Second massacre.

CHAP. VI. the murderers. It was resolved that no pity should be shewn to the Muselmans; and the most humane justified the determination by the opinion that, in conjunction with the Saracens of Egypt, they might molest the Christians, and recover the city. The subjugated people were therefore dragged into the public places, anıl slain as victims. Women with children at the breast, girls and boys, all were slaughtered.* The squares, the streets, and even the uninhabited places of Jerusalem again were strewed with the dead bodies of men and women, and the mangled limbs of children. No heart melted into compassion or expanded into benevolence. The city was washed, and the melancholy task was performed by some Saracenian slaves. No contemporary rejoiced out of general regard to humanity; but every one condemned the count of Tholouse, whose avarice was more alive than his superstition, and whose favourite passion

*

made

Christiani sic neci totum laxaverant animum, ut non sugens masculus aut fæmina nedum infans unius anni vivens manum percussoris evaderet. Albert, 283. As Fuller says, "This second massacre was no slip of an extempo"rary passion, but a studied and premeditated act.""Besides, the execution was merciless, upon sucking chil"dren, whose not speaking spake for them; and on women, "whose weakness is a shield to defend them against a va"liant man." Fuller, Holy War, book i. ch. 24.

made him save and conduct to Ascalon the CHAP. VI. only few Muselmans, except the slaves, who escaped the general butchery. The synagogues were set on fire, and the Jews perished in the flames.*

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* This account of the siege of Jerusalem has been taken (frequently a mere verbal translation) from the original writers, or their immediate abridgements in Bongarsius, Gesta, 27, 28. Robert, 74, 76. Baldric, 132, 134. Raimond, 175, 178, the first thirty-one chapters of the sixth book of Albert of Aix, Guibert, 533, 537, the second Gesta, 573, 577, and the eighth book of William of Tyre. Add to these, Ordericus Vitalis, 756. Mus. Ital. i. 223, 226. Ralph of Caen, 324, &c. Malmsbury, 443, &c. and M. Paris, 41. The Archbishop of Tyre only mentions one massacre: that in the temple of Solomon, in which ten thousand men fell. He justifies it on the argument, that the Saracens deserved. punishment for their profanation of the holy places. He then says there were about the same number killed in the streets. There is no doubt that the Christians murdered the Muselmans from principle. In the middle ages the vice of intolerance attacked the lives of men: in later times it has, with more humanity and refinement, disturbed their rights and possessions only. The total number of the Moslem victims is not mentioned by the Latin writers. Aboulmahasen, one of De Guignes' authorities (Hist. des Huns, &c. vol. ii. p. 99), says, that one hundred thousand people perished in the mosques of Sakra and Akra, and one hundred thousand were made prisoners; the aged and infirm were killed, and the women became captives. These general expressions are as useful as "the sands of the sea," and "the stars of the

"Heaven,"

CHAP. VI.

Heaven," of the Greek authors. The Christians made no prisoners; and Albert is decisive that in days of chivalry women were assassinated. Abulfeda (vol. iii. p. 519, ed. Reiske) coolly says, that the massacre lasted seven days, and that seventy thousand persons were killed in the mosque of Omar. But Aboulmahasen and Abulfeda lived many years after the event, and only wrote from incorrect tradition.

CHAP. VII.

THE STATE OF THE HOLY LAND AFTER THE FIRST CRUSADE.

Foundation of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem...... Succession of kings between the first and second Crusades......Godfrey......Baldwin I.......Baldwin II. .....Fulk......Baldwin III......Political history of the kingdom of Jerusalem......Limits of the kingdom......Military history......Mode of warfare ......Supplement to the first Crusade......Death of the count of Tholouse......Foundation of the county of Tripoli......History of that state......Affairs of Antioch......History of Edessa......The Courtenay family.......Fall of Edessa......Vain attempt to

recover it.

JERUSALEM was in the hands of the Christians the sepulchre was redeemed, and the blood of the Moslems atoned for profanation. The coolest policy must approve the conduct of the vanquishers subsequently to the capture of the city, though it was the result of martial phrensy; for, surrounded by Muselman foes, the new inhabitants of Jerusalem could alone preserve their independence by extending their territory. A Chris

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CHAP. VI.

Heaven," of the Greek authors. The Christians made no prisoners; and Albert is decisive that in days of chivalry women were assassinated. Abulfeda (vol. iii. p. 519, ed. Reiske) coolly says, that the massacre lasted seven days, and that seventy thousand persons were killed in the mosque of Omar. But Aboulmahasen and Abulfeda lived many years after the event, and only wrote from incorrect tradition.