Public schools must be taught by qualified teachers at least 3 months during the year; the schools must teach the common English branches in the English language and be open free to all residents 5 to 21 years old. Attention must be given to the cultivation of manners and morals, to the laws of health, physical exercise of the pupils, and to the ventilation and temperature of the school room. Nothing of an infidel, partisan, or sectarian nature may enter into the instruction in any public school or be admitted in any school library. To receive their apportionment of the school funds, districts must take an annual census of the school children and report to the county superintendent.

SCHOOL FINANCES.

The schools are supported from an annual tax on property of not less than 2 nor more than 6 mills on $1 and the proceeds of certain special taxes, fines, and penalties, all to be apportioned according to the number of youth of school age. Districts may raise funds, by taxation not to exceed 10 mills on $1, to furnish additional school facilities.

NEW LEGISLATION.

A new school law of 1883 modifies the compulsory law previously reported, making the age of children required to attend school 8 to 18, instead of the former 6 to 16, and the time for absolute attendance in ordinary circumstances 3 months each year, instead of 6 months. Time lost by any child because a school has not been taught the required 3 months, or from other cause, must be made up the next year or as soon as the disabling cause is removed. The penalty for disobedience or neglect of these requirements is $100, to go to the school funds of the district. The school age was also changed from 4-21 to 6-21.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL TERRITORIAL REQUIREMENTS.

Teachers must hold certificate of qualification from the legal school officers, first grade to be valid for 3 years, second grade for 2, and third grade for 1 year. Those holding first grade county certificates and who have been teaching for 3 years are eligible to examination for first grade territorial certificates.

TERRITORIAL NORMAL TRAINING.

The normal department of the University of Washington Territory gives a 3-year course of normal instruction, including chemistry, geology, physiology, botany, commercial law, and other higher English branches. A primary training school is connected with this department, giving illustrative lessons in the art of teaching.

Whitman College also offers a 3-year course of normal training, and students who complete the first 2 years or elementary course receive certificates, while those completing the advanced or full course receive normal diplomas. The higher English branches are taught, with music, mental philosophy, and the science and methods of teaching.

For statistics of these departments, see Table III of the appendix; for a summary, the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS AND OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

No definite information is at hand in regard to public high schools. For statistics of private academic schools reporting, see Table VI of the appendix, and for a summary, the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

INSTITUTIONS FOR YOUNG MEN AND YOUNG WOMEN.

The University of Washington Territory, Seattle, and Whitman College, Walla Walla, open alike to both sexes, present a 4-year classical course, with scientific, commercial, and normal courses of 3 years each, and Whitman a 3-year literary course. Both give attention to preparatory studies, and the university has departments of music and art.

For statistics of these institutions, see Table IX of the appendix; and for a summary, the report of the Commissioner preceding.

CHIEF TERRITORIAL SCHOOL OFFICER.

Hon. C. W. WHEELER, territorial superintendent of public instruction, Olympia.

[Term, January 5, 1882, to January 5, 1884.]

To be succeeded by Hon. R. C. Kerr, whose term is to be from January 9, 1884, to January 9. 1886.

(From the reports of the governor of Wyoming for 1881 and 1883.)

TERRITORIAL SCHOOL SYSTEM.

GENERAL CONDITION.

Information as to the public school work of the Territory is so meagre and unsatisfactory that but few items can be given even for 1882-'83, but, as may be seen above, they denote improvement.

ADMINISTRATION.

The territorial librarian is ex officio superintendent of public instruction for the Territory. County superintendents are elected biennially by the people, and for each school district boards of 3 trustees are elected for 3 years, with annual change of 1. Women are eligible to vote and to hold school offices. Separate schools may be established for colored children when there are 15 or more of these in a district. A compulsory school law requires parents or guardians to send their children of school age (7-21) to some school at least 3 months in each year or furnish satisfactory reason for not doing so, under penalty of $25. County superintendents and district directors may, in their discretion, establish schools of higher grade than the ordinary district schools, the studies pursued in them to be determined by the territorial teachers' institute.

SCHOOL FINANCES.

The public schools are sustained from a poll tax of $2 on each voter, from 2 mills on $1 of all taxable property, and from fines, penalties, and forfeitures. The people may, at the annual district meeting, vote such tax as they deem necessary to pay teachers, to purchase libraries, build or repair school-houses, and to procure fuel, or books for poor children, the amount for a library not to exceed $100 for any one year.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL TERRITORIAL REQUIREMENTS.

