teachers are employed. The number studying German in the district, intermediate, and high schools in 1882-83 was 17,770, or, exclusive of those in colored schools, over 53 per cent. of the whole number enrolled; in 1883-84 it was over 18,000. The school age for the city, as for the State at large, is 6 to 21, but the superintendent takes 6 to 14 as the average age within which the public school course below the high school is completed, and practically the time for such completion in most cities. The actual number attending the public schools between these ages in 1882-83 he says was 31,237; the estimated number in church schools, 13,590; in private schools, 700; in charitable and reformatory schools, 500. This makes a total of 46,027 between 6 and 14 years of age attending school, and leaves only 5,647 of such age not apparently in any school.

The appropriation for the evening schools was in this year so sinall that they had to be closed in the middle of the term, and consequently no pupils graduated from the night high school. The enrolment in the night high school was 721; in the district evening schools, 2,636; total, 3,357. Average number of teachers, 72. The studies in the night high school were of fairly high grade; in the others, the common branches.

Cleve and reported a decrease in the school census of 1883, but the superintendent says it is manifest that enumerators have done their work carelessly, and states, for example, that in the twelfth ward there were more children attending school than ever before, but according to the census the youth enumerated in that ward were fewer by 1,500 than the year before. He says that while 21 years is the maximum legal school age, 16 years is the maximum practical age, a fact that is recognized by the law, as it requires those who are more than 16 and less than 21 to be enumerated separately. There were only 396 pupils in the public schools during the year who exceeded the age of 16, and of these all but 56 were in the high and training schools. Church schools had 10,456 pupils and private schools, 1,510. The public schools are primary, grammar, high, and normal. About one-half of all the pupils in the public schools studied German, a monthly average of 9,593, of which number 6,325 were of German parentage. The two high schools numbered 1,063 pupils and graduated 83. Lots for the erection of school-houses were purchased during the year at a cost of $32,171. The board also contracted for and began to erect 7 buildings, the total contract price of which was $266,990. These buildings, to be ready September 1, 1884, although furnishing 56 additional rooms, would not entirely supply the need for additional accommodations.

Columbus reported in 1883-84 an increase of 618 pupils in public schools over the preceding year. The schools, primary, grammar, high, and normal, were taught 191 days in 27 buildings, with accommodations for 8,975 pupils. One more building was reported, and 561 more sittings for study. Special teachers of music and drawing were employed and these studies were pursued throughout the entire school course. In the high school Latin and German were among the studies pursued and Greek was elective. School property was valued at $852,394. Estimated enrolment in private and church schools, 1,820.

Special attention is given to German during 7 years and music is taught throughout the entire course. In the evening schools were enrolled 611 pupils, with an average attendance of 297. There were 52 boys and 130 girls in the free hand drawing department and 206 boys in the industrial drawing school, about the same as during the previous year. The number in the school for common branches increased, while in the free hand drawing school it fell off nearly one-half.

Dayton for 1882-83 reported an increase in enrolment and a falling off of 2 per cent. in average daily attendance. The enrolment in the day schools was 52.2 per cent. of the youth of school age and 68.2 per cent. of the youth 6-16 years of age. According to the estimate of the city superintendent, there were enrolled in private and church schools 1,800 pupils, giving a total in all the day schools of 8,329, or 66.5 per cent. of the school census. As the pupils 16 to 21 in public schools numbered only 200, it was estimated that about 84 per cent. of the children between 6 and 18 were enrolled in the day schools. The city school system includes primary, intermediate, grammar, high, normal, and evening schools.

Fremont, in a return for 1883-'84, reports public schools taught 185 days in 8 school buildings containing 10 rooms, with 1,000 sittings, all school property valued at $50,000, a slight increase in public school enrolment and average attendance, and 400 attending private and church schools. The number 6 to 16 enrolled in public schools was 1,448; over 16 years, only 517. Particular attention was paid to music and penmanship and the work in the German department was the most satisfactory that had ever been done in the schools, about 120 pupils being engaged in the study.

Hamilton in 1883-84 had 5 school buildings, with 37 rooms and 2,116 sittings, all school property being valued at $135,000. While the number of youth of school age reported remained the same, there was an increase in enrolment and average daily attendance in public schools. These were classed as primary, graminar, and high. A

special teacher of music was employed. The estimated enrolment in private and church schools was 1,100.

The statistics from Ironton show an increase in 1883-84 in the number of youth of school age, the number enrolled in public schools, and the average daily attendance. Besides the number in public schools, there was an estimated attendance on private and parochial schools of 200.

Lima in 1883-84 reported public schools taught 188 days in 3 buildings, containing 29 rooms, with 2,010 sittings; school property valued at $91,200 ; 2,346 youth 6 to 16, of which number 1,776 were enrolled in the public schools; and 777 youth over 16, of whom only 83 were enrolled. The schools were classed as primary, grammar, and high.

