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4,579,115. Capital, Stockdirs, Carl Gustaf Hammars

on the Report of the Commiss are fully treated in the report public schools (Öfverstyrelsens telse för år 1883) the following of pupils attending the common ally increased until in 1873 there 11,353. In addition to thes), at MROKEN not in daily attendance, yet still Nan increase of 1,214 over 1882. There chers, and 341 classes. Besides the edHere were of course other educational The included evening and Sunday schools Counting the pupils in attend

eding the half day schools-the total wing in 1883 was 22,614. The course of

w the mother tongue, arithmetic, writing, Fry, drawing, singing, gymnastics, mili

income for school purposes was 669,751

barr the year mounted up to the same in the

Ni Upsala under Läsåren, 1877-1833, gives Resity instruction during those years. The versary of the founding of this university,

Still another festal occasion was in honor

guneberg in the spring of 1878. The report ed with these celebrations, gives an account ty and enters quite fully into the work of the ersity has a fine library, an anatomical and a wbies & pharmaceutical department, laboratories for logical and botanical museums, a department servatory, and a fine meteorological collection. In og divisions for the Northern and the Romance tongues. atics the subjects covered are equations, algebraic gral calculus. Both military drill and gymnastics are wwwce 4322 students distributed among the faculties of thepar; in 1883 there were 1,588 students in the follaw, 261; medicine, 211; philosophy, 954.

wol de 14882 aquare miles; population, 2,848,102. Capital, Berne;

minimum salary was 800 francs; average for the whole canton, 1,139 francs. A change for the better is, however, in progress, as the commission for the revision of school affairs decided that the minimum salary for common school teachers should be 1,200 francs. The school property of the various districts reached a valuation of 6,083,918 francs; district expenditures, 1,067,239 francs; expenditures of the state, which include amounts for cantonal libraries and scientific collections, 440,429 francs. Aargau has 26 4-class district schools, with 76 principal and 107 assistant teachers. The cantonal school (Kantonsschule) numbers 134 pupils; the teachers' seminary (for males) in Wettingen, 35 pupils; and the teachers' seminary (for women) in Aaran, 42 pupils. There are 24 regular "advanced" schools (Fortbildungsschulen) and 59 private (freiwillige) ones. Four educational institutions (asylums or charity schools) are reported; 3 deaf-mute institutions, at Aarau, Baden, and Zofingen; and a reformatory at Lenzburg. The question of reducing the course in seminaries from four to three years is still undecided.

Berne (canton) reports for 1883-84 a number of new primary school-houses, better attendance at this grade of school than heretofore, and a general decrease in the number of absentees in the primary grades. There were 7,941 poor children aided by gifts of clothing and nourishment. A total of 117 private institutions is reported, 49 of them for young children, with 5,167 pupils and 247 instructors. There were 1,918 teachers in the primary grades and 97,778 pupils in 1883-'84. The Mädchenarbeitsschulen nunibered 1,789 in March, 1883, with 49,016 pupils and 1,492 women teachers. The middle schools (Mittelschulen) had 4,986 pupils and 371 teachers. The teachers' seminaries at Münchenbuchsee, Pruntrut, Hindelbank, and Delsberg had 10 classes, 215 students, and 24 instructors (male and female). At the high school (university) and veterinary school there were 565 in attendance at the winter semester of 1883-84, and 36 of these were women. The women studied medicine or philosophy. The faculty numbered 94, 11 of whom were in the veterinary school. The deaf and dumb institution at Frienisberg had 61 pupils at the commencement of the year.

Freiburg reports that on October 1, 1884, a new primary school law went into effect. This law requires better salaries for teachers, the aid to come from the state in poorer districts; stricter school attendance; and an obligatory attendance on the advanced school (Fortbildungsschule).

Lucerne (city) had 2,925 boys and girls in school in 1883-'84, an increase of 71 over the previous year. A free hand drawing school, in which gratuitous instruction was given, led up to the industrial art school proper.

