All the cities named above continued in 1883-'84 to have graded courses of instruction, covering 11 to 13 years, including high school studies, with ancient languages, and in all but Janesville pupils may fit themselves for college. Teachers' meetings are held in all the cities."

Appleton reported for 1883-84 8 school buildings, with 32 rooms and 2,300 sittings for study, valued, with other school property, at $110,500. The schools were taught 176 days in the year, and the average annual salary paid to men was $807; to women, $322. The evening school enrolled 29 pupils, and private schools, 444. One Kindergarten was maintained, with 30 pupils and 2 teachers.

Fond du Lac public schools in 1883-84 were taught 200 days, in 17 buildings, with 2,800 sittings for study, valued, with all other school property, at $124,800. The average annual salary of men teaching was $575; of women, $355. Private schools enrolled 500 pupils.

Green Bay public schools occupied 17 rooms, with 1,070 sittings for study, valued, with grounds, at $54,500. Private schools had 775 pupils, and one Kindergarten was maintained, with 26 children, under 1 teacher.

Janesville had 6 public school-houses, with 1,815 sittings for study, valued, with all other school property, at $67,150. Private schools had 250 pupils enrolled.

La Crosse held its public schools in 13 buildings, containing 43 rooms, with 2,684 sittings for study, valued, with other school property, at $108,000. Schools were taught 194 days, and teachers received an average annual salary of $1,038 for men and $400 for women. Two Kindergärten were reported, with 60 pupils, under 2 teachers.

The Madison schools were all graded and were taught 175 days, in 9 buildings, in good condition and well ventilated, with 2,000 sittings for study. All school property was valued at $100,000. Two Kindergärten were reported, with 100 pupils, under 2 teachers.

Milwaukee schools, classed as primary, grammar, high, normal, and evening, were taught in 1883-84 1974 days, in 27 buildings, containing 16,200 sittings for study. The schools were all graded. The average annual salary paid teachers was, to men $1,147 and to women $568. Special teachers were employed in music, drawing, and German. There were 12 evening schools, with 1,776 pupils enrolled, under 46 teachers, all belonging to the day school force. There were 7 Kindergärten, enrolling 900 children, under 13 teachers. Public school-houses and lots were valued at $722,900.

Oshkosh public schools, classed as primary, intermediate, grammar, and high, were taught in 9 buildings, 6 of which were in good condition and well ventilated, valued, with sites, at $80,000. The average attendance was about 93 per cent. of the number enrolled. The course of instruction extends through 12 years. Calisthenics was taught by the regular teachers, with satisfactory results.

Racine classed its public schools as primary, grammar, and high, each covering 4 years. Drawing and music were taught throughout the first 8 grades. Schools were housed in 7 buildings, with 2,900 sittings for study, valued, with grounds, at $105,000. Watertown reported public schools taught in 1883-84 in 5 school-houses, all in good condition, well ventilated, and affording 1,200 sittings, houses and sites being valued at $34,000. One night school was maintained, with 60 pupils, and 1 Kindergarten, with 30 children, under 1 teacher. Private schools were taught 200 days, with 700 pupils, under 14 teachers.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

STATE REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATES.

Teachers to be legally employed in public schools must have a certificate of qualification from their county superintendent or from a State board of examiners, unless they are graduates of one of the State normal schools, or the State university or other college

in the State with equivalent courses of study; and no person may receive a certificate who does not write and speak English correctly and easily. Certificates granted by county superintendents are of 3 grades, the first good for 2 years, the second for 1 year, the third for such term as is specified on the certificate, but not for more than 1 year. Each county superintendent establishes for his county, under the advice of the State superintendent, the standard of attainment which must be reached by applicants for the different grades of certificates. The board of examiners, which is appointed by the State superintendent, gives State diplomas, good for 5 years and for life. The State superintendent also has power to grant diplomas to graduates of the university and of colleges, which are good until annulled; and diplomas of graduates from the full 4-year course of the normal schools, countersigned by the State superintendent, become unlimited State certificates after the holder has taught successfully one year.

STATE NORMAL TRAINING.

The 4 State normal schools, located, respectively, at Oshkosh, Platteville, River Falls, and White Water, had in 1882-'83 a total enrolment of 1,908, of whom 952 were in normal departments; and in 1883-84 the whole number increased to 1,971, that of normal students being 940. All have elementary and advanced normal courses, both together covering 4 years. All have primary, intermediate, grammar, and preparatory departments, and that at Oshkosh a Kindergarten training class. The aggregate number completing the courses in 1883-84 was 71 from the elementary and 30 from the advanced course, an increase in the former of 16 and in the latter of 4 over the preceding year.

A handsome and commodious building has been erected in Milwaukee for a State normal school, which will be opened as soon as the funds at the disposal of the board of regents will justify such action.

Among the teachers in the public schools of the State there were in 1883-84 243 who were graduates from normal schools, an increase of 57 over the preceding year. By a law of 1883 the free high schools of the State are required to include in their course instruction in the theory and art of teaching and in the organization, management, and course of study of ungraded schools; and all examinations of teachers for the high schools are to include examinations on these subjects.

