Just published, with a Map, price 6d.; or forwarded free per post on receipt of Ten Postage Stamps;

THE THIRD EDITION OF

THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDEit et infoMetion

UNION BANK of AUSTRALIA, 38,

SAMUEL JACKSON, Sec.

tains."-Morning Advertiser.

"The Bushman affords a mass of information, not only most valuable to the intending emigrant, but likewise worthy of being taken into consideration by the authorities at the Colonial-office."-Dispatch, Aug. 26.

"We are of opinion that those who contemplate so important a step as emigration will anxiously consult this hand-book."-Douglas Jerrold's Newspaper, Aug. 26.

"This little book contains every information for intending emigrants."-Cambridge Independent, Sept. 9.

"He states his opinions, his reasons, and his facts, in a few but vigorous words. Strong common sense is his chief characteristic, and the whole tenor of his book serves to convince us that he gives honest advice."-Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, Aug. 26 (extract from the leader). "The writer has evidently kept his eyes open during his sojourn in the bush; he points out the errors of our colonial system with clearness, founded upon personal observation."-Manchester Times, Sept. 9.

"A capital little book, full of practical suggestions, the result of several years experience in the bush."-Economist, Sept. 12.

"Mr. Sidney is an amusing writer, and at the same time thoroughly a man of business."-The Tablet, Sept. 2. "We direct attention to this clever little book, as it shows what classes of persons are likely to succeed as emigrants, and the causes of disappointment and failure." -Bell's New Weekly Messenger, Aug. 27.

"Mr. Sidney's views on colonization are good, although he has expressed his ideas at times in true Bushman style, without much regard to elegance of expression or delicacy of feeling. It contains all that is to be found in books twenty times that price, and of far higher pretensions."-Trewman's Exeter Flying Post.

"The great attention which is now being paid to emigration must give considerable interest to a work which affords so much practical information."- Woolmer's Exeter Gazette.

The writer is evidently a man of wonderful activity both of mind and body."-Kendal Mercury, Sept. 9. "The author is no mere theorist, but goes to the root of his subject in a practical truth-telling manuer."-Bath Herald, Aug. 26.

"This will be found a very valuable little book."Nottingham Journal, Sept. 8.

"The question of "How to Settle and Succeed in Australia?" This question, after a perusal of Mr. Sidney's work, founded on a number of years' experience, has been most ably and fairly answered in the most impartial and convincing manner."-Wakefield Journal, Sept. 8.

"The book is amusing and instructive; it contains many lively sketches, and much practical information."Coventry Herald and Observer, Sept. 8.

"This is a little book, but an exceedingly smart and intelligent one. The bushman, in short, does not beat about the bush, but is direct in his statements and decisive in his opinions."-Literary Gazette.

"This is one of the most useful and interesting books that has ever been published on emigration. The author has set down his experience in a blunt, straightforward manner; so methodically arranged that a labourer, small or large capitalist, may easily learn whether he would like the colony at all; and, if he would, what part and what pursuit to choose. Every detail is given, from selecting a

and building a hut in the woods."-Era, Aug. 19.

COMPANY.-Registered and Empowered under Act of Parliament.-Capital, £500,000. Edinburgh, 1, George-street; London, 4A, Lothbury.

Governor.

The Right Hon. the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine,
Governor-General of Canada.

Chairman of the London Board.

The Right Hon. the Earl of Minto. PARTIES EMIGRATING to the AUSTRALASIAN or

NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES, to the EAST or

WEST INDIES, or other places abroad, will find, on inspection, that the rates charged by this Company are most favourable.

By order of the Directors,

JOHN G. AULD,

Secretary to the London Board.

THE LIVERPOOL and LONDON

FIRE and LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 8, House; and 28, Regent-street, Waterloo-place, London. WATER-STREET, LIVERPOOL; 3, Charlotte-row, Mansion

LIABILITY of the PROPRIETORS UNRESTRICTED. MODERATE PREMIUMS in the FIRE DEPARTMENT. GUARANTEED BONUSES and other peculiar advantages in the Life Department.

Policies, insuring the value of Leasehold Property at the termination of the Lease, are also issued.

Persons whose Policies with this Company expire on the 29th instant are respectfully reminded, that Receipts for

the renewal of the same will be found at the Head Offices in London and Liverpool, and in the hands of the respective Agents; and those who, preferring the security offered by this Company may desire to remove their Insurances, are informed that no expense will be incurred by such removal.

BENJ. HENDERSON, Resident Secretary in London. SWINTON BOULT, Secretary to the Company. 19th September, 1848.

THE

1, LEADENHALL STREET.

EMI

CAPTAINS, VOYAGERS, and EMO

GARMENTS the best they can purchase, and indispensable to persons about to push their way where exposure to the elements is the order of the day. A waterproof suit adds vastly to comfort, and is a great saving in the end. As imitations that will not stand hot and cold climates are being offered, observe (for security) the name and address, J. C. CORDING, 231, Strand, five doors west of Templebar, and 3, Royal Exchange, facing Cornhill.

