widow's large property, which, at her son's death, is to go in money to the university, for the collegiate education of women under university auspices and officers. St. Lawrence University had from the estate of Mrs. Sarah D. Gage $37,457 in fulfilment of a bequest for the maintenance of its school of theology. Cooper Union, New York, in addition to more than $1,000,000 bestowed on it by its venerable founder before his death, received from him by will, after his decease in 1883, $100,000, and from his children a like sum. Cornell University was relieved by special act of a restriction which had limited its corporate property to $3,000,000, and will probably be several millions richer by the change. For other benefactions in 1882-'83, see Institutions for the Superior Instruction of Young Women, below.

The information as to 1883-84 is still imperfect, but already there are announcements of the receipt of $5,000 by St. Stephen's College, Annandale, for scholarships; of $14,476 by Syracuse University, for endowment; and of $85,000 from Hon. Hiram Sibley, for a mechanical professorship and for additions to the Sibley shops and building at Cornell University, Ithaca.

Of the colleges belonging to the university system, at least 14 were still for young men only, while Alfred, St. Lawrence, Cornell, and Syracuse Universities admitted young women also. All continued their instruction in French and German, as well as in Latin and Greek, except St. Stephen's College, which, as preparing for theological study, substitutes Hebrew for German. With the same view, Hobart and St. Bonaventure Colleges also teach Hebrew, as do Alfred and Madison Universities. Columbia College and Cornell University offered Anglo-Saxon and Sanscrit also. The former was offered, too, at Hobart College and Madison and Syracuse Universities. At Columbia, Danish, Icelandic, Spanish, and Italian were included in the optional courses, and at Cornell, Swedish, Spanish, and Italian.

Chautauqua University, an outgrowth of the Chautauqua Assembly and Reading Circle, was incorporated by the legislature in 1883 without the customary requirement to report to the regents its course of study or its means for imparting instruction. It is also left free from the usual university demand of at least a 4-year course of study, which enables it, if it should choose, to give diplomas and confer degrees without assurance of the time-honored preparation.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.

The 5 colleges for women already referred to as of full collegiate rank are Wells College, Aurora; Elmira Female College, Elmira; Ingham University, Leroy; Rutgers Female College, New York City, and Vassar College, Poughkeepsie. All present classical courses of 4 years, as previously, and all give instruction in music, drawing, painting, French, and German, Elmira adding Anglo-Saxon, and Rutgers, Spanish. All seem to prosper, though in different degrees. Ingham University was enabled by its friends in 1582-83 to increase its property in grounds and buildings by the purchase of a chancellor's residence for $5,000 and by the erection of an art annex at a cost of $4,000; a debt of $11,660 was also met by contributions from its friends. In 1883-84 Mr. Timothy Hill offered it $10,000 towards an endowment of $100,000, conditioned on the raising of $90,000 to make up the full amount.

Vassar College, too, had its preceding large endowments from the Vassar family increased by $50,000 for a scholarship fund and $80,000 for 2 professorships, all from Matthew Vassar, jr., in 1883. In 1884 John G. Vassar gave $10,000 for the improvement of the college laboratory.

For detailed statistics of these colleges for women, in which the regents reported in 1882-83 a total of 520 collegiate students, under 81 instructors, see Table VIII of the appendix of this volume; for like statistics of the colleges for men or for both sexes, see Table IX. For summaries of the statistics of both classes, see corresponding tables in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

The United States Military Academy, West Point, established and sustained by the General Government to train officers for the Army, includes, with military instruction, the study of English, French, and Spanish, international and military law, mathematics, drawing, natural and experimental philosophy, geography, history and ethics, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, engineering (civil as well as military), and telegraphy. The course covers at least 4 years; no students are advanced from one year's work to the next without a rigid examination on the studies passed over; if found deficient, they are put back or discharged. The number of cadets in 1883-84 was 284.