Teachers must have certificates of the required qualifications from the legal school officers, and in the question of salary no discrimination is made on account of sex when the qualifications are equal.

TERRITORIAL NORMAL TRAINING.

The law requires the superintendent of public instruction, with the county superintendents and principals of all graded schools in the Territory, to hold annually, at some convenient place, a territorial teachers' institute, for the instruction and advancement of teachers, to continue not less than 4 nor more than 10 days; but no information is at hand of any such meeting.

CHIEF TERRITORIAL SCHOOL OFFICER.

Hon. JOHN SLAUGHTER, territorial librarian and ex officio superintendent of public instruction, Cheyenne. Mr. Slaughter has been ex officio superintendent since 1873. His term of service will expire December, 1885.

EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS.

NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION.

The twenty-second annual meeting of the National Educational Association was held at Saratoga, N. Y., July 9-11, 18×3, including, as usual, meetings of the general association and of the different departments, of which a new one was organized on this occasion-the department of art education-making 6 departments, the others being those of higher instruction, superintendence, industrial education, normal schools, and elementary schools. The following were the addresses given before the general association: "Examination of teachers." by Eli T. Tappan; "The moral influence of manual training," by Dr. J. R. Buchanan; "The teaching of drawing in grammar schools," by Walter S. Perry; "City systems of management of public schools," by J. T. Pickard; "The normal school problem and the problem of the schools," by H. H. Straight; and "What has been done for education by the Government of the United States," by Hon John Eaton.

The twenty-third annual meeting, held at Madison, Wis., July 15-19, 1884, brought together, it is said, the largest and most eminent gathering of educators that ever assembled on this continent. It is estimated that over 6,000 persons were present during the four days. The speakers announced were present as a rule, and the program was successfully carried out. All sections and States were well represented, as were all grades and methods of teaching: the disenssions, oral and written, evinced ability, research, and enthusiasm: the educational exhibits showed improvement in apparatus and text books, while the various reunions held and the general cordiality were noticeable features of the gathering.

On account of the large number present, the general sessions were divided into three sections, one meeting in the assembly chamber, another in the senate chamber, and the third in a church. Addresses of welcome were made by the governor of the State, Hon. Jeremiah M. Rusk; by Mayor B. J. Stevens, of Madison; and by Dr. John Bascom, president of the University of Wisconsin. Among the topics presented to the general association were "Citizenship and education," by Hen J. L. M. Curry, of Richmond, Va.; "The Utah problem as related to national education," by Prof. J. M. Coyner, PH. D., Salt Lake, Utah; "Science of education," by Hon. T. W. Bicknell, LL. D., Boston; "Educational status and needs of the Sontb," by Maj. R. Bingham, superintendent of Bingham School, North Carolina; and “The educational outlook in the South," by Prof. B. T. Washington, Tuskegee, Ala. An address was made by Albert Salisbury, superintendent of education of the American Missionary Associa tion, showing what the North has done in and for the Sonth since the war, mainly through the missionary societies of the churches. One by Hon. G. J. Orr, of Georgia, contained an eloquent appeal for national aid for southern education, and Prof. William H. Crogman, of Atlanta, Ga., gave an able résumé of the present status of negro education in the South, its helps and bindrances. Following this topic came that of the education of the Indians. Gerera! S. C. Armstrong, of the school at Hampton, Va., gave the results of his six years' experience in the teaching of Indians there, and Alfred L. Riggs, of the Santee Agency, Nebraska, gave a paper entitled "Special diffienities in educating Indians." A collection amounting to $175 was then taken to defray the expenses incurred in having a party of Indians present from the Santee Mission, Nebraska. The third evening was set apart as "Woman's evening," a new feature in the associa tion meetings, and one which in this case proved a very acceptable one, the places of meeting being crowded with eager listeners. Miss Sarah E. Doyle, of Rhode Island, presided. The urst address was by Miss May Wright Sewall, of Indiana, on Woman's work in education," and Mrs. Lonisa P. Hopkins, of New Bedford, Mass., presented the same tople. Miss Frances E. Willard, of Chicago, spoke on "Temperance in schools," Mrs. Eva D. Kellogg, of Massachusetts, on Needs in American education:" an. Miss Clara Conway, of Memphis, Tenn., on "The needs of southern women." During this evening Governor Rusk tendered a reception to all members of the association at his private residence. Elaborate preparations had been made for this reception and about 3,000 people were entertained.

