amination, the preference which these have among the students, and the grade of passes:

The payments on the results of instruction amounted to 45, 2237. 98. 1d., or an average of 128. 6d. for each student under instruction. The number of teachers to whom payments were made was 1,998, irrespective of the training colleges.

The examination of the science classes in training colleges is held separately from the examination of the ordinary classes.

The following table shows the range and result of this examination for 1883: Number of colleges examined...

Number of classes.....

Number of individuals successful.

41

125

1,997

The payments to the training colleges on the results of the examination amounted to 5,0291. 88. 6d., or an average of 11. 168. 5d. per pupil under instruction.

The total number of students under instruction in the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines was 212. The attendance at the several classes was as follows: Chemistry, 93; physics, 28; mechanics, 39; metallurgy, 43; biology (including botany), 19; geology (including mineralogy), 34; and mining, 30.

The number of teachers in training was 12 in chemistry, 14 in physics, 11 in mechanics, 8 in biology, 9 in geology, 4 in metallurgy, 8 in agriculture, and 4 in miningIn addition to the ordinary sessional courses, the summer courses for country teachers, which last three weeks, are a most important part of the work of the school. In 1883 there were such courses in chemistry, light and sound, mechanism, botany, geology, agriculture, and agricultural chemistry. These courses, which consisted of lectures and laboratory practice specially adapted to the particular class of students, were attended by 189 teachers.

The Royal College of Science, Dublin, was attended by 59 persons.

Art instruction.— The number of elementary day schools examined for drawing under the regulations of the Science and Art Department was 4,526, or about 25 per cent. of the whole number of schools inspected by the education department. The payments made to the schools on account of drawing amounted to 28,3341. 48. 3d. and the cost of prizes and examples to 3,3651. 178. 10d., or a total expense of 31,7007. 28. 1d.

At the examination of 48 training colleges in November, 3,476 students in training and 828 teachers and pupil teachers of elementary schools were examined, and 819 of these candidates obtained full certificates for second grade drawing. The total amount granted to the colleges on the results of the examinations was 1,2461.

The department also gives aid to art classes, which in 1883 numbered 499, having 26,421 students. For advanced art instruction, there were 177 schools, with 15 branch classes, having in all 35,909 students.

The National Art Training School was attended by 710 students, of whom 34 were in training to become art teachers and 17 to become designers or art workmen. The Dublin Metropolitan School of Art was attended by 506 students. The grand total of persons taught drawing, painting, or modelling through the agency of the department

in 1883 was 843,135. The total value of the aid given to art in direct payments, prizes, &c., was 63,7191. 158. 7d.

The total number of visitors to the South Kensington Museum during the year was 1,093,810, and to the Bethnal Green Branch, 447,752. In accordance with the policy adopted in 1850 of granting loans to corporation museums, 16,021 art objects, drawings, ard pictures were sent out from the museum during the year, and the exhibitions in which they were placed were visited by 2,572,000 people.

During the year, the department was induced to take some steps toward developing and improving the lace making industry in Ireland. As a result of these efforts, a special class for lace designing has been organized at the Cork School of Art, and the school has opened direct relations with two or three of the convents in the neighborhood with the view of giving instruction in drawing and of supplying designs to be worked.

The committee of the School of Art has applied for aid in the purchase of a collection of ancient laces, the intention being to form a local industrial art museuin. GREECE, constitutional monarchy: Area, 19,941 square miles; population, 1,679,775. Capital, Athens; population, 63,374. Minister of the interior, C. Lombardos.

Special instruction.-A bill for the reorganization of the Polytechnic School was proposed by the minister of the interior on December 8, 1884. The old organization which has existed since 1863 was felt to be inadequate to modern requirements as far as positive sciences are concerned. The object of the new organization is to provide a systematic course of instruction to train students in the mechanical arts. The name of the institution is the School of Biomechanical Arts, which means those mechanical arts which are used in the daily affairs of life, and the graduates of the school are expected to be practically qualified to take positions in the public service or in business where a knowledge of such arts is required. The reorganized scheme einbraces a preparatory gymnasium and special schools or courses of civil and mechanical engineering, &c.

Superior instruction.-The report of the university for the forty-fourth scholastic year shows that in the year 1882-83 there were 655 new students and 1,946 already enrolled, making a total of 2,601. Of the new admissions 507 were from the Kingdom of Greece, 144 from other Greek communities, and 4 from other countries. They were distributed among the different faculties as follows: The theological faculty received 6, the law 343, the medical 172, the philosophical 123, and the pharmaceutical 11. The number of graduates during the year 1882-83 was 342. Since 1837, when the university was established, 11,283 persons have been educated in its different faculties: 360 for the theological, 4,730 for the law, 3,600 for the medical, 2,130 for the philosophical, and 473 for the pharmaceutical. The medical faculty had a majority at first; during the third decade the law faculty led in numbers; during the fourth decade the two faculties were nearly equal in that respect, and at present the law faculty is again in advance.

The following table gives general educational statistics of Greece for the year 1884:

ITALY, constitutional monarchy: Area, 114,296 square miles; population, 28 452.639. Capital Rome; population (at the end of 1880), 300 467. Minister of public instruction, Signior Baccelli (in early 'part of 1884, then Signior Coppino.