IMP

MPORTANT TO EMIGRANTS.FREDERIC BARNES, 3, UNION-ROW, TOWER-HILL, invites the attention of parties emigrating to the Colonies, &c., to his large and varied STOCK of

GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, &c., which he is now selling at very Reduced Prices for Cash, and solicits the favour of a call from all, as he is enabled to meet those with the most limited means, having Good SINGLE GUNS with proved Barrels, from 20s. each, and RIFLES, with Patent Breeches, from 25s. each. Gunpowder, Shot, Percussion Caps, &c., &c., at moderate prices.

All kinds of Repairs attended to with despatch.
FREDERIC BARNES,

GUN AND PISTOL MANUFACTURER, 3, UNION-ROW, TOWER-HILL, at the bottom of the MINORIES, and facing the Tower.

N.B.-The following are absolutely required by the Commissioners to be taken by each Emigrant, viz.:-Steel Table Knife and Fork, Metal Soup Plate, Quart Hook Pot, Drinking Mug or Porringer, and best Metal Table and Tea Spoon, which can be supplied as above, for 2s. 6d., with the Purchaser's name marked on each article.

SILVER SUPERSEDED by R. and J.

acknowledged to be the purest metal in existence, made into every article for the table, as spoons, forks, candlesticks, cruet-frames, teapots, &c., at one-twelfth the price of silver. Send 10 postage stamps, and by return of post you will receive a sample spoon of their metal free; try it, and then send your orders. Their illustrated catalogue may be had gratis, and sent post free to any part. Fiddle Strongest Thread King's pattern. Fiddle. pattern. pattern. Table spoons and forks per doz. 12s.&15s. 19s. 28s. 30s. Dessert ditto......... 10s.,, 13s. 16s. 21s. 25s. Tea spoons 58.,, 6s. 8s. 11s. 12s. R. and J. SLACK, 386, Strand, opposite Somerset-house. -Established 1818.

...........

OUTFITS FOR ALL CLASSES. HE ADVANTAGES of EMIGRATION, which now so much interests the public, being materially increased by the comforts of a SUITABLE OUTFIT, E. J. MONNERY and Co., 165, FENCHURCH STREET, CITY, having had many years' experience in that line, feel confidence in calling the attention of all classes to their Outfitting Warehouse, where a large assortment of shirts, clothing, hosiery, &c. &c. suitable for any of the MIGRATION to AUSTRALIA.—With Colonies, is kept ready for immediate use, at unusually low prices. Sea mattresses, bedding, cabin and camp furniture of every description.-Lists, with prices affixed, forwarded by post.

by distinct appointment to the Queen, H. R. H. Prince Albert, and H.I. M. the Emperor of Russia, most respectfully solicits from the public an inspection of his extensive STOCK of WATCHES and CLOCKS, embracing all the late modern improvements, at the most economical charges. Ladies' Gold Watches, with Gold Dials, jewelled in four holes, Eight Guineas. Gentlemen's, with Enamelled Dials, Ten Guineas. Youths' Silver Watches, Four Guineas. Warranted substantial and accurate going Lever Watches, jewelled in four holes, Six Guincas.

E. J. DENT, 82, Strand, 33, Cockspur-street, and 34, Royal Exchange (Clock Tower Area).

"This little book is written by one who, to much strong natural sense, and a fearlessness in letting out rough truths, adds a personal knowledge of all that he writes about."-Gardener's Chronicle, Sept. 12.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON "SIDNEY'S VOICE FROM AUSTRALIA."

"A Voice which speaks well and weightily-in a sober tone, on a subject of great importance."—Athenæum, Sept. 1847.

"The author is a resolute thinker, and equally bold speaker."-Economist.

"Though a very little book, there is a great deal of good stuff in it. The author speaks out, and speaks well." -Critic.

PELHAM RICHARDSON, 23, Cornhill, London.
And all Booksellers in Town or Country.

TEND NEW

JOURNAL,

AND GAZETTE OF THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES; Price SIXPENCE each Number, or Thirteen Shillings per Annum, payable in advance. This Journal was established eight years ago for the purpose of disseminating intelligence of public and individual interest on all matters connected with the Colony of New Zealand. Its contents may be arranged as follows:-1. Original articles on New Zealand topics of the day. 2. Extracts from Papers published in New Zealand and Australia, with Official Documents and Despatches of the Government. 3. Proceedings of the Local Governments and Debates in the Legislative Council. 4. Private Letters from Settlers, descriptive of the Countries, the Natives, Trade, Price of Provisions, &c.-5. News from the Settlements of Wellington, Nelson, New Plymouth, Auckland, Otago, South Australia, Port Philip, &c., with anecdotes and on dits of society.-6. Shipping Intelligence, with proceedings in Parliament, &c. &c.