Newark for 1882-'83 showed a decrease in school census and an increase in enrolment, with the same number in average daily attendance. There were 300 in private and church schools, leaving 1,022 not attending any school. The public schools were taught 184 days in 6 buildings, containing 41 rooms, with accommodations for 1,980 pupils, school property being valued at $80,500. Special teachers of German and penmanship were employed.

Portsmouth for 1883-84 reported 2,091 youth 6 to 16 in the public schools and only 95 over 16. The schools were taught 190 days in 6 buildings, with 43 rooms, valued, with all school property, at $200,000. The high school occupied 4 rooms and enrolled 43 boys and 96 girls, with an average daily attendance of 109. No information is given as to private schools.

Sandusky in 1883-84 had 10 school buildings, with 49 rooms and 2,850 sittings for study, valued, with all school property, at $168,000. The schools were classed as primary, grammar, and high, and were taught 193 days in the year. German formed a part of the course of study; penmanship and drawing were taught throughout the entire school system, but no special teachers of these branches were employed. The estimated enrolment in private and church schools for the year was 1,000, which number, added to the enrolment in public schools, gives a total of 3,685 under instruction, leaving 1,697 youth of school age not attending any school, a very large majority of them, however, being over 16 years of age.

Springfield reported in 1883-84 an increase during 2 years of 1,347 in youth of school age, of 1,008 in enrolment, and of 789 in daily attendance. There were 1,200 pupils in private and church schools, making a total of 5,175 youth under instruction and leaving 3,407 not attending any school. The public schools-primary, grammar, and high were taught 190 days. Three special teachers of music, drawing, and penmanship were employed. There were 13 school buildings, with 20 rooms and 4,383 sittings, all school property being valued at $198,098.

Steubenville in 1882-83 reported public schools taught 196 days in 6 school buildings containing 28 rooms and valued, with all school property, at $134,000. Schools were classed as primary, grammar, and high, and a normal class, the last added about a year before date of the report for 1883-84. A special teacher of German was employed. Two 8-room school-houses were being built, to be completed by July, 1884, which, it was expected, would afford nearly sufficient accommodations for all the children. Tiffin in 1883-84 had 5 school buildings, with 26 rooms and 1,460 sittings for study, valued, with all other school property, at $90,000. The summaries show a slight falling off during the year in school population, enrolment, and average attendance. The schools were classed as high, grammar, and primary, and were taught 186 days, 1 special teacher of music being employed.

Toledo for 1882-83 reported an increase in public school enrolment and in average daily attendance. The schools are divided into 5 departments, primary, secondary, intermediate, grammar, and high. Of the 141 teachers employed, 59 were graduates of the high schools of Toledo. The teaching force of the city was the same as the previous year, 4 special teachers of French, German, music, and drawing being included. The schools were taught in 21 buildings, with 118 rooms for study. There were five new buildings erected during the year, at a cost of $23,682, and improvements were made upon 13 old ones, at an expense of $2,429.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

STATE REQUIREMENT FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES.

Persons desiring to be employed as teachers must present certificates of qualification from the legal examiners (State, county, or city) as to good moral character, ability to teach the common English branches, and an adequate knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching. Those intending to teach branches additional to the above named must present certificates giving evidence as to qualifications to teach such branches. A legal certificate must cover the entire time of the teacher's service and must specify all the branches to be taught.

CITY NORMAL TRAINING.

The State still makes no provision for the education of teachers, but normal training is included in the public school systems of Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Steubenville, and other cities.

The Cincinnati Normal School presents a 1-year course partly devoted to the theory of teaching and partly to its practice. For admission persons must be over 17 years of age and pass a satisfactory examination. To have free tuition, students must be residents of the city. There are both English and German classes. Students in 1882-83, 58, 14 of them German, 45 from the high schools. Of 63 students in 1883-'84, 37 were graduates of the city high schools. Whole number of normal graduates since the organization of the school in 1868, 725.

The Cleveland Training School gives instruction to graduates from the public school course, qualifying them for teaching. In 1882-83 there were 41 such students, 37 of whom were graduated, making 282 since organization in 1875. Of this number 250 had been employed as teachers and 175 were still teaching.

The Columbus Training School, established in 1882, gives a course in theory and practice covering a school year and including the study of mental science, history of education, and school government. Resident graduates of the high school or residents of like qualifications who are at least 17 years of age and agree to teach in the public schools of Columbus for 3 consecutive years, if their services are required, may be admitted free.

