tendance in private and parochial schools were the statistics at hand, would of course show a somewhat higher percentage of school attendance throughout the State.

The increase of 9.525 in average daily attendance over 152-3 and the holding in such attendance of nearly 65 per cent. of the enrolment indicate really good work done, this large attendance being probably nearly, if not fully, up to the school accommodation. While there was a decrease of 80 in school-houses reported, there were 340 built, a gain of 49 over the previous year, which in size and value probably more than made up for the above decrease (if it was a real decrease) in numbers, since the value of school property shows an advance of $500,153.

Then there were 45 more school districts reported, and 21 more in which schools were taught, offset, however, by 24 more without schools. In private schools taught in the public school buildings in the intervals of the regular sessions, and generally by the same teachers, there was an increase of 19, with 1,535 more enrolled and 3.347 more in average attendance; this item indicates a clear gain in the amount of educational work in the State, the public schools being in session only an average of 126 days in 1864. As to teachers, the figures show an increasing preference for females (partly perhaps because they can be had for less pay), the white male teachers decreasing by 272, the white females increasing by 28. Both male and female colored teachers decreased 2 each, showing a total decrease of 945 teachers, with a decrease of $3,500 in expenditure. The state school fund, already one of the largest in the United States, shows an increase of $67,417 during the year.

ADMINISTRATION.

This is by State and county boards of education; a State superintendent of public instruction, who is ex officio president of the State board; a county superintendent for each county: a school trustee for each township: 3 such trustees for each incorperated town or city with less than 3.30 people; a director for each rural district :* and. in cities with 3.000 or more inhabitants, a school commissioner for each ward. The members of the State board include the governor of the State and 7 educational officers named by law. The State superintendent is elected by the people for 2 years; the county superintendents, ly the assembled township trustees of each ceurty, for a like term: each township trustee. f r 2 years, by the electors of his township; ether school trustees, 15 comuta cornells in the smaller cities and by beards of trasters in incorporated to wia, för terms of 6 years, with partial annual change where they firm a board; the director, for a year, by the patrons of the rural school he is to care for. For eclored children and venth separate schools are provided, with the same advantages as other sebocis of like grade. Any one attending these schools and deserving promenen te a grade not included in them is entitled to enter a white school of that grade, and to distinmen therein may be made on secount of race or color of the $3let. The trustees of two or more adjacent eennties or townships may establish a new distria and best a school-house therein when in their jui appear necessary. Trustees of two or more municipal cerperanels fir school priposes may establish point en lei schools and provide for addition to them theal the primary schools of their cirpuratela Such gradation is decr

ceantry distincta and a system of graduativa frez soll schools at the czclassen of the ecirse is new commen Teachers seeking employment must present a license to teach from the piper State, county, or city authority, for which see Preparation and Qualifications of Teachers further en. At the close of each term of school, teachers must make to the proper trustee, under cath, a fiill renert of the required data, oneStarch of their wages being held ann) such report is fled... German may be the request of the parents or guardians of 15 er mere children stenings seboel and the Bible may not be ext oded from the publi; schools As is of st days; a schoolmath of 2 andaschool week, of 5 days The publis are free to a annamed youth of school age 6 to li as ascertained by

on each $100 of property and $1 on each poll in any year. For other school purposes, trustees of civil townships, of incorporated towns, and common councils of cities may levy annually a tax not to exceed 25 cents on $100 and $1 on each poll; while larger cities may levy also 25 cents on $100 for grounds, school-houses, and supplies for these, and the same amount for paying teachers, with one-fifth of a mill for school libraries. In smaller cities and incorporated towns a tax of one-third of a mill annually for a free public library in each is authorized. Special additional taxes for payment of school debts are likewise provided for.

NEW LEGISLATION.

Amendments to the school law, which took effect June 10, 1883, created two new grades of county teachers' licenses, one of them for 3 years and one for 8 years; made the former one of 6 months a trial license, not renewable; authorized superintendents to consider special fitness of applicants for work in city and town schools and took away the power of renewing licenses without examination; provided for an institute fund of $20,000 annually from the State; and changed the time for trustees' reports from September and October to the first Monday in August.

SCHOOL SYSTEMS OF CITIES WITH 7,500 OR MORE INHABITANTS.

ADMINISTRATION.