The question of the reëstablishment of a chair of pedagogy at the University of Wisconsin was decided in 1883-84, and President J. W. Stearns, of the State Normal School at White Water, was tendered, in June, 1884, the appointment to the chair, and accepted it, to take effect in February, 1885.

OTHER NORMAL TRAINING.

The City Normal School of Milwaukee continued to prepare teachers for the city schools, and in 1882-'83 had 24 students, under 2 teachers.

The National German-American Teachers' Seminary, Milwaukee, for 1883-84 reports 25 normal and 20 other students, under 9 instructors. The course of study covers 3 years. Six pupils were graduated during the year and engaged in teaching.

The Catholic Normal School of the Holy Family, St. Francis Station, has a 3-year normal course, with preparatory studies, and in 1883-84 reported 50 normal students

and 56 others.

Galesville University, when last heard from, offered a 3-year course of normal training, all the studies being pursued which are required by the State for a first class certificate.

Melton College, in its preparatory department, reported teachers' courses, the elementary and advanced together covering 4 years.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

County teachers' institutes were held under State authority in 1882-'83 in all the 62 settled counties, one county having 3. In all 4,429 teachers were in attendance. In 1883-284 there were 63 institutes held again in the 62 counties, with 4,757 teachers attending. The institutes were in session generally from 4 to 10 days, and each had an average daily attendance in 1883-'84 of 60, an excellent record.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL.

The Wisconsin Journal of Education, published at Madison and conducted by the State superintendent and his assistant, continued in 1884 to be the organ of the State Teachers' Association and of the department of public education, and in that year was in its fourteenth volume.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

The State appropriates $25,000 annually for the maintenance of these schools, which may be established under the law where not less than 25 pupils are prepared to enter upon a high school course. The schools are in charge of a high school board, consisting

of a director, a treasurer, and a clerk in joint high school districts; but in cities not under county superintendents the city board acts as a high school board. The course of study to be pursued and the standard for admission are established under the advice of the State superintendent.

As may be seen under the head of State Normal Training, these schools are now utilized as means of preparing teachers for the lower schools.

The number of high schools organized under the free high school law in 1883 was 114; the number making special reports and receiving State aid was 110. Pupils enrolled for that year, 7,519; instructed in English branches only, 6,400; in other branches, 1,119; while 454 completed the course of study.

In 1884 there was 1 more organized; 2 more received State aid; the enrolled pupils (7,689) were 170 more; a smaller number than in the previous year studied English branches and a larger number the higher branches; and 475 completed the course, making a total of 3,430 graduates since the organization of these schools. The major part of the teachers in both years held either State certificates of qualification or normal school, collegiate, or university diplomas.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGES FOR YOUNG MEN OR FOR BOTH SEXES.

The University of Wisconsin, Madison, admitting both sexes and giving free tuition, comprises in its collegiate department a college of arts and one of letters, the latter including an ancient and a modern classical course, leading to the degrees of A. B. and LIT. B. In the college of arts a general course in science, leading to the bachelor's degree, is provided, besides several technical courses, including agriculture. Of the professional schools contemplated, only that of law has as yet been established.

The board of regents report in 1883-84 that for a number of years past the history of the university has been that of rapid, continuous, and wholesome growth, a growth not alone measured by increase in the number of students, but also by necessary additions to real estate and buildings, by the progressive enlargement of cabinets and libraries, by the establishment of new and the expansion of old departments of instruction, and especially by the higher grade of instruction imparted.

Seven other institutions in the State are classed by this Office as colleges or universities, viz, Lawrence University, Appleton; Beloit College, Beloit; Galesville University, Galesville; Milton College, Milton; Racino College, Racine; Ripon College, Ripon; and Northwestern University, Watertown. All but 2 of these are open to both sexes, all have preparatory and classical courses of study and all but 2 scientific courses, all include one of the modern languages in their course of study, while in most of them two or three of these languages are studied. Instruction in business and in music and the fine arts is given by 3.

For full statistics of colleges and universities reporting to this Office, see Table IX of the appendix; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.

Three colleges exclusively for young women are Wisconsin Female College, Fox Lake; Milwaukee College, Milwaukee; and Santa Clara Academy, Sinsinawa Mound. Tho college at Fox Lake is authorized by law to confer collegiate degrees. All include music, drawing, painting, and German in the course of study, one adding French and another Italian. For statistics, see Table VIII of the appendix; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

Instruction in scientific branches is chiefly given in the college of arts of the University of Wisconsion, which includes, besides a general science course, departments of agriculture and of civil, mining, metallurgical, and mechanical engineering, all having courses of 4 years, which lead to a corresponding bachelor's degree.

Courses in science, leading to the degree of bachelor of science, are also offered by Lawrence and Galesville Universities and Milton, Racine, and Ripon Colleges. For statistics of scientific schools reporting, see Table X of the appendix; and for a summary, see a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PROFESSIONAL.