Published by STEWART and MURRAY, 15, Old Bailey, London, and may be had, by order, through any Newsman.

a view to enable respectable persons, who are ineligible for a free passage, to proceed to the Australian Colonies, at the lowest possible cost, it has been arranged to despatch a line of superior first-class ships of large tonnage for the especial accommodation of steerage and other passengers at an exceeding low rate of passage money. These vessels will be subject to the inspection of Her Majesty's Emigration Officers, and will be despatched on the appointed days (wind and weather permitting), for which written guarantees will be given.

For ADELAIDE and PORT PHILIP, BRITANNIA, 500 tons burthen, M. ROBSON, Commander; to sail from London 1st November.

For ADELAIDE and PORT PHILIP, SPARTAN 600 tons burthen, J. B. PAIN, Commander; to sail from London 15th November.

For ADELAIDE and PORT PHILIP, POSTHUMOUS, 650 tons burthen, R. DAVISON, Commander; to sail from London 1st December.

These splendid ships have full poops, with first-rate accommodations for cabin passengers, and their 'tween decks being lofty and well ventilated, they afford most desirable opportunities for the accommodation of intermediate and steerage passengers. They will be fitted and provisioned in all respects on a similar plan to the vessels now being despatched by Her Majesty's Colonization Commissioners, and the same dietary scale will be adopted. They are officered and manned by thoroughly competent persons, and carry duly qualified and experienced surgeons.

Other equally fine ships, similarly fitted, &c., will succeed, sailing on the 1st and 15th of each month from London, and the 11th and 25th from Plymouth. Load at the Jetty, London Docks.

For further particulars apply to the undersigned, who are constantly despatching a succession of superior firstclass ships (regular traders) to each of the Australian Colonies.-MARSHALL and EDRIDGE, 34, Fenchurch-street.

Printed by ALEXANDER ELDER MURRAY (of Fife Cottage,
Bow, in the County of Middlesex), at his Printing-office,
Green Arbour-court, Old Bailey, London.
Published by WILLIAM SOMERVILLE ORR, 2, Amen Cor-
ner, Thursday, 19th October 1848.
Communications for the EDITORS to be addressed (post
paid) to the care of the Printers, STEWART & MURRAY,
Green Arbour-court, Old Bailey.

EMIGRANTS

VOL. I.-No. 4.]

Who are the Emigrating Classes? Emigration Swindlers and Schemers

PRICE 2D.

[STAMPED 3D.,

thoroughly accomplished "Bushman;" but even of this most distinguished post of an Australian servant, London tailors have been known to acquire the whole art and mystery in perfection.

Life in the Bush. By a Bushman.(No. III.)

:- From Mechanics, Clerks, Professional Men, and Capitalists...

28

27

Letter from a Settler at Adelaide.

30

Summary of Lords' Committee on Colonization-New Zealand.

WHO ARE THE EMIGRATING CLASSES?

32

We do not know whether the Government has taken any pains to ascertain who are the parties who fill the ships bound to emigration-fields. It would certainly be useful, as well as interesting, to learn what classes and what trades are chiefly seeking to better their condition by transferring their labour and capital to a distant soil. As far as we have ourselves been able to learn, agricultural labourers have only been the result of vigorous recruiting in the English counties, by zealous friends of colonization. The Scotch peasant is more enterprising, and the Irish peasant is so wretched that he is willing to go anywhere for the chance of a better living than he can earn in his own unhappy country. We believe that in England the largest rural emigration is from the West, where previous emigration tides have established a connexion between Devonshire and Cornwall, and South Australia and New Zealand. The most numerous, the most unfortunate body of would-be emigrants are to be found in labouring men of no particular calling, who feel grievously the cessation of all the railways and other great public works, which but the other day monopolised all the labour of the kingdom, and in mechanics engaged in producing articles of luxury.

While trade was prosperous, the Government commissions could with difficulty find applicants suited for the very restricted rules within which they were willing to grant free passages. Now all their ships are rapidly filled up, although even now some of the most distressed classes are excluded. There is no fund for supplying free passages to the North American colonies. If there were, it would be quite right to confine the boon to men accustomed to agricultural employments, because in Canada, some knowledge of the labours of the farm is almost indispensable in a man who is to take service with farming colonists. The business to be done in the towns by mere labourers is limited in extent. If, as we hope soon to see, any great public works were commenced, such as roads, railroads, and canals, all of which are so much needed for the full development of the wealth of our American possessions, then emigrants from any country, and of any class, if able-bodied, would be found useful, and after the apprenticeship which they would get in cutting, hewing, and embanking, would be fitted to settle on the lands rendered valuable by their labours.