The cantonal school and the school of theology in Lucerne report as follows: 30 teachers for Gymnasium, Realschule, lyceum, and school of theology; 90 pupils in the 5-class Realschule; 101 in 6 classes of the Gymnasium; 34 pupils in the two courses of the lyceums; and 12 students in the 3 courses in theology; total in the institution, 237. There were 93 pupils in the school of music, 65 in the industrial art school, and 45 in the advanced school for industrial drawing. Thirteen pupils passed the examination for higher studies. Other schools of the canton report as follows: The teachers' seminary in Hitzkirch had 6 teachers and 27 pupils. The middle school in Willisau had 4 Realklassen, with 6 teachers and 46 pupils. The Progymnasium and Realschule of Sursee had 4 Realklassen and 4 gymnasial classes. Eight instructors and 44 students are connected with this school. The middle school of Münster has changed its form since the preceding year. According to governmental regulation of September 14, 1883, the third and fourth classes of the Realdivision were suspended. As at present organized there are 2 "secondary" classes and 4 progymnasial classes. The 6 teachers have charge of 31 pupils.

Thurgau is to introduce the new orthography in the schools early in 1885 and have the text books printed in the same. The Kantonsschule, which has industrial, gymnasial, musical, and military divisions, reported 180 pupils at the beginning of the course and 168 at close of the year 1883-'84.

A Swiss National Exhibition was held in 1883 at Zürich. In connection with the

Kindergarten display it is stated that most of these schools are created by special societies and it is only within a short time that the communes have taken charge. Geneva is the only canton in which the Kindergärten are cantonal institutions. In the canton of St. Gall there are 5 Kindergärten, 3 of them in the town and suburbs of St. Gall. The teachers generally receive about 600 francs in rural communities, from 800 to 1,000 francs in the towns and suburbs, and some of the principals get 1,000 francs. In some of the cantons, and at Zürich in particular, primary or elementary instruction is divided into two distinct parts: the first part or all day school has 6 years of study, or 6 classes; the second part (Ergänzungsschule) has 3 years of study. The lower classes are called elementary, the upper classes the Realschule. This differs from the German Realschule, which is for secondary instruction. The Ergänzungsschule is only obligatory two half days each week for boys and three for girls, and that only to the age of 14 or 15 years. The Fortbildungsschulen are professional schools, with from 2 to 20 lessons a week. At the Gewerbeschule in Zürich there are, however, 118 lessons in the course, the courses lasting from 3 to 12 months. A school of drawing and modelling at Basle is highly spoken of. It was founded in 1796. There were 673 pupils in the first semester of 1883 and 515 at the second semester. In the canton of Zürich the technical school of Winterthur comprises the following divisions: School of industrial arts and architecture, a school of mechanics, school of chemistry, school of drawing and modelling for artistic industries, and a school for geometricians. The municipal art schools of Geneva are among the most complete in Switzerland. They have 3 divisions: lower, middle, and higher. Among these schools is the school of industrial arts, which had 218 pupils in 1882-'83, subdivided as follows: Modelling figures and ornaments, 64; sculpture in wood and stone, 32; carving, 27; ceramics, aquarelle, and composition, 95. Needlework is taught in the primary schools 4 hours a week to children between 6 and 9 years of age, and 6 hours a week to those of 9 to 12 years. In the Ergänzungsschule it is obligatory (4 hours a week) for pupils of 12 to 14 years and optional (6 hours) for those of 14 to 16 years.

An interesting communication received by the Commissioner of Education in December, 1884, from Dr. Franz Mücke, of Berne, gives a detailed account of the Swiss Permanent School Exhibition, established by the Canton of Berne at Berne, and aided by the Central Swiss Government. Explanations of different subjects treated at that exhibition are quite fully given. After referring to the general opposition growing against the Kindergarten in Germany and Switzerland, Dr. Mücke turns to the subject of myopia:

Another point of general importance is the prevention of myopia. Professor Fahrner, of Zürich, and Dr. Guillaume, of Neufchâtel, have advanced a theory of their own about nearsightedness; they say that it requires too much straining of the eye to discern between the dark color of the slate, the slate book, or the "silicon" and the gray stroke of the slate or lead pencil. They therefore insist upon the necessity of writing on paper with ink. This being too expensive for poor people and the government never allowing writing and drawing utensils to be dispensed free of charge to the pupils, these gentlemen overcame the difficulty by interesting a few wealthy manufacturers in this matter, who now furnish all the writing materials for 1 franc a year to a child of the first primary class, for 2 francs to a child of the second or third class, and for 4 francs all the writing and drawing materials to each pupil of the higher classes, including ruler, compasses, gauge, &c.

