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less important than corruption of the clergy through
the state.
Indefiniteness of their position more beneficial than other-
wise, as counteracting civil arbitrariness.
Subordination of civil functionaries,
more formally recognized later.
During the decay of popular independence, the
rule of the clergy that of fixed principles and
disciplined minds.
Condition of the Roman provinces.
Maxims of Roman statecraft, especially municipal,
carried out universally (duumviri, &c. in Gaul). 89, 90
Consequent exaltation of the upper and degrada-
replacement of the agricultural population by
slaves, loss of patriotism, extinction of the
middle class,
and corrupt centralization at Rome.
The clergy a new and beneficial element,
supporting the lower class, and exercising an uninvidious
authority over the upper.
Class difficulties avoided by the unsystematic provision for
the clergy.
Episcopal power adapted to concentration in towns.
Popular election of bishops.
96-98
98, 99
100, 101
101
Consolidating power of the clergy over the dissolving mu-
nicipalities.
The very greatness of their authority a cause of liberty
not oppression.
Their unity and intercourse the sole effectual obstacle to
returning barbarism.
The only ideas then active those of religion.
Quickening effect of controversies.
Contrast of secular and religious life at this period, and
combining power of the latter.
Commanding influence of the leading Fathers.
ΙΟΙ
102
Political stagnation resisted by clerical intercourse, espe-
cially that produced by Councils.
The Eastern world almost unchanged from the former
period, and therefore worthy of less attention.
CHAPTER IV.
PAGES
102, 103
From the fall of the Western Empire to the accession of
Charlemagne.
A. D. 476—771.
103
Church organization under the Roman empire chiefly of
value prospectively.
After its fall the clergy had altogether new materials to
deal with.
They become sole dispensers of all kinds of knowledge.
Consequent temptations and corruptions (prostration of
barbarian sovereigns before them).
Unchanging strength of the Church.
104, 105
105
106
106, 107
107
108, 109
109
109, 110
The clergy representatives of Roman institutions in the
midst of barbarian customs.
Important social influence of clergy during the transition
from imperialism to feudalism.
I. Moral influence in this period difficult to trace from the
meagre information of chronicles and statutes.
Conversion of the barbarians more truly effected by resi-
dent clergy on the conquered soil than by missionaries.
Reform of their lawless and reckless manners due solely
to the clergy:
its nature shewn by comparing either their own habits
in their native wilds with their statutes after under-
going the operation of Christianity,
or the latter with the habits of the later Saxon, Scla-
vonic, or Norse tribes.
In spite of abuses, the Church alone had a living prin-
ciple of action.
The German principle of national law a source of privi-
leges to the clergy individually as subjects of the
Roman law,
110-112
112-114
112, 113
113, 114
114
115, 116
.
117-119
Sanctity, and sometimes zeal, a protection against armed
violence.
No direct allusions to clerical influence in the early bar-
barian codes,
but many indirect traces of its exercise;
the primitive reverence for sacred persons and things
being transferred from heathen to Christian objects.
Clerical interposition in manumission of slaves.
Right of sanctuary ;-its uses as well as abuses.
Religious phraseology in documents.
Double relation of the clergy to the old citizens and to
the barbarians the chief instrument of amalgamation.
The clergy strengthened through the tonsured laity.
Their connexion with the old citizens did not alienate
them from the conquerors, as is shewn by their occa-
sional voluntary submission to barbarian codes.
Their influence as disseminators of Roman traditions.
Period after the settlement of the barbarians.
Improvements in penal jurisprudence,
proportional to the influence of the clergy (contrast of
Burgundians and Visigoths with Anglo-Saxons):
evidence of the Frankish Capitularies.
Monastic Orders.
Corruption and decay.
120
120-128
122, 123
123, 124
125, 126
127, 128
129, 130
131-133
133, 134
134
134-138
135, 136
136, 137
138
Monasticism most beneficial under the early Me-
rovingian dynasty in France and the Visigoths
140-156
140
140, 141
141, 142
in Spain.
142
Its practical nature in the West,
143
preserving literature, agriculture, and other arts;
while the seculars maintained sound principles of
Education.
Benedictine missionaries.
State of Britain after the Saxon invasion.
Augustine of Canterbury, and the revival of
monasticism.
Intellectual fruits of Anglo-Saxon Benedictine
efforts.
(7th cent.) Biscop, founder of Bishopwear-
mouth;
whence came Bede, himself the center of a
Ascendancy of regulars throughout Europe, and
their cordial support of the seculars.
II. Political influence of the clergy.
Mimicry of Roman dignity by barbarian chiefs.
Their imperial desire to use the services of the clergy.
Political progress due to the clergy.
Ecclesiastical nature of the early Merovingian
Capitularies.
Working of the clergy on Teutonic states best seen
147, 148
148
149-151
151
152-157
153
157-159
159-177
159, 160
160, 161
161
162
This authority really the safeguard of the old
population against the Gothic kings.
166, 167
The clergy therefore both jurists and administra-
tors of justice.
167
Generally throughout Europe, before Hildebrand, the
clergy the upholders of national liberties against
arbitrary sovereigns.
168
Their peculiarly healthy action in England from their
defined and moderate position.
Their place in the Witenagemote,
169-174
170, 171
171, 172
and connexion with the king and nobility.
Differences from the position of the continental
clergy arising chiefly from the population being
one nation.
Mediation in internal strifes.
The political benefits of the clergy in this period give
signs of approaching corruption.
CHAPTER V.
172, 173
173, 174
175-177
From the accession of Charlemagne to the close of the
tenth century.
A. D. 771-1000.
Clerical power less genuine, though apparently greater,
during this period.
The Church at Charlemagne's accession sinking into faction
and corruption like the Empire three centuries before.
Evil reaction on the laity.
Carlovingian clerical reforms, missions of Boniface, and in-
crease of Papal sway in the W., owing to the final sepa-
ration of the E.
178-240
178
178, 179
179
179, 180
I. Moral influence of the clergy.
180-235
Social and political state of Europe before Charles the
Bald's death.
180-183
Convulsion caused by the extension of Frankish
sway under Charlemagne ;
181
but many changes ascribed to him the natural
developments of earlier movements.
consequent decay of central civil, and inverse
growth of ecclesiastical power.
This movement expanded by means of Charle-
magne's empire.
182
182, 183