Cornell University, the agricultural and mechanical college of the State, besides its literary and special courses, offers 6 scientific courses of 4 years, leading to degrees in agriculture, architecture, analytical chemistry, chemistry and physics, electrical engineering, and civil engineering; also, another engineering course, of 5 years, and shorter courses leading to no degree. The degree of civil engineer is given only on

completion of the 5-year course, graduates of the 4-year course receiving that of bachelor of engineering.

Three professional schools of science recognized by the regents are Rensselaer Poly technic Institute, Troy, a school of civil engineering, conferring the degree of civil engineer; the School of Mines of Columbia College, in which the degrees of engineer of mines, civil engineer, and bachelor of philosophy are conferred; and the Scientific Department of Cooper Union, covering a course of mathematical and scientific study of 5 years and conferring the Cooper Union medal and diploma at its close. The number of students in these 3 institutions reported to the regents in 1882-83 was 3,774.

A College of Electrical Engineering, New York City, has been established to give a scientific and practical knowledge of the systems of telegraphy in use in this and other countries for submarine and inland telegraphy, electric lighting, the telephone, and their commercial utilization.

Instruction in civil engineering and in general science is given at the University of the City of New York and at Union and Syracuse Universities, while 15 other collegiate institutions present courses for the degree of bachelor of science.

For statistics of scientific schools reporting, see Table X of the appendix, and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PROFESSIONAL.

Theology. The following 10 schools of theology report for 1883 or for 1884: St. Bonaventure's Seminary, Allegany (Roman Catholic); Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn (Presbyterian); Canton Theological School, Canton (Universalist); Hartwick Theological Seminary, Hartwick (Lutheran); General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, New York; Union Theological Seminary of the City of New York (Presbyterian); Rochester Theological Seminary, Rochester (Baptist); Christian Biblical Institute, Stanfordville, (Christian); Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, Suspension Bridge (Roman Catholic), and St. Joseph's Provincial Seminary, Troy (Roman Catholic). Seven of these report 412 students in 1883-'84; the remaining 3 had, in 1882-'83, 210. All report courses of study extending over at least 3 years, the 3 Roman Catholic institutions presenting courses of from 44 to 6 years, including preparatory as well as professional training. About half of the above named schools offer opportunities for graduate study and report students in them. The General Theological Seminary instituted such a course in 1883.

Delancey Divinity School, Geneva, and St. Andrew's Divinity School, Syracuse (Protestant Episcopal), as well as Hamilton Theological School, Hamilton (Baptist), do not report to this Office for 1883 or 1884; but evidence of their continued existence appears in the year books of the Protestant Episcopal and Baptist Churches for 1884, which show that the two Episcopal schools had each 7 candidates for orders in 1882-'83 and that the seminary at Hamilton had 52 students, under 5 instructors.

The Chautauqua School of Theology, formally opened in 1884, is an outgrowth of the Chautauqua work in the direction of ministerial culture. It gives the usual biblical, theological, ecclesiastical, historical, and philosophical instruction. Two departments have been provided, one leading to a diploma in theology, the other presenting a course of reading and study for ministers and others who desire the benefit of the school without being subjected to the examinations required of regular students. The number of students in 1883-'84 was 307.

Gifts were received by the above theological schools, as reported, during 1883 and 1884 amounting to over $376,000. Chief among these were $37,400 from Miss Sarah A. Gage to the Canton Theological School in St. Lawrence University, Canton; $81,928 to the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, New York; $23,800 to Rochester Theological Seminary; and about $225,000 to Union Theological Seminary, New York, for library hall and scholarships.

Instruction in law was given in the following schools: Albany Law School, Albany, a department of Union University; Maynard-Knox Law School, a department of Hamilton College, Clinton; School of Law of Columbia College, New York, and Department of Law of the University of the City of New York. These schools, which form a part of the University of the State of New York, reported to the regents an attendance of 506 students, under 20 instructors, and 215 graduates sent out in 1883. In 1884 the students numbered 511.

Medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy.-The regents, for 1883, report 9 schools of medicine, 1 of dentistry, 3 of veterinary science, and 3 of pharmacy. These reported 2,330 students, under 214 instructors, in 1883. This list excludes the medical department of Niagara University, organized in 1883; the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, which had made no report to the regents for several years; and 2 colleges whose charters had been declared invalid by the courts.

The list of medical schools in New York, published by the Illinois State board of health for 1883-'84, not including schools of dentistry and pharmacy, comprises 12 in. stitutions which reported 2,264 matriculates, of whom 660 were graduated.

The New York College of Dentistry, New York City, reports 142 students and 30 graduates in 1883-84; it has a 2-year course of study, 20 weeks each year; there is no examination for admission.

The Albany College of Pharmacy, a department of Union University, reports 37 students and 13 graduates; the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, 330 in 1884. The course in both extends over 2 years; in the college at Albany, of 20 weeks each: in the other, of 22 weeks.

For statistics of professional schools, see Tables XI to XIII of the appendix.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

SOCIETIES FOR THE PROMOTION OF HOME STUDY.

The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, organized in 1878 to encourage study at home, reported in 1882 an enrolment of nearly 30,000 members living in every State and Territory of the Union, as well as some in other quarters of the globe. It graduated in 1882 its first class of nearly 2,000 members. In 1883 the institution was incorporated by the State legislature and authorized by law to confer the usual collegiato degrees, but without being restricted to any standard or obliged to report to the regents its course of study or means for imparting instruction.

The Correspondence University, a new institution somewhat resembling the above in its methods and aims, can only be said to belong in this State from the fact that its secretary, Professor Wait, is of Cornell University, Ithaca. Its faculty includes 32 professors, selected from colleges here and in Great Britain. It publishes in Chicago, Ill., a paper entitled The Correspondence University Journal, which presents full statements of its courses in all subjects.

EDUCATION FOR POLITICAL LIFE.

Courses of special training in political science are given at Columbia College, New York, and at Cornell University, Ithaca. That at Columbia covers, as when last reported, 3 years from the opening of the senior year; that at Cornell, 4 years, of which 2 are comparatively elementary. Graduate courses in the same study are offered at Columbia. All tendency to party views, as such, is carefully avoided.

TRAINING IN ARTS AND TRADES.

Cooper Union, New York City, besides its courses in science, gives instruction in free art and industrial classes, taught both day and evening, as follows: An art school for women; school for women in wood engraving; school of telegraphy; classes in phonography and type writing for women; free night school of art for men. The amount earned by the pupils of 1883-'84 and the graduates of 1883, so far as heard from, was $27,751. Many instances of success on the part of graduates of the women's art school are reported. The whole number of pupils in it in 1883-'84 was 4,327; the number using the reading room and library, 549,707, of whom 6,664 were women. A number of art schools and societies for promoting a knowledge of art report from New York City, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Drawing School of the Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, the art department of the Turnschule, the Decorative Art Society, the Woman's Institute of Technical Design, and the New York Trade Schools. Including the 1,000 pupils in the art and technical schools of the Cooper Union, it is estimated that there are in New York City alone over 2,000 students of industrial art, whose influence must be felt within a short time in all the trades of the city. Encouraging results are already apparent in an advance in every department that requires artistic workmanship.

Courses in painting, drawing, and music form a part of the instruction offered in Syracuse University, Wells College, Elmira College, Rutgers Female College, and Vassar; painting and drawing are taught in the University of the City of New York, while drawing (architectural, free hand, and mechanical) is taught in the engineering courses of the various colleges already noted under Scientific.

The College of Electrical Engineering, New York City, recently organized, has been already noticed under Scientific.

TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES.