The supply of these materials is exhibited, and it is astonishing indeed to see how such an amount of things can be given without loss for such a trifle. The same remark may be properly applied to the whole exposition, where one may learn how much may be accomplished by economy, integrity, and study.

Myopia and scoliosis are the most frequent diseases of school children and are considered to originate from the same cause by Dr. Pfluger, professor of ophthalmology in Berne. He avers that an improper inclination of the school desks, table, &c., causes both myopia and scoliosis. According to his theory of vision, with school children a table ought to be inclined exactly at an angle of 300 while the child is sitting in an erect position. To accomplish this he and Dr. Lüthi had a desk constructed which answers the purpose of tending to prevent myopia and scoliosis, and which is used with great benefit and universal satisfaction in the Gymnasium of Berne.

The back of the seat is well adapted to the flexure of the spine, its curvature having been determined after many experiments performed on children sitting in a straight position. The long mooted question puzzling sanitarists and philanthropists as to the possibility of giving each child a separate desk, seems to be solved by this invention or modification. The price of this school furniture does not exceed $2.50.

In a diagram which classifies the 70 districts of Switzerland according to the average standing of the recruits who passed the official examination from 1875 up to 1881, the city of Basle takes the lead, Geneva and Zürich following as the second and third states respectively, and Berne as the nineteenth state. Such a result was rather alarming to the authorities of Berne, since compulsory education lasts 9 years, from the sixth to the fifteenth year, while in Basle 7 and in Zürich 6 years suffice to elevate the pupils to a much higher standard. To be brief, the highest rate is not obtained by the long term of 9 years' training, but by a strict enforcement of the compulsory laws, by a regular instruction, not broken by extended vacations, and by a better payment of school teachers, who are both able and willing to raise the standard of knowledge among their pupils to a higher degree within 6 years than others do within 9. It is fair to add that the Canton of Berne, by observing those rules, worked itself up to the fourth place.

I cannot finish this letter without mentioning the Association for Handiwork Schools in Basle, founded in accordance with the principles and ideas of the Danish philanthropist, Clausen-Kaas. A branch of this society was recently formed in Berne, and will commence its work in January, 1885. It is the aim of this society to cope with the general aversion of children to manual labor, to imbue their minds with perseverance, to keep them from laziness, to diffuse knowledge of ordinary work among the higher classes, and to bridge the gulf existing between them and the common people.

TURKEY (in Europe): Area, 62,028 square miles; population, 4,275,000.

The Grecian and Armenian schools of Constantinople were reported as follows at a late date. The Greeks number 300,000 persons, and they have 88 educational institutions, in which the teaching force consists of 316 persons and the pupils number 13,992 boys and 4,951 girls. The amount of money expended annually for these schools is 716,770 francs, so that each school gets an average of 8,148 francs; each pupil costs 52 francs annually.

The Armenians are 200,000 strong, with 52 schools, 219 teachers, and 5,225 boys and 2,119 girls under instruction. The amount of money expended is 368,000 francs. These figures give one school to 3,409 Greeks and one to 3,844 Armeniaus.

A private individual has given large amounts to the Greek schools. The German burgher school is reported to be in a fine condition, and the need of higher classes in connection with this school is freely expressed. The Italian Government has also undertaken to establish a school for the Italians resident in Constantinople, and 20,000 francs have already been given for that purpose. The Russian Government is also about to take a similar course in regard to the education of Russian youth.