In Australia the case is quite different. Mechanics and others accustomed to work regularly for wages in towns, are, if in full health and strength, equal to the best agricultural labourers for the places they are called upon to fill, and certainly superior, in consequence of their intelligence and education, when they become colonists themselves. Agricultural labour forms but a small percentage of Australian employments. Where practised, it is usually upon ground tolerably clear of timber. In the beginning, rude ploughing or hoeing is sufficient. The careful and costly processes of an English farm are unnecessary, almost unknown; all the art that is necessary may be acquired by any man of ordinary strength and intelligence in a year or two. The occupations of a shepherd have been described in a separate article by the "Bushman," The occupations of a hutkeeper are in fact those of a farmhouse servant. Cooking, and cleaning the hut in the day, watching the sheep at night;-these are the two kinds of bush servants most in demand. The wildest Irishmen from Connaught or Connemara are quite capable of becoming shepherds. Ten thousand of them, saved from starvation that awaits them next winter, would be a valuable labour army for the three Australian colonies; and, therefore, it is not necessary to say that town-bred labourers would be still more valuable. Bullock-driving is more of an art, and requires a considerable amount of strength; but any one can make a bullock watchman. A stockman should be a good horseman, and must live some years in the bush before he can be pronounced a

In fact, any man who is fit for a soldier is fit for an emigrant to Australia-a good many are fit who would not pass muster as soldiers.

Some persons advocate a very strict inquiry into the moral character of candidates for emigration. It may be doubted whether this is necessary or prudent. Men who are not virtuous, nor sober, pious, punctual in money matters, or mild in temper, must live somewhere, and as long as they are not absolutely criminal, perhaps it is as well they should live in colonies where labour is well paid, where food is cheap, and where there is little property to tempt-where, in fact, the chances are in favour of their growing into habits of industry and decency-than remain in a country where, it is often difficult for the most virtuous poor man to remain honest.

If we afford sufficient inducements to our colonists, servants, and small capitalists, to marry and settle on farms, instead of roving from station to station; if we expend on supplying, in the interior of Australia, schoolmasters and ministers of religion, an annual sum equal to that which has so long been wasted in seeking to civilize and convert black savages, there is enough of health in our race, wherever planted, to run itself pure.

We, in England, are of the same race that centuries ago were considered semi-barbarians by the rest of Europe. Even our grandfathers were almost all drunkards. In Fielding's time Squire Western and Parson Trulliber were not caricatures.

The colonies are suffering from too much of the cant of colonization.

But to return to an examination of the emigrating classes: next after those of the labouring population who are applicants for free passages, among the earnest in their desire to try their fortune in a new country, are men of means varying from 100l. to 500l., either married or desiring to marry, urged by fears for the future prospects of their families; clerks and shopmen who have saved money, and know not how to lay it out, are a numerous class; then come disappointed lawyers and surgeons; now and then a gentleman with 10,000l. and ten children; and lastly, a number of youths under twenty, wishing to emigrate for the same reason that Robinson Crusoe went to sea. At present.. there are very few emigrants among English farmers. The Irish small farmers chiefly go to the United States.

We have drawn one hundred letters from some hundreds addressed with questions, either to the "Journal" or the "HandBook," and find that they present the following result:

Women.-Governesses, &c., 7; dressmakers, 5; domestic servants, 3; other females not describing themselves, 4.

Men without capital.-Labourers, domestic servants, hard-working youths, 19; clerks and shopmen, 8; painters and paperhangers, 3; watchmaker, 1; gardeners, 2; schoolmasters, 2.

Men with capitul.-Tailors, drapers, and hosiers, 5; painter and glazier, 1; bookseller, 1; general dealer, 1; grocer, 1; country smith, 1; clerks, 4; engineers, 3; land surveyors, 2; architect and surveyors, 2; farmers and graziers, 2; surgeons and medical students, 5; attorneys, 2; country gentleman, I; young gentlemen of no profession, 6; miscellaneous, 4.

We give this analysis as matter of curiosity, without attempting to found any theory upon it. We feel quite sure that the body most anxious to emigrate read very little, and are seldom able to write.

REWARDS FOR THE POOR.-The poor in England seem to have had, with all the immense amount of the national charities, very little done for them. There has been no want of prisons and penitentiaries, Bridewells have ever yet proposed rewards for the poor, it is and has been all punishand Newgates, gibbets, transportation, and the hulks; but no legislators ment-nothing but punishment! We invite them into the gin-shops, and stand at the doors ready to handcuff them on coming out; forgetting that it is misfortune that makes men wicked; and in awarding sentence, make no allowance for their want of education for their constant and superior temptations. Would it not be wiser to turn them from the error of their ways by the temperance pledge, than throwing money away in building and enlarging model prisons and criminal courts?-Rubio's Rambles.

may

EMIGRATION SWINDLERS AND SCHEMERS.

