A. D. 1894. 1 Cranch, 137; 12 Wheat., 136. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over 9 Wheat., 738; such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings; and Provision as to migration or To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION 9. The migration or importation of such persons as importation of any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall certain persons. not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Habeas corpus. 4 Cranch, 75. Bills of attainder, &c. 3 Dall., 386; 12 Wheat., 213. Taxes, how apportioned. No export duty. No commercial preferences. No money drawn from Treasury, less, &c. bility. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in conseun- quence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No titular no- No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them Officers, not to shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, ents, unless, &c. emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign State. receive pres States prohibited from the SECTION 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or exercise of cer- confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; 11 Pet., 257, emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a 420; 5 Gray, 297. tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post tain powers. facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. A. D. 1894. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 12 Wheat., 119. imposts or duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Vice-President, SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President President and of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during their term of the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President office. chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: President and number, and Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature Electors of thereof may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole Vice-President, number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may how appointed. be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. Electors to vote on same day. 1845, 1. Qualifications of President. duties devolve removal, death, In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his On whom his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties in case of his of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, &c. and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and VicePresident, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and U. S. Statutes, 1792, 8, $10. A. D. 1894. President's compensation. such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a U. S. Statutes, compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 1793, 9; 1853, 97, during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. His oath. President to be Commander opinion of, &c.. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the in-Chief. Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United He may require States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal and may pardon officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. Treaty-making power. 2 Pet., 253; 12 Pet., 415. Nomination of 1 Pet., 511; 13 Pet., 230. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 1 Cranch, 137; the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators Pet, 524; 13 present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint, Ambassadors, certain officers. other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may vacancies. happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. When President may fill President shall communicate to Congress. vene and ad SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expeHe may con- dient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, joarn Congress, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment he may adjourn them ambassadors, to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassaand commission dors and other public Ministers; he shall take care that the laws in case, &c. Shall receive execute laws, officers. be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. A. D. 1894. All civil offices forfeited for cer SECTION 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- tain crimes. ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be Judicial power. vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, Tenure. receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Compensation. Judicial power, to what cases it extends. Pet., 511; 12 1. See amend SECTION 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 2 Dall., 419; 1 Cranch, 137; 11 their authority; to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Wheat., 467:1 Ministers, and Consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime Pet., 657; 5 Pet., jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be ment XI. a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. original juris diction of Su preme Court. In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, Appellate. both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 7 Cranch, 108; 1 Wheat., 304. except, &c. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall Trial by jury, be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Trial, where. Congress may by law have directed. 1 Dall., 56; 2 SECTION 3. Treason against the United States shall consist Treason defined only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, Dall., 318. giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. Proof of. 4 Cranch, 470. A. D. 1894. Punishment of. Credit to pub every State. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State lie Acts, &c., of to the public Acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other U. S. Statutes, State. And the Congress may by general law prescribe the manCranch, ner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 1790, 11; 1804, 56: 481; 3 Wheat., 234. citizens of each State. 18 How., 71; 3 Gray, 276. Privileges of SECTION 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other Fugitives from crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. justice to be delivered up. Persons held to service, hav be delivered up. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws ing escaped, to thereof, escaping into another shall, in consequence of any law U. S. Statutes, or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, 1798, 7:1850, 60; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 16 Pet., 539. Admission of new States. Power of Con gress over terri property. SECTION 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needtory and other ful rules and regulations respecting territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Republican SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State form of govern- in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect ment guaran teed; each State to be protected, each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Constitution, ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem how amended. it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, |