ever, without some account of a very offensive secular document printed at the beginning of the book, to flare in the face, as it were, of those for whom it was destined. This was a proclamation to enforce the use of the new book under the pressure of that "charge of horning," or

to 1662-to which is added those in the Scotch Prayer-book of 1637 ; ' in Hall's 'Reliquiæ Liturgica-Documents connected with the Liturgy of the Church of England,' in six volumes; and Hamon Lestrange's Alliance of Divine Offices, exhibiting all the Liturgies of the Church of England since the Reformation, as also the Scotch Service-book.'

For works taking up the controversy in a more discursive manner, as vindicating the simplicity of the Scots system against the English on Scriptural authority, the opinions of the fathers, and other received materials of ecclesiastical controversy,-the following works may be mentioned: Gillespie's 'Dispute against the English-Popish Ceremonies obtruded on the Church of Scotland;' Samuel Rutherford's Divine Right of Church Government and Excommunication, or a peaceable Dispute for the Perfection of the Holy Scripture in point of Ceremonies and Church Government, in which the Removal of the Service-book is justified, the six Books of Thomas Erastus against Excommunication are briefly examined,' &c.; and Calderwood's 'Altare Damascenum ceu Politia Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ obtrusa Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, a formalista quodam delineata illustrata et examinata, studio et opera Edwardi Didoclavii, cui, locis suis interserta confutatio Paraeneseos Tileni ad Scotos Genevensis, ut ait, disciplinæ zelotas.' The reader who reaches the end of this quarto volume of 950 pages will probably feel satisfied that he has seen enough of that side of the controversy. Calderwood's book is valuable, however, as it is the amplest display of the testimony of his party while there was yet room for peaceful discussion, and before controversy had passed into war. It may be noted, however, that the reader of the controversial literature of the day, even after the critical affair of St Giles, will be surprised to find how much more abundant didactic pedantry is than exciting reference to the passing events. The works on the question by Robert Baillie are numerous and long titled. By far the best account of them, apart from that pended to his Letters, will be found under their author's name in the portion of the catalogue of the Advocates' Library prepared by the late Samuel Halkett.

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In the "Supplication," of which hereafter, the iniquities of the Service-book are thus rapidly and emphatically told. In the book "not only are sown the seeds of divers superstitions, idolatry, and false doctrines, contrair the true religion established in this realm by divers Acts of Parliament, but also the Service-book of England is abused, especially in matter of the communion, by additions, subtractions, interchanging of words and sentences, falsifying of titles, and

denunciation by blast of trumpet, with which we have repeatedly had occasion to deal. It is perhaps the most curious of all the many occasions in which the Crown has in Scotland had recourse to those forms of law by which subjects attack and oppress each other. The writ in the usual form leaves a blank for the names of the persons who are to proclaim it as-" messengers, our sheriffs in that part." The instruction to them is in these words: “Our will is, and we charge you straitly and command that incontinent these our letters seen you pass, and in our name and authority command and charge all our subjects, both ecclesiastical and civil, by open proclamation at the market-crosses of the head burrows of this our kingdom, and other places needful, to conform themselves to the said public form of worship, which is the only form which we (having taken the counsel of our clergy) think fit to be used in God's public worship in this our kingdom. Commanding also all archbishops and bishops, and other presbyters and Churchmen, to take a special care that the same be duly obeyed and observed, and the contraveners condignly censured and punished; and to take especial care that every parish betwixt and Pasch next, procure unto themselves two at least of the said Books of Common Prayer for the use of the parish. The which to do we commit to you conjunctly and severally our full power by these our letters, delivering the same by you duly execute and indorsed again to the bearer.-Given under our signet at Edinburgh the 20th day of December, and of our reign the twelfth year, 1636."

Surely it may be safely said that the history of Christianity cannot show another instance of a book of devotion announced in such a fashion to its devotees. Being the writ employed for the enforcement of obligations, and especially for the recovery of debts, the preparation of it implied that there would be resistance to the use of the book, and that such resistance was to be put down by

misplacing of collects, to the disadvantage of reformation, as the Romish mass, in the main and substantial points, is made up therein." -Rothes's Relation, 49.