THE heat of the emigration movement has brought out a swarm of the unclean things that seem to be the inevitable accompaniment of every period of great national excitement. The "rascal rabble" that battened on the spoils of the railway mania, and, after a brief, brilliant, butterfly-like existence, subsided into the pot-house and the Insolvent Court, are alive again, and stirring to take advantage of the confiding simplicity of would-be emigrants. The deceivers are of two classes: the one, unmitigated swindlers, whose object is simply to transfer to their own pockets, by the most direct means possible, the moneys of any unfortunate wretches who fall into their hands; the other, less guilty, but equally dangerous, bubble-blowers and castle-builders, ingenious schemers who amuse themselves, by inventing some philanthropic and patriotic scheme for making one five pounds do the work of ten. In this instance, they attempt to promote colonization, assist emigrants of straitened means, and put money into their own empty pockets, by one and the same project. To the victim, whether he loses his money by the swindler or the schemer, the result is the same. The difficulties which made him think of emigration are more than doubled. He parts with his little capital, and in this country or in the colony, either immediately or in the course of twelve months, finds himself penniless. The following instance of direct attempt at robbery, we quote from the Times of October 18th:

In the course of the last few days a case of a flagrant kind has been brought under the notice of the Lord Mayor. On Tuesday last, Lieut. Lean, R.N., the London agent of Government Emigration, appeared at the justice-room at the Mansion-house, on the part of the authorities of the Colonial Land and Emigration Office, to represent the following facts: -A person, whose name was not mentioned, had attempted to entrap three poor men, who wished to emigrate to Australia, into the payment of a sum of money, on the pretence that the company he represented but which it is believed has no existence-were Government emigration agents. The points to which we chiefly wish to draw the attention of the public, and more especially of the poorer emigrating public, will best appear from the following short statement of Lieut. Lean, and from the order made by the Commissioners when the subject was brought under

their notice. Lieut. Lean stated :

"The pretence that the self-constituted emigration agent set up was the more deeply mischievous, as he required payment under the plea of procuring for his victims that which, if applied for at the Government Colonial and Emigration-office, in Park-street, Westminster, would have been given without any charge at all. The three poor men who accompanied him to the Mansion-house had, upon the representations of the person complained of, sold off all their goods and prepared themselves to emigrate to Australia. They had, however, fortunately called upon him and mentioned the extent of the transactions which had taken place, and he could arrive at no other conclusion than that a most nefarious fraud was meditated against them."

These poor men had sold off their furniture and what little property they possessed in order to carry out their laudable scheme of emigration. One of them was to have paid the sum of 57.; another the sum of 87. 10s.; and the third the sum of 117., and he was placed under a strict injunction of secrecy to the self-constituted agent, in order that he might not be charged 17. more. When the matter was brought under the notice of the Emigration Commissioners they made the following order, to which we hope to give additional publicity by our present notice :

"As it is stated that no money has yet been received by the Commissioners are of opinion that it would not be possible to take any legal proceedings against them. Nevertheless, as the practice which they have adopted might lead to fraud, and might expose poor emigrants to imposition, the Commissioners think it would be advisable that the utmost publicity should be given to the fact that there is no agent in London authorized to distribute forms or receive money, or act in any other way on behalf of the Commissioners, but that all information, and the necessary forms, may be forwarded gratis on application at this office, and that nothing will be gained by proceeding in any other way, either in increasing the emigrant's chance of acceptance or otherwise."

We do not hear that the Colonial-office has taken any pains to warn the most helpless part of the public against such frauds. They have no doubt trusted to the publicity which was sure to be given to Lieut. Lean's statement by the press; for although the press in this country does not supply ministries and model constitutions, it does a good deal of service that is much less effectually performed in other countries by the government itself. The Colonization Commissioners took a step quite in advance of official routine when they published the Colonization Circular, one of the most complete and practically useful documents that ever came from a public office. It is very much to be wished that they would take another step, and remove their place of business from its present mysterious habitat in Park-street, Westminster, to some accessible abode, which might be found by people from the country without a whole day's search. Few, out of the red-tape world, know the street except by name; and for a stranger to get into it, is a feat only less difficult than threading the maze at Hampton Court. An exchange of the rooms in Somerset House occupied by the Geological Society for the quiet rus in urbe of the Colonization Commissioners, would be no disadvantage to the learned Society, and a great advantage to poor emigrants now lost in investigating the whereabouts of the office for free passages to Australia, at present one of the greatest "Mysteries of London."

Intending emigrants should know that all the seaports of the kingdom swarm with swindlers in various guises, ready to take advantage of their ignorance. They should, therefore, defer entering into any engagements without consulting one of the Govern

ment Emigration Agents-(a list will be found in our Information column)-to whom they should pay their first visit on arriving in a port, and to whom they should address a letter, after reading the Colonization Circular, before taking any step towards leaving home.

