XLI. NEW MEXICO (including Arizona). Ceded to the United States in 1848. Organized in 1850. Capital, Santa Fé. Area, 256,300 square miles. Population, 1860, 83,009, besides 55,100 tribal Indians. Valuation in 1860, $20,813,768. New Mexico has a large Indian population, but the greater part of them are Pueblo or village Indians, and belong to the same races as the Indian inhabitants of Mexico. There are also a considerable number of Mexicans of Spanish descent in the Territory. Its mineral wealth is abundant; silver, gold, copper, iron, and lead exist probably in larger quantities than in any other part of the United States, but the unsettled condition of the country, and the frequent forays of the Apache and Camanche Indians, have rendered | mining hazardous. Since the commencement of the war, New Mexico has been the scene of seve ral severe battles between a force of Texan rangers and the United States troops and native inhabitants of the Territory. The surrender of Fort Fillmore, the battles of Apache Cafion and Valverde, and the capture and retaking of Santa Fé, occurred within the limits of this Terri tory. The invaders were finally driven out of the Territory in April, 1862, with great loss. XLII. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Capital, Washington. Area, 50 square miles. Population, 1860, 75,080. This district is under the Government of Congress. gressional appropriations. The two Houses of Congress have a joint com- | for the deaf-mutes and blind supported, by Conmittee on the District of Columbia, who report from time to time the appropriations needed for the civil and judicial service in the District, and also any appropriations which may be required for the construction or completion of any public works for the benefit of the inhabitants of the District. Within a few years past, two substantial bridges have been built across the Potomac, the city of Washington supplied with water by an aqueduct, a metropolitan city railway constructed, extensive hospitals for the sick and the insane, and a District penitentiary, erected, and an asylum On the 16th of April, 1862, a bill abolishing slavery in the District, having passed both Houses of Congress, received the President's signature, and became a law. It provided for a board of commissioners, who should appraise the slaves of loyal citizens and allow them a compensation therefor, not exceeding an average of $300 each. This Board of Commissioners performed their duties and reported their awards about the 1st of January, 1863. The whole amount awarded was about $900,000. * Fees limited to $3500. The Army of the United States. THE army of the United States, which now engages so much of the interest and subsidizes so much of the affection of our patriotic people, and which has increased to a size unprecedented in history, at least since the doubtful story of the invasion of Greece by the Persian hosts of Xerxes, sprang from an humble origin, and has had a brief though highly honorable history. We need not refer to its form and force during our Revolutionary struggle: our success was due to neither form nor force, but to the determined valor and fortitude of those brave men whose battle-cry was "Liberty or annihilation." They conquered because they knew no other issue but death. At the close of that eventful struggle the patriotic army was disbanded, and the country was for a short time without a military force, as it was also without a proper constitution of government. The want of both gave rise to disorders, which demonstrated to the people the necessity of a stable government. To this end they adopted the Constitution of the United States; but this, although framed in 1787, did not go into operation until 1789. By the eighth section of the first article, Congress was empowered, in general, "to raise and support armies;" and by the second section of the second article, the President was appointed "Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when called into the service of the United States." On the 7th of August, 1789, Congress established a Department of War as the instrument of the President in carrying out the provisions of the Constitution for military affairs. "Original Rules and Articles of War" had been enacted by the Congress of 1776, and were continued in force under the Constitution, with suitable modifications. These rules were the basis of the present Articles of War, which were enacted in 1806, and have been but slightly altered since that time. They form the military code which governs all troops when mustered into the service. In 1790, the rank and file of the army, as fixed by act of Congress, amounted to twelve hundred and sixteen men; to which force, in the next year, one regiment (nine hundred strong) was added. In 1792, an act of Congress provided for a uniform militia throughout the United States, and the system then arranged has received but slight alterations until the present time. The want of modification of this system, and a more rigorous application of it, have been often felt, and a proper care of its efficiency will hereafter be more demanded than ever. In 1796, the army consisted essentially of a corps of artillerists and engineers, two companies of light dragoons, four regiments of infantry (of eight companies each); and, to control this force, Congress authorized the President to ap point one major-general and one brigadier, with a suitable staff; but the next year-such was "the day of small things"-the major-general was disbanded as an unnecessary extravagance. In 1798, owing to the hostile attitude of France, which from the outburst of the French Revolu tion had been more or less offensive, an act of Congress authorized the President to raise a provisional army of ten thousand men, in the event of a declaration of war by a foreign power, or of invasion, or of imminent danger;" and several supplementary and corroborative acts followed this. The firmness of Washington and the determined posture of the country caused the removal of this trouble. In 1802, the danger of foreign war being over, the peace establishment was fixed, in numbers not materially differing from the former force. In 1807, incident to the retaliatory French and English decrees, which materially affected our national prosperity, there was a greater military activity than had ever been previously known in this country. Congress authorized the President to accept thirty thousand volunteers, and made large appropriations for building fortifications and gunboats; the gunboats being a part of Mr. Jef ferson's too prudent system of defence, which was devised to make a navy unnecessary, and which was only neutralized by the gallant and pertinacious manner in which the navy fought