In cities with less than 30,000 inhabitants 3 school trustees, elected by the common council of each city for 3-year terms, with annual change of one, manage the schools, erect the buildings for them, appoint the teachers, grade the pupils, and make annual reports of receipts and expenditures to the county commissioners and of all statistics to the county superintendent; since 1883, such reports have been due on the first Monday in August for the school year ending July 31.

In cities with 30,000 or more inhabitants the electors of each school district, since 1871, elect a school commissioner to represent their interests in the city board, which is authorized to levy taxes for teachers, buildings, and libraries.

Both classes of cities may choose superintendents for their schools.

Evansville in 1882-88, with an increase of 203 in school youth, had 289 more in average attendance in public schools, although the enrolment in those schools had

fallen off 208. The number of teachers was 6 greater, 1 of them teaching music. In private and parochial schools there was a reported enrolment of 1,930, more than a third of the number reported as enrolled in the city schools.

Fort Wayne in 1882-83 had 9 school buildings, with 4,130 sittings, providing for only 29 per cent. of the school population; adding 3,400 enrolled in private and parochial schools, only 55 per cent. had school accommodations. Public school property was valued at $234,000. While there was a slight increase in school population, enrolment, average daily attendance, and teachers, there was a decrease from 1881-82 of $11,447 in expenditures. Of the 3,400 in private and parochial schools, 2,350 were in average daily attendance, occupying 17 buildings. The public schools were in session 195 days. Special teachers in music, drawing, and penmanship were employed, and the work in these branches was said by the editor of the Indiana School Journal to be exceptionally good.

In 1883-84, with an increase of 235 in school youth, there was an increase of 224 in enrolment in the city schools and of 190 in the average daily attendance in those schools, while in schools other than public there were 3,500 reported, an increase of 100.

Indianapolis in 1882-83 had 29 school buildings, with 12,837 sittings, valued, with other property, at $1,023,101, providing for only 39 per cent. of the school population. For the year there was an increase of 2,201 in school population, of 464 in enrolment, of 932 in average daily attendance, and of 39 in teachers, but a decrease of $10,378 in expenditures. The enrolment in public schools was only 42 per cent. of the school population; adding 2,833 in private and parochial schools shows only 50.24 per cent. of the children in school.

In 1883-'84, with the same number of school buildings and sittings and same valuation as the year before, there was an increase of 1,940 in youth of school age, of 510 in enrolment, and of 11 in teachers, while there were 31 fewer in average daily attendance and $10,140 less were expended. There were 2,800 in private and parochial schools, which, with 14,295 enrolled in public schools, shows only 49 per cent. in school. Only 1 special teacher in drawing is reported. The city lost this year its excellent superintendent, Hon. H. S. Tarbell, who had served it with great fidelity from 1878. He was succeeded by the assistant superintendent, Mr. Lewis H. Jones, Mr. Tarbell going to Providence, R. I.

Besides the city schools proper there appear at Indianapolis 12 Kindergärten in 18833-84, one of them a training school for Kindergartners, 2 others free and meant for children gathered from the street, who are taught and fed. For statistics of all these, see Table V of the appendix.

Jeffersonville in 1882-'82 reported 5 school buildings, with 1,900 sittings, valued at $73,445, yet providing for only 51.44 per cent. of the school population of the place. With a small loss in youth of school age as compared with the preceding year, there was yet a gain of 102 in enrolment, of 63 in average attendance daily, of 5 in teachers, and of $2,822 in expenditure for public schools. Still, only 50 per cent. of the school population was enrolled, 72.15 per cent. of those that were enrolled being retained.in average daily attendance.

La Fayette for 1882-'83 presents no statistics, but in 1883-'84 shows an increase in school youth of 940 since 1881-82. Yet, with this growth of material, only 61 more pupils were enrolled in city schools and only 86 more were in average attendance, under the same number of teachers, though $24,169 more had been expended for the schools, mainly for sites, buildings, furniture, apparatus, and library books.

Logansport in 1882-'83 had 6.school buildings, with 1,784 sittings, valued, with other property, at $146,000 and providing for only 41 per cent. of the school population. With slight change in statistics for the year, there were only 44 per cent. of the youth of school age enrolled; yet, including 900 in private and parochial schools, 65 per cent. were in school, while 73.5 per cent. of the enrolment were in average daily attendance. One teacher in music was employed.

For 1883-84 no information has been received.