We are not sure that the class "schemers" are not more dangerous than the absolute swindlers. As they deceive themselves, they are the more able to deceive others. One gentleman with a German name, to what class belonging it is impossible to say, has issued a prospectus offering to receive weekly subscriptions of those unable to pay the full amount of passage-money to Australia, and to form a society for co-operative emigration, of which he is to be apparently president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer. We would only observe that the savings bank would be found quite as profitable, and a much safer receptacle for savings from weekly wages. Another party has issued a prospectus without signature addressed to "young gentlemen and young married couples possessing 3001. and upwards" in which he proposes to take charge of the three hundred pounds subscriptions of twentyfive members to invest it in sheep with a station to support the twenty-five members for three years, to double their capital and put them in the way of setting up for themselves at the end of that period, with all the advantages of a colonial experience. He adds, "It is intended to obtain the services of a clergyman of the Church of England to accompany the members and reside at the settlement of the Association. A medical gentleman may join as member."

honest, and allowing that the detailed calculations which form part Presuming that the authors of this plausible scheme are perfectly of the prospectus are correct (and they are not), it will be easy to show that such an undertaking could only end in dissensions, lawsuits, and ruin.

The proposed "Association" would be in fact a partnership, and a partnership of twenty-five men and their wives, strangers to each other; they are required to give up their funds to the control of a stranger, sail all together to a land of promise under the pastoral charge of this advertising Moses, and settle and live in joint stock in a land of plenty. They will be all totally ignorant of their new trade, they will be all masters in name, and all in the power of the "old hand" who takes the control of the establishment. For two

partners to live in the same house is not advisable; but imagine twenty-five, with their wives! Then would come, disputes on money matters among the twenty-five, which can only be settled in a Court of Chancery. Each may take what he likes of stock or produce, draw and accept what bills, purchase or sell what sheep he thinks fit; the whole partnership will be bound by his acts, and only have a remedy in an endless bill in Equity. The scheme is absurd. It is to be hoped that it is nothing worse.

There is no doubt that the principle of co-operation may be nization as it has been on a large scale to the construction of docks, advantageously applied on a small scale to emigration and colocanals, and railroads. But it must be on the same rules. Either by special or general legislation, or by charter, the Associations must be legalised. The objects must be defined as clearly as in a benefit society; power must be given to sue, and be sued by one public officer, and to sue members by a summary process. Discipline must be enforced and a jurisdiction established like that by which benefit societies are ruled, without which the savings of members would inevitably be devoured by the insatiable maw of the law.

The Colonial-office could not take a more useful or popular step than by introducing a law under which working men could safely associate for purposes of emigration and colonization, as they do now in building clubs and benefit societies.

LIFE OF A SQUATTER IN AUSTRALIA.-The following is a specimen of the daily life of the generality of the squatters at their stations in the bush. On awaking in the morning the squatter lights his pipe and smokes whilst his breakfast is being prepared. This consists of a huge heap of mutton chops or a piece of salt beef and damper, which he washes down with an ocean of strong green tea, literally saturated with coarse brown sugar. After breakfasting, the squatter again lights his pipe, mounts his horse, and sallies forth on his daily avocations among his sheep or cattle: the short blackened pipe his constant companion, is frequently replenished in the course of the day. His dinner is the counterpart of his breakfast, viz., mutton-chops, or salt beef, damper, and tea. In the evening the squatter smokes, reads, or writes until supper, when another vast mass of meat and tea is again brought forward, and then, after smoking one more pipe, he goes to bed. This rough and uncomfortable life is supposed to be unavoidable, but many of them have their slab cottages kept in the most scrupulous state of neatness and cleanliness, whilst the table is supplied with fowls, geese, and butter, cream, all kinds of vegetables, home made beer, and properly made bread.—Hodgson's Reminiscences. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF AUSTRALIA.-Look at our geographical position. Glance at a chart of the world, and see how very conveniently situated Australia is for trade and commerce. With a sea coast of nearly eight thousand miles, all indented at regular intervals with a vast number of safe, large, and commodious harbours, partly in the torrid zone, and partly in the temperate zone, Australia is in the very centre of the busy manufactured; China produces our tea and silk; in India our rice is raised; world. In Java, the Mauritius, and the Philippine Islands, our sugar is in Ceylon our coffee. And these islands and countries in return will find ductions. We are no great distance, only about a month's sail, from the it their interest to open a market for the sale of some of our surplus prowestern coast of America; and all the islands of the Pacific, as well as those of the Indian Archipelago, will be so many convenient market-places for Australian produce. Rev. D. Mackenzie's Guide.

LIFE IN THE BUSH;

OR, PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN EMIGRANT. BY A BUSHMAN.-No. III.

SHEPHERDS-Continued.