itself into popularity which it has never lost. As an additional preparation, in those portentous times which culminated in 1812, the entire militia of the country was newly equipped in 1808. From that time every thing pointed to war; and at this day the student of history only wonders that it did not burst forth at once. The Embargo which had been laid in 1807 was superseded by the Non-Intercourse act in 1809; the hostility was decided, and yet the act of war was long delayed. The legislation of 1812 was essentially warlike. In January, an act was passed to raise an additional force; in February that force was increased; and when, on the 18th of June, war was declared, thirty-five thousand men were voted with which to carry it on successfully; but the struggle was really begun with only ten thousand. Although suffering defeat and disaster at the outset of this war, the army retrieved its reputation and gained great glory before it closed, both on the northern frontier and at New Orleans. In 1815, at the close of the war, the provisional army was disbanded; but it was not until 1821 that the systematic reduction and the organization of the now peace establishment were made. At that time was given the organization which the army retained, with slight additions and occasional temporary enlargements, until the breaking out of the prosent rebellion. There were then established four regiments of artillery, and seven of | tional regular troops were brought home and disinfantry, with the various staff corps and depart- | charged, according to the provisions of the acts ments now existing, referred to in the general creating them. This left the army almost exactly schedule of army organization. The occasional in the same condition it had before the war: the increase will be now stated. In 1833, a regiment mounted rifles only were retained. of dragoons was created to take the place of the irregular mounted rangers before used; and in 1836 the second dragoons were added, the officers appointed principally from civic life. The Florida war, which grew out of the forcible attempt to remove the Indian inhabitants to the West, began in 1835, although trouble had been brewing ever since 1830, when President Jackson proposed the measure in an annual message. It was tedious and difficult, both on account of the cunning of the savages and the topography of the country. This war required an increase of the army and the employment of the militia of the neighboring States. It was ended nominally by a treaty in 1839, but in reality not until 1842. With its close the country expected a long period of uninterrupted peace; but it was to be disappointed. From that time until 1845, the military force was on a peace establishment; but in that year the subject of the annexation of Texas, a revolted province of Mexico which had achieved its independence, 'caused difficulties with Mexico, which resulted in actual hostilities in the spring of 1846. During the previous winter, indeed, a force had been established on the frontiers. This rupture with Mexico caused an increase of the army and a call for a special volunteer force. From the report of the Adjutant-General, made after the treaty of peace, in April, 1848, we learn that at the commencement of the war, in May, 1846, the aggregate of line troops in the regular army was 7244; of which only 3554 were with General Taylor on the frontier of Texas. The total number of regulars enlisted during the war, was 29,000. The additional force was thus organized:-in 1846, a regiment of mounted riflemen, which, however, served on foot during the war; in February, 1847, a third regiment of dragoons was added; and nine regiments of infantry, of which one was a voltigeur regiment. Upwards of fifty thousand volunteers were also employed in this war, for various terms of service. From that time the increase of our territory by conquest and by purchase, and our unexampled progress, caused constant and gradual changes to be made in the military establishment. The grade of Lieutenant-General by brevet, which had not existed since the days of George Washington, was revived and conferred upon General Winfield Scott, to be again vacant at his death. It could not have been more worthily bestowed, and it was but a partial reward to the hero who had then served his country, with brilliant achievements, during three wars. On the 3d of March, 1855, two regiments of infantry and two of cav alry were added to the permanent establishment, an inadequate increase, more being absolutely demanded by the condition of our Western territories. And this was the end of the day of small numbers and niggard military appropriations. The portentous cloud which had been gathering in darkness and power in our horizon at length burst with unprecedented fury over Fort Sumter in April, 1861. Mr. Buchanan's policy had compelled the surrender of that fort, and 'thus led to the civil war. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated President on the 4th of March, 1861, and had selected as his Secretary of War Hon. Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania. On the 15th of April the President called out 75,000 volunteers for three months, to defend the capital, which was immediately threatened; and on the 3d of May 42,000 volunteers to serve for three years or the war. On the 22d of July, Congress passed an act authorizing him to accept the services of 500,000 volunteers for such terms as he might deem necessary, ranging from six months to three years or during the war. The work of enlistment and organization was hurried forward with great zeal and enthusiasm. On the 25th of the same month, he was again authorized to call out 500,000,-making in all, whether designed or not, 1,000,000. Since that time the changes in our establishmeut, in the commands, in the departments, created and abrogated within a short period, have been numerous. At the treaty of peace the volunteers and addi- The principal ones will be found in the following RECORD OF IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR IN THE UNITED STATES. The object of the following record of events is neither to aggrandize one side of the contending parties, nor to cast a slur upon the other, but, if possible, to put before the world an impartial review of one of the most important struggles that has ever convulsed the earth. So rapid has been the procedure of important events in our history that it seems almost an age since the war commenced; and yet but twenty months have elapsed since the first shot in anger was fired upon Fort Sumter. What was the condition of affairs at that time in connection with the Ameri can service? The United States Army consisted of but fourteen thousand regular