According to the report of the Central Turkey College for 1883-'84 there were 102 pupils received into the college during the year. The number in actual attendance on June 10, 1884, was 99. Of the whole number of students 38 were in the preparatory department, 46 in the college proper, and 18 in the medical department. Average age of those in the preparatory, a fraction over 17 years; in the college, a little over 20 years. Thirty of the students are members of evangelical churches; 22 of them are from the Gregorian Armenians. The general progress and discipline of the students are reported to have been better than in any previous year. The number of full professors connected with the college during the year was 7; first class assistant teachers, 3. Four were Americans and 6 Protestant Armenians. Of these, 4 were in the scientific department and 3 in the medical. Good progress is reported in the medical school. In September, 1883, a trained nurse from Scotland was added to the staff of assistants. Her labors were most successful. The financial condition of the college had improved since 1882-'83.

Four young Turkish ladies have just passed very successful examinations as school and bandiwork teachers at Constantinople, and are to have positions in schools of that city. This is the first time that Turkish women have come up for these examina

ROUMELIA (Eastern): Area, 13,500 square miles; population, 1884 (estimated), 850,000.

The board of directors of public instruction in Eastern Roumelia presented the following report for 1882-83 to the governor general:

The primary schools of the country form 50 school districts, each of which has an inspector. In this total are 27 Bulgarian districts, 3 Grecian, 16 Turkish, 1 Bulgarian Catholic and 1 Bulgarian Protestant, 1 Armenian, and 1 Jewish district. The number of schools is 616, with 39, 131 pupils (29,884 boys and 9,247 girls); teachers (male), 786; female, 150. During the year the first normal school was established, at Kezanlik, with 56 pupils, 30 scholarships. Twelve pedagogical courses, of 6 weeks each, were attended by 519 male and 52 female instructors. Nine holders of scholarships were sent to other lands to study pedagogy, viz, 4 at Prague, 2 at Agram, 1 at Vienna, 1 at Moscow, and 1 in America. The six departmental school councils held eight sessions during the year. At the annual session of the provincial school council regulations for evening and Sunday schools were approved of. A plan of studies for use of the normal school was also drawn off.

The board of directors has undertaken to publish a pedagogical journal, and also to bring out a digest of school legislation from 1879 to 1883.

II.-ASIA.

BRITISH INDIA: Area, 1,383,504 square miles; population, 253,906,449.

On the 3d of February, 1882, the Government of India appointed an education commission, with a view to inquiring into the working of the existing system of public instruction and to the further extension of that system on a popular basis. The system has been developed in accordance with the policy outlined in the dispatches of 1854 and 1859, the former being the date at which the education of the whole people of India was definitely accepted as a state duty.

As set forth in the dispatch of 1854, the state undertook (1) to give pecuniary assistance on the grant in aid system to efficient schools and colleges; (2) to direct their efforts and afford them counsel and advice; (3) to encourage and reward the desire for learning in various ways, but chiefly by the establishment of universities; (4) to take measures for providing a due supply of teachers and for making the profession of teaching honorable and respected.

The second great dispatch on education, that of 1859, reiterated and confirmed the provisions of the earlier dispatch, with the single exception of the course to be adopted for promoting elementary education. It was noted that the native community failed to cooperate with the government in promoting vernacular education, and strong doubts were expressed as to the suitability of the grant in aid system, as hitherto in force, for the supply of vernacular education to the masses of the population. Such vernacular instruction shonid, it was suggested, be provided by the direct instrumentality of the officers of government, on the basis of some one of the plans already in operation for the improvement of indigenous schools or by any modification of those plans which might suit the circumstances of different provinces.

The expediency of imposing a special rate on the land for the provision of elementary education was also commended to the careful consideration of the government. In short, these instructions confirmed the principle of incorporating and improving the existing indigenous schools, rather than of inducing the people to set up new schools under the grant in aid systems then in force; but they also sanctioned the establishment of new schools by direct departmental agency. Accordingly, the local governments considered themselves free to adopt whichever system seemed to be best suited to local circumstances.

In the instructions to the commission created in 1882 attention is called to the fact that, although the development of elementary education was one of the main objects contemplated by the dispatch of 1854, owing to a variety of circumstances, more prog