the first royal governor of Massachusetts under the provincal charter, Acadia was made a part of the domain included in it. At a later day it was with no little indignation and mortification that New England saw SIR WILLIAM PHIPS.1 to the French in 1670. In 1674 a pirate ship from Boston captured the post and took De Chambly and others prisoners. (Frontenac, Quebec, Nov. 14, 1674, to the minister, in Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France, ii. 287, 291.) A Dutch frigate captured the fort in 1676. Castine in later years made Pentagöet the base of many warlike movements, in league with his Indian 1 friends, against the English, till his return to France in 1708, when he left the "younger Castine," a half-breed, behind, who is also a charac ter of frequent prominence in later days. Cf. Wheeler's History of Castine; Williamson's Maine, i. 471, etc. (with references); Maine Hist. Coll. iii. 124, vi. 110, and vii., by J. E. Godfrey, who also has a paper on the younger Castine in the Historical Magazine, 1873. Cf. Maine Hist. Coll., vol. viii.; Mag. Am. Hist. 1883, p. 365.-ED.] 1 [This likeness is accepted, but lacks undoubted verification; cf. Mem. Hist. of Boston, ii. 36. - ED.] boxes of manuscripts labelled Canada, and probably sent from the missionaries there. The signs † undoubtedly were used to denote Jesuit churches or missions; the [dotted lines] the English boundary; and the marks [+] the English settlements. The atlas is dated 1663.” — ED.] the conquered territory relinquished to the French by the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697; but the story of the later period belongs to a subsequent volume. Acadia had been the home of civilized men for nearly a hundred years; but there was almost nothing to show as the fruits of this long occupation of a virgin soil. It had produced no men of marked character, and its history was little more than the record of feuds between petty chiefs, and of feeble resistance to the attacks of more powerful neighbors. Madame la Tour alone exhibits the courage and energy naturally to be looked for under the circumstances in which three generations of settlers were placed. At the end of a century there were only a few scattered settlements spread along the coast, passing tranquilly from allegiance to one European sovereign to allegiance to another of different speech and religion. A few hundred miles away, another colony founded sixteen years after the first venture of De Monts, and with scarcely a larger number of settlers, waged a successful war with sickness, poverty, and neglect, and made a slow and steady progress, until, with its own consent, it was united with a still more prosperous colony founded twenty-three years after the first settlement at Port Royal. There are few more suggestive contrasts than that which the history of Acadia presents when set side by side with the history of Plymouth and Massachusetts; and what is true of its early is not less true of its later history. THE CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION. 'HE original authorities for the early history of the French settlements in Acadia 1 are the contemporaneous narratives of Samuel de Champlain and Marc Lescarbot. Though Champlain comes within our observation as a companion of De Monts, a separate chapter in this volume is given to his personal history and his writings. Of the personal history of Marc Lescarbot we know much less than of that of Champlain. He was born at Vervins, probably between 1580 and 1590, and was a lawyer in Paris, where he had an extensive practice, and was the author of several works; only one, or rather a part of one, concerns our present inquiry.2 This was an account of the 1 [Kohl (Discovery of Maine, p. 234) thinks that the name Larcadia appeared first in Ruscelli's map of 1561. The origin of the name Acadie usually given is a derivation from the Indian Aquoddiauke, the place of the pollock (Historical Magazine, i. 84), or a Gallicized rendering of the quoddy of our day, as preserved in Passamaquoddy and the like. Cf. Principal Dawson on the name, in the Canadian Antiquarian, October, 1876, and Maine Hist. Soc. Coll. i. 27. The word Acadie is said to be first used as the name of the country in the letters-patent of the Sieur de Monts.- ED.] 2 Histoire de la Novvelle France, contenant les navigations, découvertes, et habitations faits par les Francois és Indes Occidentales & Nouvelle France souz l'avoeu & l'authorité de noz Rois Tres Chrétiens, et les diverses fortunes d'iceux en l'execution de ces choses, depuis cent ans jusques à hui. En quoy est comprise l'Histoire Morale, Naturelle & Geographique de la dite province. Avec les Tables & Figures a'icelle. Par Marc Lescarbot, Avocat en Parlement, Temoin oculaire d'une partie des choses ici recitées. A Paris, chez Jean Milot, tenant sa boutique sur les degrez de la grand' salle du Palais. 1609. 