troops, scattered over the nation in comparatively small parties at each place, and the United States Navy numbered but five thousand seamen, who were stationed in all parts of the world, out of reach of speedy recall. General, field, and line officers of the army, and prominent officers in the navy, had in large numbers and without much notice resigned and joined the Confederate service, not only weak. ening the force of the Unionists, but strengthen. ing that of their opponents. All the United States troops garrisoned in the Confederate States, which had declared themselves independent, had been surrendered or conquered, and turned out of those dominions, unless they chose to join the Confederate ranks. But one garrison remained in the Southern States with the United States flag flying over it, at the time we open this record; and that little band, under Major Anderson, had taken up its quarters in Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, S.C., which fort had been besieged and surrounded by the works of the Confederate forces under General Beauregard. A party of United States vessels had been sent to provision the fort, but had been refused entrance to the harbor, and fired upon. Thus the contest opened by the attack upon a fort in the centre of the harbor of Charleston, and defended by a small party of United States troops, with but little provisions, scarcely enough to last another day. Without entering into the details of the causes and progress of the troubles in the Southern States previous to this event, we will merely state that as soon as the cotton States had declared themselves independent it was found that a very large volunteer army was in existence in the Conf deracy, ready to support the claims of the elected President and Vice-President, Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens. Customhouses, arsenals, and United States buildings had been seized and occupied by the Confederate officers, and every preparation made to organize a separate government. It will be remembered that the following States had seceded at the time we open this record, and had gone out in the order named:-South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. APRIL, 1861. April 11.-Two of the aids of General Beauregard, who bad invested Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, conveyed a formal demand to Major Anderson (in command of the United States troops concentrated in that work) to evacuate the fort and turn it over to the authorities of South Carolina. Major Anderson replied that evening, and refused compliance, stating that his "sense of honor and his obligations to his Government" would prevent him from doing so. The Bombardment of Fort Sumter. April 12.-At one hour after midnight, a second deputation was sent, demanding the evacuation of the fort at once, or stating the time when he would do so. Major Anderson replied that if not supplied with provisions, or otherwise ordered, he would evacuate the fort on the 15th. At half-past three he was notified that the fort would be bombarded in one hour; and at half-past four o'clock in the morning Fort Moultrie opened upon the work, followed by the newly-erected land-batteries and the floating battery in the harbor. At seven o'clock Fort Sumter replied. attacking all the other works simultaneously. The firing was kept up with great vigor on both sides, and the woodwork of the fort was three times set on fire. At six P.M. the firing from the fort ceased for the night, but the Confederate troops continued to fire upon the fort during the whole night, at intervals of twenty minutes. Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island, Florida, reinforced by United States troops. The Confederate Secretary of War, Mr. Second Day of the Bombardment. April 13.-At daylight the Confederates reopened their fire in force, which was not replied to until seven o'clock A.M. At eight o'clock the officers' quarters in the fort took fire from a shell, and caused the firing to slacken in the fort, as the men had to leave their guns to stay the ravages of the flames, the heat and smoke being suffocating. The attack now became more vigorous, and shells fell faster into the work. At ten o'clock the halliards on the flag-staff were cut by a shell, and the flag ran down half-way. The ships in the offing were occasionally fired at from the lower batteries, to prevent them from trying to run past to relieve the work. At eleven o'clock the flames in the fort again burst forth with renewed fury, and at twelve the whole roofing of the barracks was in flames. It was now feared that the powder in the magazines would explode with the heat, and it was impossible to remove it all, and what was removed had to be thrown overboard for fear of explosion. The flag-staff was hit several times and broken, and the flag was nailed to a broken piece and thus raised over the ramparts. The atmosphere in the fort was now suffocating. At five minutes to one P.M. the garrison capitulated, and were to be allowed to leave the fort with honors of war, saluting the colors, taking away the flag of the fort, all company arms and property, and all private property, and granted proper facilities for safe removal to a United States port. Thus ended the bombardment of Fort Sumter, without the loss of a single life on either side. The Legislature of Pennsylvania passed a war bill appropriating half a million of dollars for the purpose of arming and equipping the militia, &c. The Virginia Commissioners formally received by the President (Abraham Lincoln) and presented their documents of appointment. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter excited a strong patriotic feeling throughout the whole North, with a determination to put down the rebellion. General Beauregard, in general orders, congratulated his troops on the successful reduc tion of Fort Sumter, "the stronghold in the harbor of Charleston." April 14 (Sunday).—In consequence of this day being the Sabbath, no official action could be taken; but the people assembled in knots in the principal cities of the North, discussed the news, and very generally asserted the determination to support the authority of the Government of the United States. April 15.-Major Anderson and his gallant command evacuated Fort Sumter, going out with the proper honors to his flag. A gun exploded during the firing of the salute of fifty guns, and caused the death of one man and wounded four others. The command embarked on the steamship Baltic and sailed for New York. The President of the United States called by proclamation for 75,000 volunteers to suppress insurrectionary combinations. He also commanded the said combinations to disperse quietly to their homes within twenty days. In |