Lambing time is the busiest period. It generally commences and ends in September, the first spring month. A flock of 1000 ewes is then divided into two parts; those that have lambed, with the ewes and lambs, and those that are going to lamb; they generally separate the ewes with their lambs carefully every morning, and those that are weakly are left about the hut in charge of the hut-keeper, who, with the shepherd, has plenty to do to look after the lambs, and see that the eagle hawk does not carry them off. This is a bird as large as a cock, which hovers about most stations in the lambing time, and will carry off a lamb a day old in his claws. The crows also require looking after, as they will pick out the lambs' eyes if they are not looked after.

Having caught the sheep, they place him on his rump, and, commencing at the neck or shoulder, take the fleece off in one whole piece.

It is then picked up by a boy, or black fellow, or a woman, and put upon the wire table, where stands the master, overseer, or superintendent, and immediately shaken, folded, and sorted. All wethers' fine fleeces are

kept together, all the coarser ones, separate,―ewes' and rams' ditto. After wool is sorted in the bins, it is taken out and pressed in bales, which generally average 250 lbs. each.

As soon as one lot of sheep are shorn, they are turned out into a pen appropriated to them; another lot is put in, and so the operation continues until the whole of the flocks are shorn. Rum is given to the shearers often three times a day, as it is very hard work stooping over the sheep for hours.

Shearing is generally a very jolly time, as all your friends who are not so engaged, knowing the grog is about, come round to visit you and drink a friendly glass.

NEW ZEALAND.

lasts a month.

The next anxious period is washing and shearing, this generally commences about the 15th of October, by which time the lambs are pretty strong.

It is best to wash in running water. The first operation is to make the wash-pen. You run some large logs into the bed of the pool or stream, and leaving each end to project in the stream (like the shafts of a cart), you then divide them into three divisions: a pen is then made on the bank sufficiently large to hold the whole flock; inside this there is a smaller pen, large enough to hold fifty sheep: a number of men then drive the sheep into the large pen, and out of that into the small pen, where the shepherd catches each sheep by the hind leg, and pitches him head foremost into division No. 1; he continues throwing in until it is quite full; they are well soaked in this, when a man standing in division No. 1 passes the sheep's head under the pole into the men in No. 2, where they begin washing them by commencing at the neck, and pressing the wool between their hands in layers all the way down their back, and repeating the operation all over; the sheep is then passed to division No. 3, when the operation is repeated, the overseer or master generally taking him in hand last to see he is perfectly clean having gone through these three divisions, he is generally made to swim across the river to the opposite side, where a shepherd is stationed to receive them as they swim across: in this way a flock or two is generally washed in a day if it is fine weather, they are fit to be shorn in four or five days after they are washed: the shepherd has to be very careful with them, not letting dogs drive them at all for fear of the dust, and keeping them on clean ground.

:

SHEARING.-Shearing, washing, and pressing, is generally performed by men who travel about from station to station in the season, looking for employment. These men during the rest of the year, as the shearing only lasts about three months, are employed in fencing or building, or bullock driving they earn enormous wages, and are, for the most part, a dissipated class of beings, working like horses, to use an old saying, and often spending like asses. I knew a man who used to earn 3007. or 400/ in a year at building and shearing; at the end of this time he would go to Sydney, buy a blue swallow-tail coat, white cords, top boots, a gig and horse, and live at the rate of 3,000l. a year for about six weeks or two months, when he would return to hard work, sleeping half the rest of the year without a roof.

To return to the shearers; they shear from 60 to 130 a day, and earn from 2s. 6d. to 5s. a score, according to the demand for their services.

Shearing sheds are of two descriptions; one, as the name denotes, is a mere bark shed, just sufficient to shelter the men from the heat of the sun. On the floor, to keep the wool from the dust, a dray tarpaulin is spread, on which the sheep is shorn, and as soon as the fleece is taken off, it is folded and packed hot in the bale. This is the manner that persons who have only one, two, or three thousand sheep generally shear them, until they can afford to put up a proper wool shed, which costs from 1007. to 6007.

The following is the description of a shed which cost, with the yards, 3001. The shed was 80 feet long and 20 feet broad; the roof of bark. It was built of large stringy bark slabs, grooved top and bottom,—that is to say, at the bottom the slabs, instead of being let into the ground, as they very often are, were let into a large block of wood, lying along, and as stout as Mr. Brunel's railway sleepers on the Great Western. Twenty feet of this shed was completely closed in, with the exception of a door and a window: this was the place where the wool was pressed and packed. The other sixty feet was open all the way down the eastern side. Opposite this part were three large and one small yard. Inside this open space were several bins for assorting the wool, and two tables made of wire bird-cage work, on which the fleeces were shaken and tied up. The following is the operation :-The shearers having all assembled, they commence sharpening their shears, having previously driven the sheep out of the large into the small pens, and from them into the catching pen, which runs the length of the part they shear in, each man seizes a sheep, and as the men are paid by the score, and sheep have a great variety of fleeces,-so much so, that one man may shear one sheep in half the time he can another, there is, therefore, always great competition to get hold of the best sheep in every pen, and if there is a sheep with a particularly tough fleece, he gets left till the last, every man endeavouring to manoeuvre so that he shall not have him.