8vo. pp. 888. [Lescarbot was in the country with De Monts, and again with Poutrincourt in 1606-7. Charlevoix calls his narrative "sincere, well-informed, sensible, and impartial." The third book covers settlement of De Monts in Acadia, which was translated into English by a Protestant clergyman named Pierre Erondelle, and which gives a very vivid picture of the life at Port Cartier's voyage; the fourth and fifth cover those of De Monts, Poutrincourt, Champlain, etc.; while the sixth is given to the natives. The first edition (1609) is very rare. Rich in 1832 priced it at £1 Is. Recent sales much exceed that sum: Bolton Corney, in 1871, £27; Leclerc, no. 749, 1,200 francs, and no. 2,836, 450 francs; Quaritch, £40; another London Catalogue, in 1878, £45. Cf. Harrisse, Notes sur la Nouvelle France, nos. 16 and 17; Sabin's Dictionary, no. 40,169; Ternaux-Compans, Bibl. Amér. no. 321 ; Faribault, pp. 86-87. There are copies in the Carter-Brown (Catalogue, ii. 87) and Murphy collections. This edition, as well as the later ones, usually has bound with it a collection of Lescarbot's verses, Les Muses de la Nouvelle France, and among them a commemorative poem on a battle between Membertou, a chief of the neighborhood, and the " Sauvages Armor-chiquois.” The later editions of the history were successively enlarged; that of 1618 much extended, and of a different arrangement. The edition of 1611 is priced by Dufossé, 580 francs. There are copies in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy and Carter-Brown (Catalogue, ii. 117) collections; cf. Harrisse, no. 23. The edition of 1612 was the one selected by Tross, of Paris, in 1866, to reprint. There are copies in the Astor and Harvard College Libraries; cf. Harrisse, no. 25; Field's Indian Bibliography, no. 917; Brinley Catalogue, no. 103. It seems to be the same as the 1611 edition, with the errata corrected. The edition of 1618 contains, additionally, the second voyage of Poutrincourt; and entering into his dispute with the Jesuits, Lescarbot takes sides against the latter. This edition is severally priced by Leclerc, no. 2,837, at 850 francs; by Dufossé, at 950 francs. Rich had priced it in 1832 at £1 10s. There are copies in the Library of Congress and in the CarterBrown (Catalogue, ii. 201) Collection; cf. Harrisse, no. 31; Field's Indian Bibliography, no. 915. Some authorities report copy or copies with 1617 for the date. It is somewhat doubtful if more maps than the general one and another appeared in the original 1609 edition; Sabin and the Huth Catalogue give three. In the 1611 edition there is reference in the text to three maps; but another map (Port Royal) is often found in it, and the 1618 edition has usually the four maps. The Huth Catalogue says that no map belonged to the English edition; the map found in the Grenville copy, as in the Massachusetts Historical Society copy, belonging to the French original. Sabin, however, gives it a map. The general map is reproduced in Tross's reprint, in Faillon's Colonie Française au Canada, and in the Popham Memorial; and a part of it in the Memorial History of Boston, i. 49. The Catalogue of the Library of Parliament (Canadian), 1858, p. 1614, shows two maps of the St. Lawrence River and gulf, copied from originals by Lescarbot in the Paris archives. Among the other productions of Lescarbot is the La Conversion des Sauvages qui ont été baptistes dans la Nouvelle France cette anne 1610, avec un recit du Voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt, which Sabin calls "probably the rarest of Lescarbot's books; " cf. Harrisse, no. 21. Another tract, published in Paris in 1612 Relation derniere de ce qui c'est passe au voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt en la Nouvelle France depuis vingt mois en ça, supplementing his larger work has been reprinted in the Archives curieuses de l'Histoire de France, vol. xv. In 1618 he printed a tract Le Bout de l'an, sur le repos de la France, par le Franc Gaulois addressed to Louis XIII., urging him to the conquest of the savages of the west; Sunderland Catalogue, no. 4,933, £10, 1OS. It is translated in Poor's Gorges in the Popham Memorial, p. 140. Another nearly contemporary account of the De Monts expedition is found in Cayet's Chronologie Septenaire 1609 (Sabin's Dictionary, vol. iii. no. 11,627) a precursor of the Mercure Française, which for a long while chronicled the yearly events. Cf. an English version from the Mercure in Magazine of American History, ii. 49. Lescarbot's account of the natives may be supplemented by that in Biard's Relation. Hannay (chap. ii.) and the other historians of Acadia treat this subject, and Father Vetromile, S. J., at one time a missionary among the present remnants of the western tribes of Acadia, prepared an account of their history, which was printed in the Maine Hist. Coll., vol. vii.; and in 1866 he issued the Abnakis and their History. He died in 1881, and his manuscript Dictionary of the Abenaki Dialects is now in the archives of the Department of the Interior at Washington; Proceedings of the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia, 1881, p. 33; cf. also Maurault, Histoire des Abênaquis. Williamson, History of Maine, vol. i. ch. xvii., etc., enlarges on the tribal varieties of the Indians of the western part of Acadia, and (p. 469) on the Etechemins, or those east of the Penobscot; and later (p. 478), on the Micmacs or Souriquois, who were farther east. Williamson's references are useful. Shea, in his notes to Charlevoix, i. 276, says: Champlain says the Kennebec Indians were Etechemins. Their