On the closing day the association listened to remarks from Monsignor Capel, the distinguished Anglo-Roman divine, who urged the importance of paying greater atteation to the study of the English language in our seles, and spese again in the evening, giving the Catholic view of public education" and reiterating the desire of the church for religious instruction. Addresses were also presented by G. Stanley Hall, LL. D., professor of pedagogy at Johns Hopkins University, on “Elementary educa tion;" by Hon. J. W. Dickinson, secretary of the Massachusetts State board of edacation, on Method in teaching"; and by J. M. Greenwood, superintendent of schools,

Kansas City, Mo., on "Primary instruction." President W. T. Harris and others discussed the "Relation of the art of education to the science of education," and closing remarks were made by Rev. A. D. Mayo, of Boston, General John Eaton, LL. D., and others. General Eaton expressed great satisfaction at the success of the convention and thought that it would be the means of a great awakening in educational interests, especially in the South.

Among the resolutions adopted was one favoring national aid to education in the South; another advised the introduction in public schools of instruction as to the ef fects of alcoholic liquors on the human system.

Sessions were held during the four days by each of the 6 departments of the association, and many of the papers and discussions were of special interest; but lack of space forbids even an enumeration of the many topics presented.

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATION.

The National Council held its fourth annual meeting July 10-13, 1884, at Madison, Wis. About 25 members were present at the opening session, President E. E. White, of Ohio, in the chair. After the opening address of President White attention was given to the report of the committee on hygiene in education, the special topic being Recess or no recess." The report, which was read by Dr. J. H. Hoose, of the State Normal School, Cortland, New York, favored the continuance of the recess, as also did, apparently, a majority of the speakers who discussed it. Among other subjects considered by the council were "Oral instruction," by Hon. J. W. Dickinson, of Massachusetts; The duties of city superintendents," by Aaron Gove, of Denver, Colo.; "Mode of election, tenure of office, and grades of superintendents," by A. J. Rickoff, Yonkers, N. Y.; and "Preparation for college," by Rev. Lemuel Moss, D. D., of Indiana. All these topics were quite fully discussed and some of them recommitted to committees for future report.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

The thirty-third annual meeting of this association, held at Philadelphia, September 4-7, 1884, it is said, was one of the largest and most successful meetings ever held. Among the addresses and papers of the first day were the following: Before the department of economic science and statistics, one on "Scientific methods and scien tific knowledge in common affairs," by General John Eaton, United States Commissioner of Education; before the physics section, one on the nature of electricity, by Prof. John Trowbridge; before the section of geology and geography, one on the crystalline rocks of the Northwest, by N. H. Winchell, of Minnesota; and before the anthropological section, one on the antiquity of man, by Edward S. Morse, of Salem, Mass. At the second day's session Professor Minot called attention to the proposed organization of an International Scientific Congress. He said that the British Association, at its recent session in Montreal, received the proposition most cordially, and appointed as a committee to consider it three of the most eminent members of the association. In the economic science section a large collection of charts and diagrams was explained by Prof. E. B. Elliott in elucidation of "The principles of graphic illustration." The professor also gave a lecture on "The credit of the United States Government," after which Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., gave personal experiences among the Omahas, her text being "Lands in severalty to the Indians," and John Biddulph Martin, of London, England, read a paper on "The future of the United States." Before the same section, on the following day, a paper was read on "Technical education in the British Islands," by Henry Hennessy, F. R. S., of England; also, one on the commercial relations of the United States with Spain and her colonies, by His Excellency Don Arturo de Marcoartu. Mr. Charles W. Smalley, of Washington, D. C., then submitted some statements respecting the salmon industry. In the chemistry section, on the second day, an interesting discussion occurred on the "Analysis of a mural efflorescence," in which Professor Silliman, of Yale, took a prominent part. In the section on geology and geography the most interesting subject considered was the relative level of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, with remarks on the Gulf Stream and deep sea temperatures, by Prof. J. E. Hilgard.

In the mechanical science section Professor Alden read a paper on "Training for mechanical engineers."