Madison showed no increase of school buildings or rooms in 1882-83. With only 68 more school youth than in 1881-82, it enrolled 167 more in its schools, but failed to hold more than 52 additional in average attendance. No evening schools are reported. In 3 private or church schools there was an estimated enrolment of 800. The school trustees, in a printed report, say that there has been improvement on the part of both teachers and pupils, with a most healthy and satisfactory condition generally. There were 7 graduates in the year, of whom 6 were young women. Notwithstanding a large falling off of revenue the trustees were able to pay $2,000 of indebtedness and yet keep the expenses entirely within the receipts.

For 1883-84 there is no information.

New Albany makes no report for 1882-83, but in 1883-84 reports 48.25 per cent. of the school population enrolled in its public schools. Including 500 in private and parochial schools, only 56.11 per cent. were in school; but 69.13 per cent. of the enrolled were in average daily attendance. School property was valued at $158,000.

Richmond presents no figures for 1882-'83, but for 1883-'84 shows an increase from 1881-82 of 547 in youth of school age, of 282 in enrolment in public schools, of 222 in average daily attendance at such schools, of 1 in teachers for them, and of $38,979 in expenditure upon them, $42,200 being spent during the year for sites, buildings, furniture, and apparatus. In private and parochial schools there was an estimated enrolment of 975. Music and German, under 2 special teachers, formed part of the instruction in the public schools.

South Bend sends no report of its schools for 1882-'83, but for the year following that shows an increase over 1881-82 of 811 in children of school age, of 172 in enrolment in public schools, and of 78 in average attendance, a small advance in the last two items for so long a period. The expenditure for school purposes increased by $15,318 in the two years, $5,104 of this increase going for new school buildings, furniture, and apparatus and $8,000 for payment of indebtedness for past improvements. The city school property was valued at $11,000 more than in 1881-82. In private and parochial schools there was an estimated enrolment of 600. The number of city school buildings was not increased by the improvements above noted, but 2 large and well lighted rooms were added to a building that had been greatly crowded. A night school was maintained for some time during the year by one of the teachers, and the attendance is said to have been such as to show that many desire instruction in that way after the labors of the day are over.

Terre Haute for 1882-83 had 12 school buildings, with 4,000 sittings, valued, with other school property, at $230,352, providing for 41.26 per cent. of the school population, only 45.12 per cent. of which was enrolled; adding 1,000 in private and parochial schools, only 55.43 per cent. were in school; still 76 per cent. of those enrolled in public schools were in average daily attendance. In youth of school age there was no change during the year; there were 42 fewer enrolled, 40 more in average daily attendance, 5 more teachers, and $1,999 more spent for school purposes. One music teacher was employed.

In 1883-'84 the city shows the same number of school buildings, with 120 more sittings, valued, with other property, at $250,909. Compared with the previous year, there was a gain of 53 in school population, of 151 in enrolment, of 65 in average daily attendance, of 1 teacher, aud of $755 in expenditure for schools. One music teacher was employed. Besides the city schools, 2 Kindergärten were maintained.

Vincennes reported for 1882-83 4 school buildings, with 904 sittings, which provided for only 25.10 per cent. of the school population. The enrolment, with 500 in private and parochial schools, was only 45.22 per cent. of the youth of school age, leaving nearly 55 per cent. not in school. School population fell off 200; enrolment, 57; average daily attendance, 58; while there was 1 more teacher.

KINDERGÄRTEN.

Beside the 12 Kindergärten noted in the matter relating to Indianapolis and the 2 others in Terre Haute, there appear at La Porte, Marion, and Spiceland 1 each, making 17 in the State.

For statistics of all these, see Table V of the appendix; for a summary of these statistics, a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

STATE REQUIREMENTS.

The State allows no teacher to be employed in its public schools without evidence of good moral character and of literary capacity for good school work. Such evidence may be obtained as follows:

(1) Through a certificate from the State board of education, composed of the governor, the State superintendent of public instruction, the presidents of the State University, Purdue University, and the State Normal School, with the superintendents of the three largest city school systems. This certificate must show 48 months of successful teaching (at least 16 of them in Indiana) and the passage of a satisfactory examination in common school branches, physiology, history and Constitution of the United States, general history, plane geometry, algebra, elements of physics, of zoology, and of botany, English and American literature, rhetoric, moral science, and the science of teaching.

