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to either of the contracting parties. No person to be molested on ac. count of his past conduct, and per. sons recovering their property to enjoy it under the protection of the laws, or be at liberty to emigrate with it. The term of eighteen months is allowed to the subjects of the two powers, in the territories ceded or restored, to dispose of their property, and remove from the dominions of either party to those of the other.

Article 14. All prisoners of war to be set free immediately after the exchange of the ratifications, and restored without ransom, excepting Christians who have voluntarily embraced the Mahometan religion in the states of the Sublime Porte; or Mahometans, who have voluntarily become Christians in the Russian territories. No repayment to be required for the expenses of either party to maintain prisoners. Each of them to provide the prisoners with necessaries, as far as the frontiers, where they were to be exchanged by commissioners appointed on both sides. Article 15. All former treaties, conventions and stipulations between the parties confirmed, with the exception of those annulled by the present treaty of peace.

Article 16. The treaty to be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged, within six weeks, or earlier if possible.

Moldavia and Wallachia, referred to in the 5th article of the treaty, was executed on the same day. It provides a confirmation of the separate act annexed to the convention of Ackerman, so far as relates to the forms of election of the Hospodars; but that their offices shall be held for life, instead of seven years, as they had been limited before. That the Hospodars, with the assistance of their divans, shall administer the internal government of the provinces according to the treaties and Hatti Sheriffs. The Sublime Porte engages, that the privileges of the two provinces shall not be violated by the neighbouring governors, and that the inhabitants of the right bank of the Danube shall make no incursions upon their territories. All isles nearest the left bank of the Danube are to be considered as part of the territory of these provinces, and the channel of the Danube is to form their boundary. The Porte is to retain no fortified point on the left bank of the Danube, nor to permit the settlement there of any of its Mahometan subjects. No Mahometan is ever to be allowed to have his residence in Moldavia or Wallachia, merchants only being admitted, with firmans for purposes of trade with Constantinople. The Turkish cities on the left bank of the Danube are to be restored to Wallachia, and

The separate acts relating to the fortifications previously exist

ing are never to be repaired. Mahometans possessing property, not usurped, in the cities on the left bank, shall be bound to sell it within eighteen months to natives. The governments of the princi. palities are authorized to draw sa. natary cordons, and establish quarantines, along the line of the Da. nube, and wherever else it may be necessary, and to maintain a mili. tary force for supporting them.

The Sublime Porte renounces the right of laying contributions in Moldavia and Wallachia, for the supply of Constantinople, and for victualling the fortresses on the Danube. The two provinces are for ever relieved from the forced contributions of corn, provisions, cattle and timber, which they had formerly been bound to furnish. But, to indemnify the Sultan for the loss to his treasury, by this arrange. ment, a yearly tribute, independent of those called Kharadsh Idiye and Rakiabije, by virtue of the Hatti Sheriff of 1822, is to be paid by the provinces, the amount of which, to be determined hereafter. On every fresh nomination of a Hospodar, an additional year's tribute is to be paid by the provinces.

In consequence of the abolition of the above special contributions, the inhabitants of the principalities are to enjoy free trade; to be restricted only by the Hospodars, with the consent of their Divans; freely to navigate the Danube

with their vessels, provided with passports from their own governments; and to proceed to the other Ottoman ports and harbours for trade, without suffering persecution from the collectors of the Kharadsh, or other oppression.

The Porte consents, to remit the annual tribute from the two principalities, from two years after their evacuation by the Russian army.

Finally, the Porte promises, to confirm every administrative mea sure decreed during the occupation of the provinces by the Russian forces, in conformity to a wish expressed in the assemblies, of the prin cipal inhabitants of the country; and these decrees, are to serve as the basis of the internal administration for the future, provided they do not infringe upon the rights of sovereign. ty of the Porte.

By a subsequent separate act, the indemnities stipulated by the eighth and ninth articles of the treaty were agreed to be paid by instalments, the first in four increas. ing payments at short intervals; the second in ten annual payments. On the first payment of the portion of the smaller sum, the Russian army were to retire from Adrianople; on the second, to recede beyond the Balkan; on the third, to repass the Danube; and on the fourth payment, to evacuate the Turkish territory.

Such was the treaty dictated by the Emperor Nicholas to an enemy,

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whose powers of resistance against him, were extinguished. For the first time since the Hegira, the standard of the prophet was pros. trated in the dust. The city of Constantinople, and the empire of the Osmanlis were vanquished.It would have been as easy for Nicholas to have re-consecrated the church of St. Sophia, as it had been for Mahomet the Second to convert it into a mosque. The Sultan and his Kaliphat were in the reach of his hand. In the history of the world, there are few examples of the forbearance, with which the victor permitted his commanding general to sign the peace at Adrianople.

But this was strictly conformable to the declaration, with which he had commenced the war. He had disclaimed all purposes of aggran. dizement. He had promised to meet with a welcome reception, any overtures from his adversary during the progress of the war, and the promise was faithfully performed. For this forbearance, he obtained no credit with his allies. On the contrary, they were the first to clamour against the rigour of the terms which he had imposed.They were quite shocked at the amount of the indemnities exacted, to cover in part the expenses of the war. They shuddered at the securities required for the future protection of Russian subjects in the Ottoman dominions, by placing VOL. III.

them under the jurisdiction of their own ministers and consuls. They took umbrage even at the article, by which the Sultan acceded to the treaty of 6th of July, 1827, and to the protocol of 22d March, 1829, to which they themselves were parties.