The theological schools reporting are the Mission House, Franklin (Reformed); the Lutheran Theological Seminary of the Synod of Wisconsin; Nashotah House, Nashotah (Protestant Episcopal); and the Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, St. Francis (Roman Catholic). All but the last named report a 3-year course of study and require an examination for admission. In the Seminary of St. Francis the course is 9 years;

how many of these are preparatory does not appear. For statistics of these schools, see Table XI of the appendix; and for a summary of them, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

Legal training is given in the college of law of the University of Wisconsin, in a course of 2 years, the method of instruction being ebiedy by reading, lectures, and moot courts. Applicants for admission who are not college graduates must be 21 years old and must pass an examination in the ordinary English branches. For stotises see Table XII of the appendix; and for a similary, the report of the Commissioner preceding

Medical Instruction was offered in only one school, and that is ext net.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

Wisconsin Institution for the Education of the Deaf and D. 5). Delavan, founded in 1852, trains the deaf-mintex of tDe State for a usefni bie, giving `pstrection in the con tron and higher English branches, including anatomy, philosc; liv, chemistry, and natural history. Special attention is given to articulation, perman-hip, morals, and manners. Sewing, knitting, ironing, printing, cabinet and shoe making are taught. Pupils in 1883-4, 212, under 13 instructors: State appropriation, $40,000. The institution owns 37 acres of land, which, with buildings, &c., was valued at $100,000. Expenditures for the year. $40,000.

The Milwaukee Day School for Deaf Children, founded in 1883 and under control of the Wisconsin Phonological Institute, reports s papils, but does not define the studies. The oral method is employed. The city appropriated $1,200 for maintenance of the school during the year and $300 were received from tuition fees.

St. John's Catholic Deaf-Mute Institute, St. Francis, founded in 1876, in 1883-4 had 22 boys and 15 g is under instruction. Common school studies were pursued; articulation, to a limited extent, and agriculture, shoemaking, needlework, and general housework were tanght.

For further statistics of deaf-mute schools, see Table XVIII of the appendix ; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

The Wisconsin Institution for the Education of the Blind, Janesville, in 1883-4 had 78 pupils, who received Instruction in common and high school branches, in vocal and instrumental music, and in carpet weaving, cane seating, sewing, and fancy work. The age for admission is from 3 to 21 years, and the State provides free board and tuition. All youth are admitted whose vision is too defective to allow them to receive the benefit of public school instruction. Total receipts for the year, $25,000; expenditures, $18,000; value of all property, $175,000; volumes in library, 1,700.

REFORMATORY AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.

The Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, Waukesha, under State control, receives boys between the ages of 10 and 16 years, and in 181-82 reported 132 released on tickets: 21 released at 1 years of age, the limit of detention: 7 discharged; 8 escaped; and 299 on the roll. In 1-2-3 there were 229 pupils reported. The institution was founded in 1860, since which time 1.979 boys have received its care. The common school branches are taught; also, farm work, shoemaking, and knitting.

The Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls, Milwaukee, established in 1875, has for its object the moral and intellectual training of giris under 16 and boysunder 10 years of age who are found destitute or disobedient or are in manifest danger of becoming vicions. In 1-2-4 there were 149 enrolled, some in a Kindergarten class, all representing 40 different counties. School is in session for the little ones 2 hours in the morning. 3 in the afternoon: 1 hour in the evening for the others. The studies include the common school branches, with some scientitie and general literature. Instruction 18 also given in sewing, laundrying, and general housework.

For statistics of reform schools reporting, see Table XXI of the appendix; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding. For statistics of orphan asylums, see Table XXII.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

WISCONSIN STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.

The winter session of this association was held in Madison, December 26-28, 1883. President J. W. Stearns, of the White Water Normal School, called the meeting to order, and Professor Payne, of the University of Michigan, delivered an address on Education as a university study." Among other subjects presented were “Industrial education in Europe and America," "Institution life for deaf and dumb," "The Netherlands

and the Rhine," and "Normal work in the high school." Among the topics reported upon were "How can the schools secure better supervision?" What modifications of the school course do the times demand?" and "The teacher's mission in awakening in the community an interest in school work."

The summer session was also heid at Madison, July 14-15, 1884, President Stearns again in the chair. After the committees were announced, papers and reports were read and discussed upon "The school and the home," "Elementary education," "Educational systems in the South," and "Instruction in the high schools in the theory and art of teaching." After the election of officers for the ensuing year the meeting adjourned.

CONVENTION OF CITY AND COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.

The annual convention of these school officers was held in the afternoon of Deceniber 28, 1983, with State Superintendent Graham in the chair. The attendance of superintendents was meagre, only 18 being present. Some very interesting subjects were presented, but owing to lack of time the discussions were brief.

CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICER.

Hon. ROBERT GRAHAM, State superintendent of public instruction, Madison.

[Term, 1882 to 1885.]