In the section on physics, during the third day, Prof. Graham Bell made a statement of a possible method of electrical communication between vessels at sea, which would be also available between light-houses within distances of one mile. Mr. W. Preece, electrician to the British Government, followed in a description of experiments made by himself between the Isle of Wight and the mainlaud, proving that it was possible to maintain communication by means analogous to those described by Professor Bell. Prof. C. A. Young, the retiring president of the association, read a scholarly paper on "The pending problems of astronomy." After the election of officers for the ensuing year the association adjourned to meet at Bar Harbor, Mount Desert, Maine, provided satisfactory arrangements could be made at that place, otherwise the meeting will be held at Ann Arbor, Mich.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTION.

The American Institute of Instruction held its fifty-fourth annual meeting at Fabyan's, White Mountains, July 11-13, 1883, which was largely attended and is said to have been a very interesting session.

Its fifty-fifth annual session convened at Cottage City, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, July 7-10, 1884, at the opening of which about 2,000 persons were present, the president, Homer B. Sprague, in the chair. He sketched the history of the institute from 1830. At that time popular education was in a deplorably low condition. There had been no efforts to make teaching a profession; schools were kept, but in no true sense were taught; parental indifference and neglect were every where prevalent. In such a state of things this association originated, and has cooperated in all the efforts put forth in behalf of education, helping in the solution of every educational problem.

At the close of this interesting address, W. T. Harris, LL. D., of Concord, Mass., introduced the first topic, "Moral instruction in public schools," followed by Hon. J. W. Dickinson, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education, in a discussion on "High schools." A paper on "Special preparation for citizenship" was then read by George H. Martin, of Bridgewater, Mass., and ably discussed by General H. B. Carrington, LL. D., of Boston. Prof. A. B. Palmer, M. D., LL. D., of Michigan University, spoke of the importance of a knowledge of sanitary science, or the science and art of good living, as a branch of popular education.

The New England Primer," "Language in schools," "One way of studying poetry in schools," "English in schools," "The educational reading of teachers," with other topics, were presented and discussed with interest. Hon. Daniel H. Chamberlain, of New York, in "A reply to Charles Francis Adams, jr.," opposed at some length the main position of Mr. Adams, that Greek should be optional in college. Hon. J. W. Patterson, superintendent of public instruction, New Hampshire, introduced “Industrial education," and, among many other wise things, said that our systems of instruction have come down to us strong on the intellectual side but weak on the practical. "Natural history in schools" was well presented by Miss Lucretia Crocker, supervisor of Boston schools. Hon. John D. Philbrick, ex-superintendent of Boston public schools, in discussing "Reform of the tenure of the teacher's office," very justly said that the pivotal question in pedagogy is the question of the teacher. The fundamental requisite of a good school system is a desirable status for the teacher, and the indispensable requisite for such a status is certainty of position.

The following resolutions were passed:

"Resolved, That, whereas the great advance made in the adoption of improved methods of instruction and school management is largely due to the intelligent supervision of competent educational experts, we desire to call the attention of school authorities, particularly in sparsely settled districts, to the importance of adopting plans which shall give to the schools the benefit of such supervision.

"Resolved, That we reaffirm the sentiments heretofore expressed many times by this institute in support of the National Bureau of Education and in appreciation of the great value and importance to the cause of education of the work it is doing." John Fiske, LL. D., then gave his lecture on "Manifest destiny," after which President Sprague, in a few well chosen words, introduced the president elect, Hon. J. W. Patterson, of New Hampshire, and the fifty-fifth annual meeting of the American Institute of Instruction adjourned.

FRÖBEL INSTITUTE OF NORTH AMERICA.

The second annual meeting of the Fröbel Institute was held July 15-18, 1884, at Madison, Wis., the president, W. N. Hailmann, of La Porte, Ind., in the chair. After the annual address of the president a number of others were given, among which were the following: "How can the friends of Fröbel be organized for efficient local work?" "How should efficient training schools be organized?" "The benefits that may be expected from charity Kindergärten," and "To what extent should primary teachers be familiar with Kindergarten methods?" Before adjournment a committee was appointed to take the necessary steps for securing the organization of a Kindergarten section in the National Teachers' Association. It was resolved, however, that the identity of the Fröbel Institute be retained and meetings of it be held as often as practicable.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This body held its regular session at Washington, D. C., April 15-18, 1884. Among the subjects presented were "The sufficiency of terrestrial rotation to deflect river courses;" "The origin of crystalline rocks;" "On the photographs of the transit of Venus" "Zoological results of the deep-sea dredging expedition, United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross;" "On the depths of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico," with an exhibition of a relief model; "On the relative levels of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, with respect to