(2) Through a certificate from a county superintendent, showing the passage of a written and oral examination in the same studies up to physiology and history of the United States.

(3) Through a like certificate from a committee or officer of the school board of a city of 30,000 or more inhabitants.

The certificate from the State board is good throughout the State during the lifetime or good behavior of the holder; those from county superintendents, good in the county where they are issued, for 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, or 36 months, according to the ratio of correct answers given by the holder.

A professional license, valid for eight years, is also available by holders of 24-month licenses, whose next consecutive one shall be for 36 months, or by holders of 36-month ones that have received two such in succession; these last only on approval of the State board and on examination prescribed by it.

STATE NORMAL TRAINING.

The Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, admits young men of 18 and young women of 16 years of age. They must possess good moral character, average intellectual ability, and an acquaintance with the ordinary school studies, and, if residents of Indiana, must promise to teach in the common schools of the State a period equal to twice that spent in the school. The school provides a 3-year course for those who enter with a minimum amount of scholarship and wish to prepare for teaching in the common schools, a 2-year course for graduates of the best high schools and academies and for teachers of age and experience, and a 1-year course for graduates of colleges and State universities who seek a professional training that may fit them to be superintendents and principals of high schools. For the first mentioned class of students a Latin course has been arranged. In 1882-'83 there were 20 resident instructors, 266 male and 374 female normal students, and 30 graduates. All of these graduates engaged in teaching.

In 1883-84 there was a total enrolment of 1,144 during the three terms of the year, the largest in the history of the institution, 68 cut of 92 counties being represented and 70 per cent. being children of farmers.

OTHER NORMAL SCHOOLS.

A special spring normal school, to begin April 4, 1883, and to continue 10 weeks, was announced by De Pauw College for Young Women, New Albany; also, a summer normal, to begin June 27, 1883, and to continue 7 weeks. Like arrangements appear for the next year.

The following schools in 1882-'83 showed no changes: Elkhart Normal and Spencerian Business Institute, Goshen Summer Normal and Business Institute, and Southern Indiana Normal College, Mitchell.

In 1883-284 the same appears to be generally true of the Central Indiana Normal and Business Institute, Ladoga, with 492 students; Central Normal College and Commercial Institute, Danville, which has a teachers' course of 48 weeks; and the Southern Indiana Normal School, Paoli.

Smithson College, Logansport, is reported by the Indiana School Journal to have been leased for 3 years for normal college purposes. It was to be opened as the American Normal College, April 1, 1884, under the presidency of Mr. J. Fraise Richard, a well known educator. Subsequent information shows that it began with 58 students.

Hope Normal School and Business College, Hope, a renewal of a former school at that place, was also to open in April, 1884, under John Mickelborough, for many years principal of the Normal School of Cincinnati, Ohio.

For 1883-'84 the Indianapolis Normal School shows a course of one year and a half, 1 instructor, 37 normal students, and 24 graduates, all the last engaged in teaching. The Richmond Normal School opened September, 1883, with 5 instructors, and closed the year 1883-84 with 240 students enrolled. It has a good 3-year course, which prepares teachers for the common schools.

Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, added during the year 8 new cases of books to its library, which is said to be now one of the best equipped in the State. The music department has been organized and made a conservatory, with 19 pianos and 11 organs in constant use. Many new buildings have been erected.

A Normal School is reported to have been located at Angola in 1883-84, a company having bought 6 acres of land, on which a new building was in process of erection. The teachers' class in the Central Normal School, Danville, graduated 43 in 1883-'84. The teachers of New Albany have taken up the study of the theory and practice of teaching, meeting three times a week, and studying the underlying principles of their work.

The review and normal term of the Academy of Purdue University in 1883 took the place of the Purdue Normal School.

The Indianapolis Kindergarten Training School in 1883-84 had 1 instructor and 9 pupils, all of whom graduated, with a 2-year course of study.

Mrs. Hailmann's Training Class for Kindergartners, at La Porte, reports for 1883-84 2 instructors, 7 students, and 6 graduates (2 of whom engaged in teaching), and a 1-year course of study.

Normal training, in some cases separate from the regular course, in others connected with it, appears in the latest catalogues of all the colleges but Concordia, Franklin, Butler, Notre Dame, and St. Meinrad's.

For statistics of normal training, see Table III, Part 2, of the appendix.