It has been said, on the other hand, that some dissatisfaction was manifested in Russia, that the career of victory was arrested short of Constantinople. The fact is perhaps, to be regretted, as it regards the cause of Christendom, and of humanity; but it affords a signal proof of the Emperor's faithfulness to his word, the most illus. trious of the qualities that can adorn the character of an absolute monarch. In the declaration at the commencement of the war, perhaps the emperor gave too ready a pledge to the jealousies and invidious fears of his allies ;-but having given it, the fulfilment of its promise was due no less to his justice than his magnanimity.

The consequences of the treaty are to be the disclosures of future time. But we have ill read the lesson of history, and ill observed the condition, conduct, and princi. ples of the several parties to this great conflict between the divisions of the globe and the elements of the moral world, if this Russian and Turkish war for the independence of Greece (for that is its true character) be other than the first

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act of a drama, which shall change and improve the destinies of man. This is a theme on which to exclaim,

Oh! for a muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest Heaven of invention.

The Ottoman empire is in the agonies of death. Virtually conquered by the green-clad nation of the north, according to the doom of her own prophecies, she has pur. chased a temporary peace with the invader, only to suffer internal suffer internal convulsions, which she cannot long survive. Greece, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Servia, are already substantially wrested from her hands. It is not in the nature of human events, or of human passions, that the remaining European provinces shall rest quiet under that galling yoke of servitude, from which their neighbours all around them have been relieved. 'The struggles of the Sultan, in his extremity, to save himself by adopting the European improvements in the art of war, cannot avert the fate of his empire, and of his religion. The improvements in the art of war, like those in the arts of peace, which have raised the man of European race above the ancient, and above the Mahometan level of humanity, flow from one and the same perennial fountain, and that fountain is Christianity. The religion and the government of the Osmanlis

are indissolubly interwoven with each other. Together they must fall. That their fall may be ren. dered subservient to a great melioration in the condition of man, depends upon Russia alone; perhaps upon her present sovereign. Nev. er since the existence of the spe. cies, were higher destinies in prospect before any one individual, than may be reserved for him. But who shall presume to advise him? Let him take counsel from himself. We fervently hope that

he will compare the prayer dicta. ted by our Lord and Master, which he, like every christian of every denomination, has been taught from infancy daily to repeat, with the ferocious Fatihat of the Koran; for the whole essence of the two religions is in these two prayers. We believe he will, like his brother Alexander, find it indispensably necessary to set bounds to his deference for his Eu. ropean allies, who are also the ancient allies of the Sublime Porte, and who think the battle of Navarino an untoward event. He is at this moment witnessing more than ever the fruits of their unnatural, absurd, and exclusively selfish policy. It is for him to rise to an immeasurable height above it, by the energies of his own mind, by the consciousness of his own power, and by the duty resulting from both, of promoting the cause of christianity and civilization.

CHAPTER XV.

GREECE.

Arrival of Count Capo d'Istrias at Egina-Appointment of the Pan hellenion-Inauguration of the government-National bank-Pirates delivered up at Carabusa-Prize courts at Egina-Colonel Fabvier's expedition to the Island of Scio-its failure-Greek blockade of the Morea-The plague in the Morea-Inhabitants disarmed-Arrest of Mavromichalis, Naxos and Millaittis-Mission of four archbishops from Constantinople to the Greeks-its failure-Proclamation of the President announcing the war between Russia and the Porte-General Church attacks Vassilach-and Anatolico-Corps of Albanians at Coron discharged-Admiral Codrington proceeds to Alexandria--convention of the Viceroy of Egypt with him for the evacuation of the Morea by Ibrahim Pasha-French expedition to the Morea-Their landingSecond convention for the evacuation of the Morea by the Egyptian troops -They return to Alexandria-Navarino taken by the French troopsand Modon-Coron-Capitulation of Patras-and the Castle of Morea -Turkish Agas resist the capitulation-The castle besieged by General Maison-The Agas surrender at discretion-Sickness among the French troops-one division of them returns to France-War in the Island of Candia-in Western Hellas-Proclamations of the President Capo d'Istrias his conferences with General Maison-with the allied Admirals-with the Ambassadors at Poros Count Bulgari, minister of Russia to the Greek government-Mr. Dawkins, British consul general -Discontent in Greece at the limits proposed by the allies-General Ypsilanti takes Livadia and Salone-Corps of Turks defeated by Ketzo Travellas-Prisoners branded-Conference of 16th November, 1828, held by the ministers of the allies at London-their declarationMission of Mr. Jaubert to Constantinople-The Porte consents to negotiate with Great Britain and France-Conference between the ministers of the allies at London of 22d March, 1829-Protocol of that conference-Boundaries of Greece-Tribute-Indemnity for Turkish property-Independence qualified-Amnesties-Mutual armistice-Russia to be represented by the ambassadors of France and Great Britain-Sir Robert Gordon and Count Guilleminot arrive at Constantinople-Reception of Sir Robert Gordon-Conferences with the *In the composition of this and the preceding and following chapters, use has heen made of the Annuaire Historique of Lesur for 1828, a work far superior to the English Annual Register of the same year.

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