The central bureau of statistics of Italy publishes the following educational items for 1881-82. There were 2,516 infant schools, both public and private, taught by 123 men and 106 women; number of pupils, 243,972. The public and private primary schools numbered 47,220, with 1,976,135 pupils (1,053,917 boys and 922,218 girls). Evening schools for adults had 248,012 pupils; Sunday schools, 122,107 in attendance. There were 77 higher schools for girls, with 3,559 attending; 111 normal and "magistral" schools, with 8,221 pupils (1,319 male pupil teachers and 6,912 female pupil teachers). The number of pupils in this class of schools has more than doubled since 1861. A report made to the minister of public instruction by M. Rivera, director of primary instruction, in regard to carrying out the law of July 15, 1877, on obligatory primary instruction in lower grades of schools, gives rather discouraging results. In 1881-82 of 1,992,172 children of school age there were at the beginning of the year 1,735,185 on the school registers. In March only 1,500,755 remained on the rolls, and the number so constantly decreased that at the close of the year only 232,929 pupils presented themselves for examination. Of this number only 166,185 passed satisfactorily. The reasons for this state of things are considered by M. Rivera to be the poverty of the people and the poor quality of teachers. As the parents cannot give their children proper food and clothing, they hesitate to send them to school when by keeping them away there is a chance to pick up a little money in looking out for the flocks and in other ways. So many points of this kind have to be taken into consideration that the parent feels that his children are better off outside of the school room until the present condition of affairs can be ameliorated. If salles d'asile could be opened, where little folks could have proper care, there would be an increase of school attendance.

A circular was issued in October, 1884, to aid in carrying out the law of July 15, 1877. In it primary school inspectors are required to furnish annually to each syndic a list of children of school age. These lists are to be sent to those who arrange the course of study. Inspectors are to receive yearly from the proper authorities a list of said children and of the number really enrolled. Examinations from grade to grade, and especially from second to third course, are to be made according to the strictest regulations. A list of pupils who have passed such examinations successfully must be handed in annually, and all pupils who have failed to pass the examination of the third course must stay another year in that grade. Pupils graduating from the third grade are expected to attend an evening school for a year.

A permanent commission has been established in connection with the ministry of agriculture. It is to have a general oversight of industrial museums, schools of arts as applied to industries, schools of design for workingmen, in fact of all institutions which have to do with industries as taught to the working classes.

A technical literary school for girls, in Milan, had over 200 pupils in the latter part of 1883. The registration fee was only 5. lire ($1). The course of study embraces geography, history, Italian, French, English, and German languages, calligraphy, drawing, book-keeping, &c. Lessons are also given in morals, law, aesthetics, natural sciences, and in all woman's handiwork. The making of artificial leaves and flowers is also taught.

A Protestant institution for the supply of trained English speaking nurses was organized and put in successful operation in Rome in the early part of 1883. Several nurses were taken from the Bellevue Training School in New York. The intention is to establish permanent premises for the institution.

NETHERLANDS, constitutional monarchy: Area, 12,648 square miles; population (December 31, 1882), 4,172,971. Capital, The Hague; population (December 31, 1882), 127,931. Minister of the interior, Dr. J. Heemskerk.

The government publishes the following statistics in regard to superior, secondary, and primary instruction in the Netherlands in 1882-283:

Primary instruction.-In 704 communes the clergy has taken advantage of the law regarding religious instruction and given such instruction out of school hours. On December 31, 1882, the number of public schools was 2,822; private subsidized, 76; non-subsidized, 1,067. An increase of 38 primary schools over 1881 is reported. Evening schools were found in 340 communes; advanced schools, in 407. On January 1, 1883, there were 563,085 pupils in the day schools, viz: 294,950 boys and 268,135 girls. This shows an increase of 5,327 boys and 5,826 girls over the previous year. There were 73,900 children of school age not in school, or 13.62 per cent. About 18,346 boys and 11,584 girls attend simultaneously day and evening schools. In the evening schools only were 6,573 students (4,901 boys and 1,672 girls). The advanced schools (écoles de répétition) had 13,815 pupils, namely, 10,888 boys and 2,927 girls. The teaching force in primary grades numbered in 1882 3,457 males and 469 female principals, 5,328 male and 2,385 women teachers, with 2,991 male and 1,226 women assistants. These figures give an increase over the year 1881 of 35 male and 8 female principals, 293 male and 246 women instructors, 72 male and 79 women assistants. At the beginning of the school year 1883-'84 there were 114 normals reported, attended by 3,713 pupils, of these 1,138 were girls. Added to these are 2 communal normals and several private establishments of a similar character. The expenditure for primary instruction in 1882, on the part of the government, the provinces, and the communes, was 13,031,831 florins; in 1881 it was 10,198,943 florins. All the expenditures together amounted to 17,048,602 florins to 14,168,734 in 1881. These totals for educational purposes do not include the sums for military instruction, prison schools, or infant schools. A statement in regard to the last mentioned institutions is as follows: Public institutions, 121; male teachers, 5; women, 160; assistants, 444; pupils: boys, 10,592; girls, 10,236. Private establishments, 715; men teachers, 27; women teachers, 973; assistants, 1,173; pupils: 31,938 boys and 36,232 girls. There are besides in Amsterdam 79 infant schools and 44 pouponnières from which there is no information. At The Hague and at Gonda committees have in charge the organization of vacation colonies.

Secondary instruction.— On the 31st of December, 1882, there were 3,741 students in the 35 burgher schools (day and evening) and 5 communal schools; teachers, 362. The drawing, industrial, and professional schools numbered 45, with 260 professors and 4,586 students. Sixty-one higher burgher schools had 4,649 pupils, 172 of them girls. An increase of 4 schools where girls are admitted brings the number of such schools up to 25. Number of professors in the higher burgher schools, 708. Secondary schools for girls numbered 14, with 1,134 pupils at date of December, 1882, to 1,089 in 1881; teachers, 168, 115 of them women. There were 342 students and hearers at the Polytechnic, 12 of them women. Eleven schools of navigation are reported, 3 deaf-mute schools, and 1 for the blind. The expenditures for secondary instruction were 1,763,630 florins.

Superior instruction.-The students at the three universities numbered —