Nine schools to prepare women for intelligent care of the sick report from this State for 1883 or 1884: New York State School for Training Nurses, Brooklyn, opened in 1871; Bellevue Hospital School for Nurses, New York, opened in 1873; Charity and Maternity Hospital School for Nurses, Blackwell's Island, 1875; New York Hospital School for Nurses, 1877; Buffalo General Hospital School for Nurses, 1878; Brooklyn Training School for Nurses, 1880; Rochester City Hospital Training School for Nurses, 1880; Mount Sinai Training School for Nurses, New York, 1881; Brooklyn Homœopathic Hospital School for Nurses, 1884. Total of pupils reported for 1883, 65, of whom 25 graduated; the next year, 185, of whom 72 graduated.

TRAINING IN MUSIC AND LANGUAGES.

Special schools of music reporting are the Grand Conservatory of Music, New York City; the Philharmonic Society of New York; the School of Music, Poughkeepsie, and Columbia Conservatory of Music, Brooklyn. The last named reports thorough courses of musical instruction, vocal and instrumental, including the use of a large number of instruments; also, instruction in elocution, foreign languages, and dancing. There are also special schools of languages, the most important being Stern's School of Languages, New York, in which French, Spanish, German, and Italian are taught according to what is termed the natural method, i. e., beginning not with rules, but with the spoken words of the language to be learned. This school maintains a free normal class for teachers, one of the aims being to extend the knowledge of the methods of instruction followed. About 700 pupils received instruction in 1883.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

The institutions for the deaf and dumb are as follows: New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, New York, which reported 390 pupils under instruction during the year 1883-84; Institution for the Improved Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, New York, with 163; the Central New York Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Rome, with 148; Le Couteulx St. Mary's Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Buffalo, with 139; St. Joseph's Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes, Fordham, with 250; Western New York Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Rochester, with 161, and Northern New York Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Malone. The whole number reported under instruction was 1,251. The last named institution was opened in September, 1884, with about 20 pupils. It occupies a rented building and its accommodations are limited. With the others, it receives, under the law, a pro rata appropriation from the State. Total expenditures for the year in all these schools, $362,699, against $391,129 in 1882-'83, when there were 52 fewer pupils.

All teach the common English branches, including articulation, and such employments as shoemaking, tailoring, printing, dressmaking, and housework.

EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

The New York State Institution for the Blind, Batavia, and the New York City Institution for the Blind report an average of 353 pupils in 1883-'84, against 400 the previous year. This reduction was due to an epidemic in the city institution, in consequence of which the schools were temporarily closed and the pupils sent home. The expenditure for both institutions during the year was $165,698 against $134,619 in 1882-83, an increase of over $31,000. The common and higher English_branches are taught, with music, piano tuning, broom making, sewing, knitting, and fancy work.

TRAINING OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED.

The State sustains two institutions for the care and instruction of this class: The New York Asylum for Idiots, at Syracuse, and the Custodial Branch, at Newark. That at Syracuse is for children only, and gives them generally 7 years' instruction; it has a farm department near the city for idiotic and feeble-minded men, in which about 30 are maintained. Average number of inmates during the year, 326; average weekly cost for education, maintenance, and care, $3.33 for each pupil. The Newark Custodial Branch Asylum is devoted entirely to the oversight and care of idiotic and feeble-minded young women, and is under the control and management of the Syracuse Institution. An average of 140 were cared for during the year, most of them between the ages of 15 and 40.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.

Some industrial training in connection with instruction in the common school branches is given by a large number of institutions and societies to about 10,000 children each year, these being generally of a class who, from poverty, are deprived of other means of training. Among these institutions may be mentioned the schools of the Children's Aid Society, New York City; the Brooklyn Children's Aid Society; the Brooklyn Industrial School Association; the American Female Guardian Society, New York City; House of the Good Shepherd, Tomkins Cove; the Five Points House of Industry, New York City; the Hebrew Benevolent Society, New York City; the Wilson Industrial School for Girls, New York City, and the Industrial School of Rochester.

REFORMATORIES.