The Dayton Normal School graduated 9 young women in 1882-83, of whom 7 engaged in teaching, making a total of 157 graduates since the opening of the school. A normal class at Steubenville, apparently established in 1882, was continued in 1883-'84, having met the anticipations of its most sanguine friends. The course includes mental philosophy; theory, principles, and history of education; methods of instruction; and school economy. The practice departinent consists of 2 rooms in charge of a training teacher, children in these rooms being taught in turn by the normal pupils.

Respecting the normal class formerly noticed at Toledo, there is no information.

OTHER NORMAL TRAINING.

The private normal schools reporting are the Northwestern Ohio Normal, Ada, having a 4-year course of study and reporting 1,195 normal students in 1863-84, of whom 121 were graduated; Ashland College Normal, having a 4-year course, with 80 normal students; Fayette Normal, having a 4-year course, with 160 normal students and graduating 5; National Normal University, Lebanon, with courses of 2 and 3 years and 1,656 students under normal instruction, of whom 98 were graduated; Northeastern Ohio Normal School, Canfield, with classical, scientific, and normal courses, the last enrolling 132 students; also the normal department of Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware; the Western Reserve Normal School, Milan; Teachers' Seminary, Woodville; and Northern Ohio Normal College, Mansfield, formerly Mansfield Normal College.

For statistics of these and other normal schools reporting, see Table III of the appendix, and for a summary, a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

An institute may be held in any county if at least 30 resident common school teachers declare their intention to attend. Such institutes must be held not less than 4 days and a report of proceedings must be made to the commissioner of common schools within 30 days. Fees of 50 cents from each applicant for examination as a teacher are applied to the support of institutes. City districts, if they prefer, may retain in their own treasuries the fees collected, and with the amount hold a city district institute. Teachers of common schools in the county in which an institute is held may dismiss their schools to attend such institute, but union and graded schools may not be thus dismissed unless all the teachers are willing.

Institutes were held during 1883-84 in all the counties but one, at a cost of $22,147, the sessions lasting from 4 to 20 days and having an aggregate attendance of 12,270,

EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS.

The Ohio Educational Monthly, published now at Akron, is the oldest school journal in the State and one of the oldest in the United States, being in its thirtythird volume in 1884. It has been for many years the organ of the State Teachers' Association.

The National Normal Exponent, published mainly in the interest of the National Normal University, at Lebanon, appears monthly at Cincinnati and was in its eighth volume in 1884.

To these may well be added the Vis-a-Vis, an interesting weekly, edited and published at the Ohio State Institution for Deaf-Mutes, Columbus, which in June, 1884, was at the close of its sixth volume.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

The high school statistics for 1883-84 show an enrolment of 2,256 pupils in township high schools and 29,697 in city, village, and special district high schools, an increase of 3,343 over the preceding year. Of this number 13,985 were between the ages of 16 and 21 years. The average daily attendance of pupils in the township schools was 1,587, and in those of city, village, and special districts, 21,458, an increase of 2,460. The whole number of teachers in these schools was 600 men and 286 women, an increase of 65 men and 23 women. The average monthly salary of men in township high schools was increased from $51 to $62; that of women was reduced from $37 to $31. In city, village, and special district high schools the pay of men was increased from $69 to $70, while that of women was reduced from 859 to $57. The average number of weeks the high schools were in session in township districts was 26; in city, village, and special districts, 35. The high schools occupied 677 rooms during the year, an increase of 64.

OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

For statistics of private academic schools, preparatory schools, or preparatory departments of colleges, see Tables VI, VII, and IX, and for business colleges, Table IV of the appendix; for summaries of the same, corresponding tables in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGES FOR YOUNG MEN OR FOR BOTH SEXES.

The Ohio State University, founded on the congressional land grant of July, 1862, for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, provides 3 general courses of study, for the degrees of bachelor of arts, philosophy, and science, besides 4 special courses leading to the degrees of civil, mining, and mechanical engineer and bachelor of agriculture. The trustees in 1884 reported the university to be in a condition of healthy growth, and facilities for scientific and practical instruction were constantly increasing. During the year the varions laboratories had received important additions, the library was enlarged, a new horticultural hall was completed, and the grounds were much improved. Young women are admitted on equal terms with men.

Of 34 colleges and universities, including the above, reporting to this Office for 1883 or 1884, all but & were open to both sexes; all but 1, the University of Cincinnati, offered preparatory training; all had classical courses of 4 years; nearly all, scientific courses, also of 4 years. Business instruction was provided by 9, and prep aration for teaching, to a greater or less extent, by 17. Nearly all included some of the modern languages in their curricula and more than half the number gave instruction in music. Theological or biblical courses were offered by 13 and medical courses by 2.

The State superintendent, in his report for 1883-84, gives statistics of 28 of these colleges, including National Normal University, showing an attendance in collegiate departments of 3,139 students (775 of them young women), of whom 930 were candidates for the degree of B. A., 432 for that of B. 8., and 334 for that of PH. B.; a total expenditure for the year of $430,244, of which $141,283 were received from students; and property valued at $6,823,595.