language differed from the Micmac. The name Abenaki seems to have Royal.1 He appears to have been a man of more than ordinary ability, with not a little of the French vivacity, and altogether well suited to be a pioneer in Western civilization. His narrative covers only a brief period, and after the failure of the colony under De Monts, he ceased to have any relations with Acadia. He He is supposed to have died about 1630. The advent of the Jesuits in 1611 introduces the Relations of their order as a source of the first importance; but a detailed account of these documents belongs to another chapter.2 From the first of the series, by Father Biard, and from his letters in Carayon's Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada, a collection published in Paris in 1864, and drawn from the archives of the Order at Rome, we have the sufferers' side of the story of Argall's incursion; while from the English marauder's letters, published in Purchas, vol. iv., we get the other side.3 Another of these early adventurers who has left a personal account of his longcontinued but fruitless attempts at American colonization is Nicolas Denys, a native of Tours. So early as 1632 he was appointed by the French king governor of the territory between Cape Canso and Cape Rosier. Forty years later, when he must have been well advanced in life, though he had lost none of his early enthusiasm, he published an historical and geographical description of this part of North America. The work shows that applied to all between the Sokokis and the St. John; the language of these tribes, the Abenakis or Kennebec Indians, the Indians on the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, being almost the same."- ED.] 1 Nova Francia; or the Description of that Part of New France which is one continent with Virginia. Described in the three late Voyages and Plantation made by Monsieur de Monts, Monsieur de Pont-Gravé, and Monsieur de Poutrincourt, into the countries called by the French-men La Cadie, lying to the Southwest of Cape Breton. Together with an excellent severall Treatie of all the commodities of the said countries, and maners of the naturall inhabitants of the same. Translated out of French into English by P. E. London: Printed for Andrew Hebb, and are to be sold at the signe of the Bell in Paul's Church yard, [1609.] 4to. pp. 307. This volume is a translation of books iv. and vi. of Lescarbot's larger work; but it has been noted as a curious circumstance that the author's name does not appear on the titlepage, and is nowhere mentioned in the volume. There are two copies in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society: one in the general library contains Lescarbot's map, and has manuscript notes by the late Rev. Dr. Alexander Young; the other copy, in the Dowse Library, formerly belonged to Henri Ternaux-Compans. It is without the map, but contains the Preface and Table of Contents, which are not in the copy first mentioned. It is from the same type, but has a slightly different titlepage and imprint; the Dowse copy purporting to be published at London by George Bishop, and bearing the date 1609. It was a common practice of the printers of that time to sell copies of the same work with different titlepages, each containing the name of the bookseller who bought the printed sheets. 4 [This version was made at the instance of Hakluyt, and published with the express intention of showing, by contrast, the greater fitness of Virginia for colonization. Cf. Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; Huth Catalogue, iii. 839; Sabin, x. 40,175; Crowninshield Catalogue, no. 398; Griswold Catalogue, no. 436; Field's Indian Bibliog raphy, no. 916; Harrisse, no. 19. Rich priced it in 1832 at £2 25.; a copy in the Bolton Corney sale, in 1871, brought £37. There are other copies in the libraries of Congress, New York Historical Society, Harvard College, and in the Carter-Brown Collection (Catalogue, ii. 102); cf. Churchill's Voyages, 1745, vol. ii. Erondelle's version is also given in Purchas, vol. iv. A German version, abridged from the 1609 original, appeared at Augsburg in 1613, called Gründliche Historey von Nova Francia. There is a copy in the Library of Congress, and in the CarterBrown Collection (Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 154). Cf. Harrisse, no. 29; O'Callaghan Catalogue, no. 1,374; Brinley Catalogue, no. 105; Sabin's Dictionary, x. 40,177. Koehler, of Leipsic, priced this German edition in 1883 at 120 marks. — ED.] 2 [The visits of the Jesuits to Acadia and Penobscot in 1611 are recounted in Jouvency's Historia Societatis Jesu pars quinta, Rome, 1710, drawn largely from the Relations.- ED.] 3 [There are, of course, illustrative materials in Lescarbot and Champlain, and on the English side in Purchas, Smith, and Gorges among the older writers; cf. George Folsom's paper in the N. Y. Hist Soc. Coll., 2d series, vol. i. Champlain's language has led some to suppose Argall had ten vessels with him besides his own; cf. Holmes, Annals; Parkman, Pioneers; De Costa, in Vol. III. chap. vi. of this History.- ED.] 4 Description Geographique et Historique des Costes de l'Amerique Septentrionale. Avec l'Histoire naturelle du Pais. Par Monsieur Denys, |