the morality of the action and the worth of the agent in connexion with the utilitarian standard of morals.

7. How does Spencer seek to prove, by analysis of the standards of different ethical schools, that each derives its authority from the ultimate standard of pleasure? Examine his arguments.

8. What, according to Spencer, is the connexion between the advance from militarism to industrialism and the evolution of morality?

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART I.

The Board of Examiners.

TEN questions only to be attempted.

1. Describe fully the construction of a micrometer microscope, and how, by means of a pair of such, you would compare the length of an ordinary metre rule with that of a standard metre.

2. Describe two methods of measuring mass, and explain fully the principles on which each method depends.

3. Define elasticity, and explain fully the two fundamental kinds of elasticity.

If a 10-lb. weight stretches a spiral spring 2 inches, how much energy will be required to stretch it 4 inches?