There were over 4,000 juvenile delinquents in the various reformatories of the State October 1, 1884, about one-third of them being girls. The New York House of Refuge, Randall's Island, reports 758; the Western House of Refuge, Rochester, 513; the New York Juvenile Asylum, New York, 941; New York Catholic Protectory, West Chester, 2,051, and Buffalo Catholic Protectory for Boys, 101. The first two named are maintained by legislative appropriations; the others, except the last named, by the State

and municipal authorities. All give instruction in the common English branches and in various industries.

In regard to the House of Refuge on Randall's Island the board of charities has recommended various changes, among them the abolition of stone cells with iron doors and the substitution of a more open system, on the family plan; a reduction in the number of corporal punishments, these to be inflicted only by the superintendent or matron or by their direction and in their presence; the inauguration of a system of rewards to stimulate the ambition of children; and the abolition of the contract system for boys, a comprehensive system of trades to be substituted for it.

Some improvements were made in the grounds and buildings of the New York Juvenile Asylum during 1883-'84 and some necessary conveniences were furnished the inmates, but the institution was found to be overcrowded and the administration of corporal punishment not surrounded with sufficient checks. The State board of charities invites the attention of the legislature to a report of its committee on this subject, and believes its recommendations should be carried out, as they have been in the case of the New York Catholic Protectory.

ORPHAN ASYLUMS AND HOMES.

There were reported by the State board of charities 192 orphan asylums and homes for the friendless, with 42,773 inmates during the year 1883-84, of whom 21,736 were youth, 11,641 boys and 10,095 girls.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.

The thirty-ninth annual meeting of this association was held at Elmira July 9-11, 1884. Addresses of welcome were given by Professor Steel and Mayor Flood, of Elmira, followed by the address of the president, Mr. Barnes. On the second day a preliminary report was made by the committee on education, which, among other evidences of progress, noted that increasing attention is being paid to the health and eyesight of pupils and to the preparation of teachers. The report led to an animated debate, which resulted in the appointment of a committee to devise a plan for securing better work from school trustees. A paper read by Commissioner J. T. Lusk, of Binghamton, showed the difference in taxation, appropriation, and length of school terms in different cities, villages, and districts of the State; Mr. A. H. Dundon followed on the practical importance of the imagination and its cultivation in school. After some discussion of Mr. Dundon's paper, one was read on the teaching of geography. In the afternoon Mr. Lusk's paper was discussed and the evening was devoted to an address by Chancellor Sims, of Syracuse University, entitled "Personality in the teacher's work." The session of the following day was opened with a historical paper from Noah T. Clark, on "Academic education in this State one hundred years ago." Other papers were on "Educational humbug," by Jerome Allen, PH. D., of St. Cloud, Minn.; "Self culture," by J. M. Milne, of Cortland; "The relation of theory and practice," by Edward E. Sheib, PH. D., of Baltimore, and the "Relation of art to education," by Rev. A. W. Cowles, of Elmira Female College.

STATE COUNCIL OF SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS.

The second annual meeting of the council of school superintendents was held in Albany, Thursday and Friday, November 20 and 21, 1884. The topics for discussion were of the most practical character, including examinations of teachers; methods of teaching reading, spelling, and language; how much technical grammar should be taught; Kindergarten methods applied to primary school work; and training schools for teachers: are they essential in the present stage of the profession of teaching?

STATE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS.

The twenty-ninth annual meeting of school commissioners and superintendents was held at Rochester, January 16-18, 1884. The program included addresses on the relation of the teachers' class to the country schools, on the value of the teachers' institute to country teachers, school supervision, and normal schools as training schools for country school teachers.

OTHER STATE ASSOCIATIONS.

The twenty-second university convocation and the centennial anniversary of the organization of the board of regents of the university were held at Albany, July 8-10, 1884. These meetings were characterized by a lively interest in educational matters, and interesting papers were read and discussed, of which, however, no detailed report has been received.