Eleven of the above institutions report a total of $184,496 received during the year, most of it in cash, in gifts, or in bequests from friends. Of this amount, Buchtel College, Akron, received over $8,000; Baldwin University, Berea, $2,000 (besides 1,000 acres of land, not included in the above total); Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, $22,000; Adelbert College, Cleveland, $500; Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, $35,000 in cash and land, part of it for endowment of a professorship of experimental and practical religion; Mt. Union College, 83,000; Muskingum College, New Concord, about $1.000; Wittenberg College, Springfield, $40,000 for a new building; Otterbein University, Westerville, $35,000 to pay indebtedness and make improvements; University of Wooster, abont $7,800 to increase endowment, and Oberlin College $30.000, of which $6.000 were from Mr. David Whitcomb, of Worcester, Mass., to found scholarships for worthy and self supporting young women. Other bequests were received by Oberlin recently, but it does not clearly appear from the report that they belonged to the year 1883-'84.

The courses of study in Hiram College were revised during 1882-83 and made to accord with those prescribed by the Ohio College Association; the scientific course was discontinued and the former Latin-scientific course became a philosophical course.

Urbana University reports a school for girls, opened in 1881, embracing collegiate studies for advanced pupils.

For further statistics, see Table IX of the appendix, and for a summary, the report of the Commissioner preceding.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.

Besides the 26 institutions noted above which admit both sexes, 13 colleges and seminaries for young women report either for 1883 or 1884, of which 6 were authorized by law to confer collegiate degrees. For statistics, see Table VIII of the appendix, and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

Scientific instruction is given in general scientific courses of study provided by nearly all the colleges of the State, including the State university; in the 4 technical courses of the university, and in the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, Cincinnati.

In the 4 technical courses of the State university students find opportunity to pursue studies in agriculture, veterinary science, horticulture, botany, civil and mechanical engineering, mining, and metallurgy, besides mathematics, drawing, German, French, and Latin. In recognition of its obligations to the agricultural interests of the State, the university has fixed its standard of admission so that students may enter from the better classes of common schools; it has provided thorough instruction in the branches of science on which agriculture depends, has established professorships of theoretical and applied agriculture and of horticulture and botany, and has instituted free courses of agricultural lectures for the farmers of the State.

The Ohio Mechanics' Institute, an evening school comprising in its curriculum mechanical, architectural, and artistic departments, has increased its number of sessions from 2 to 5 evenings in the week, and is thus able to give instruction to a much larger number than formerly, the enrolment in 1883-84 reaching 428 against 364 the year previous.

For statistics of scientific schools reporting, see Table X of the appendix, and for a summary, see a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PROFESSIONAL.

Theological instruction is given in regular courses by 13 institutions, some of them independent seminaries and others departments of colleges and universities; while a number of other colleges provide facilities for biblical study during the college course. For statistics of these schools, see Table IX of the appendix, and for a summary of their statistics, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

Legal instruction is provided in the Law School of the Cincinnati College, an institution organized in 1833 and meant to be a college of general academic instruction, but which, not having means to support a full college course, has limited its work to the law department. A course of 2 years, extending over 30 weeks each, is provided and diplomas are granted only after examination by a committee appointed by the supreme court of Ohio. The school has a carefully selected law library of 3,000 volumes, to which additions are made each year from an annual appropriation of $1,500 for the purpose. For statistics, see Table XI of the appendix.

Medical training was given in 1883-84 in 15 bona fide schools of medicine, of which 10 were "regular," 2 homeopathic, and 2 eclectic, as well as in one institution not recognized by the Illinois State board of health. The following are the “regular” institutions reporting: Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati; medical department of Western Reserve University, Cleveland; Starling Medical College, Columbus; Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; Miami Medical College, Cincinnati; medical department of the University of Wooster, Cleveland; Columbus Medical College; Toledo Medical College, and Northwestern Ohio Medical College, Toledo. The last two were reorganized in 1883; all the above but one (the Starling Medical College) require an examination for admission of applicants not graduates of college or some other approved literary institution; all make for graduation the requirement of 3 years of medical study, attendance on two annual lecture courses, the length of lectare term ranging from 5 to 6 months; 8 advise their students to take a regular graded course of three years; 1, the medical department of the University of Wooster, offers a graded course of 2 years, the Medical College of Ohio retaining the old 3-year course.

The two homeopathic institutions, the Homœopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, and Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, require an examination for admission of all applicants who cannot prove their fitness to engage in medical study by showing a diploma from some literary institution, and require for graduation 3 years' study of medicine, including attendance on 2 lecture terms, the latter lasting 6 months in the