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force. The solicitor addicted to sharp practice will find himself immediately at home' in this part of the Servicebook, and will perhaps admire its skilful draftsmanship.1 And indeed there is ground for suspicion that this document was the work of a skilful and designing lawyer. It was not a document to be prepared by Laud or any of the king's clerical advisers. It had to be drawn under the direction of the Scots Privy Council; and there arose a well-warranted suspicion that there were men in that conclave who saw that a struggle must come, and desired to hasten it and have it over. Whether or not the king and Laud got assistance of such a sinister kind, it may be said of their whole scheme, that a general in the tactics of a campaign, or a political leader in the organisation of his party, could scarcely have invested greater skill in the accomplishment of their respective objects than the promoters of the Book of Canons and the Service-book contributed to the troubles that were coming. When the disastrous results thus obtained are contrasted with the ends sought by the projectors, the effect is to neutralise adverse criticism on the conduct of the king and his adviser Laud. By all calculation founded on history and the springs of human action, the results that did come were so likely, that those who expected anything else must be supposed to have looked to other than natural cause and effect, and to have got into the irresponsible condition of the accused person who is acquitted by a jury on the ground of insanity.

Nothing was wanting even in trifling details to complete the hostile position. The book itself was a folio very conspicuous in size for the period. It was printed in red

1 The editor of the Reliquiæ Liturgicæ, coming to the words "betwixt and Pasch," feeling as if something were wrong, says in a note: "So in the original: there seems to be a word omitted; but the sense no doubt is, 'between this and Easter next.' The supposition is correct; but if the learned divine had gone so far out of his usual course in consulting authorities, as to have sought enlightenment from a sheriff-officer or other member of the bailiff class in Scotland, he would have been informed that the passage is in correct style, the ellipsis being a technical peculiarity in some legal forms in Scotland.

and black, the black type being of that Gothic letter which had been obsolete for nearly eighty years, and was associated with the literature of the old Church. There had arisen in Scotland a strong feeling against pictures, especially in works of devotion; and there had been some angry remonstrances about copies of the Bible brought from Holland with decorated capitals. This was of course an access of the old suspicious horror of subtle approaches to idolatry, and the breach of the Second Commandment. To feed this excited spirit, the Service-book was amply decorated with pictorial capitals and other illustrations, and was, as far as the art of the day could accomplish, brought to a parallel with the most brilliant specimens of illuminated breviaries and missals.1

1 A Scots typographical critic of the early part of the eighteenth century has left the following tribute of admiration to the artistic finish of the Service-book, as compared with an edition of the English Prayer-book of the same date: "You'll see, by that printed here, the master furnished with a very large fount-four sheets being insert together; a vast variety of curiously-cut head-pieces, finis's, bloomletters, factotums, flowers, &c. You'll see the compositor's part done in the greatest regularity and niceness in the kalendar, and throughout the rest of the book. The pressman's part done to a wonder in red and black; and the whole printed in so beautiful and equal a colour, that there is not any appearance of variation."—"The publisher's preface to the printers in Scotland," prefixed to "The History of the Art of Printing, containing an Account of its Invention and Progress in Europe,' Edinburgh, 1713, being a translation of the 'Histoire de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie of Jean de la Caille.' The Service-book in the original edition is rare and costly. There is a plain reprint of it in octavo dated 1713. Investigators are accustomed to suspect the honesty and exactness of reprints of religious books; but this is believed to be a verbatim repetition of the original, nothing being altered but the spelling. The almanac prefixed to it begins in the year 1637, and in the litany the royal prayer is for Charles, our most gracious king and governor." The Service-book is one of the magnificent collection of liturgies reprinted in facsimile for Pickering in 1845. The Communion Office was reprinted in 1764, and repeatedly in recent years for those who prefer it to the English form. An edition of the Communion Office in folio, with musical notation, and enriched borders in the style of the sixteenth century, bears the imprint, "London, James Burn, Portman Street, 1844.”

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Baillie gives the following typographical anecdote about the Service-book: "It was well near May ere the books were printed; for, as it is now perceived by the leaves and sheets of that book which

was given out athort the shops of Edinburgh to cover spice and tobacco, one edition at least was destroyed; but for what cause we cannot learn, whether because some gross faults were to be amended, or some more novations was to be eked to it. Both reasons are likely, only it is marvellous that, so many being conscious of necessity to this deed, that secret of it should not yet come out."-Rothes's Relation, 197.