WITH regard to New Zealand, the total population of the island is now estimated at 107,000. The soil varies very much, but the advantage of the country is in the climate. Plants which in Europe are annuals become perennials. This has been observed in the case of barley, beans, &c. The wheat is remarkably good, and grows exceedingly high, the stalk being so strong that it has the power of resisting any ordinary wind, and is never laid. It is alleged, also, to have produced fifty bushels to the acre. The natives never grow wheat in large quantites. The myrtle and the fuschia are large timber trees. Cabbages grow close to the sea-shore with a heart 18 inches in diameter, and radishes become larger than mangel-wurzel, as big, in fact, as a man's leg. All sorts of European fruits are found to answer, and oranges are said to grow in the northern parts. The clearing of the forests in New Zealand is exceedingly difficult, but generally there is no tap root. The roots run along the surface, so much more profitable than the ordinary timber of New South Wales. The that it is not very hard to get them up. The timber of New Zealand is Kauri kind, which will grow 90 or 100 feet without a branch, is in use by the Admiralty for spars. At present the difficulty in their exportation is the want of facility for water carriage. The ornamental woods grow in abundance, but they are destroyed with the others in clearing, as the expense of transport would be more than they are worth in England. As respects the quality of the wool produced in this colony, the staple is long and fine, and the facility of washing it is great. Sheep, as well as the wool, thrive, and there is never occasion to slaughter them on account of the want of pasturage or the want of water.

Mineral wealth has been found in abundance. Large lodes of copper have been discovered, the ore of which is good and easily obtained. Manganese abounds everywhere, and there are also indications of ironstone. A German doctor who came out discovered a teacupful of small rubies fit for a watchmaker, which he found on the Manawatu river. In the south, at Wanganui, there is abundance of coal, all on the coast, and at present quite on the surface. This coal is strongly impregnated with sulphur, so that it discolours any lackered furniture there may be in houses, but it is admirable for steamers. It is said, however, to partake of the character of some of the oriental coals, and to have the property of spontaneous combustion. In all directions there is abundance of water power. The unoccupied land that might be profitably cultivated is extremely great. At 40 miles from Wellington there is an immense plain reaching from Palliser-bay quite into the interior, where the natives never go, from superstition. They call it the land of witches.

There is, of course, great want of labour in New Zealand, but should it come in large arrivals, it must be accompanied by capital. Wages are, at present, about 26s. or 27s. a week, reckoning 6s. or 7s. as the value of the rations. Some time back 50 Parkhurst boys, between the ages of 18 and 20, were sent out, but here, as in Western Australia, they turned out so badly in point of morals that they were injurious to the colony.

The choicest locality in the country, both as regards harbours and in other respects, is what is called the French settlement. It consists at present of "about 50 miserable objects," and the company are negociating with them for their territory.

The native population are improving, and there is one tribe who have got a mill for making flour, which they dispose of to the Europeans at Port Nicholson, but still they are diminishing with great rapidity"chiefly from sickness arising from the change of their clothes and their habits, from mixing with the white people, and also the disposal of their women to the white people."-Times, Sept. 29.

Debt of the UnITED STATES.-The bankrupt States, or those not paying any interest, though not all repudiators, are ten, and these are pretty near the amounts following, viz., 1. Pennsylvania, 41,000,000 dollars; 2. Louisiana, 17,000,000 dirs.; 3. Maryland, 15,000,000 dlrs.; 4. Illinois 15,000,000 dlrs.; 5. Indiana, 14,000,000 dirs.; 6. Alabama, 13,000,000 dollars; 7. Mississippi, 8,000,000 dollars; 8. Florida, 5,000,000 dollars; 9. Michigan, 4,000,000 dollars; 10. Arkansas, 3,500,000 dollars; total, 135,500,000 dollars. Whilst there are ten States which may be called bankrupt, seeing they have repudiated and no longer pay the dividends, there are, on the other hand, ten other States whose stocks are reckoned as very good, as they regularly provide for the payment of their interest: these are as follows, viz., New York owes 28,000,000 dollars; Ohio, 19,000,000 dollars; Virginia, 7,000,000 dollars; Kentucky, 4,500,000 dollars; Tennessee, 3,000,000 dollars; Georgia, 2,000,000 dollars; South Carolina, 3,000,000 dollars; Missouri, 1,000,000 dollars; Maine, 2,000,000 dollars; Massachusetts, 7,000,000 dollars; total, 76,500,000 dollars. Without reckoning the national debt of America, giving a grand total of indebtedness amounting to 212,000,000 dollars, which is nearly 50,000,000l. sterling, a tremendous sum, which ought not to be increased.-Rubio's Rambles.

AUSTRALIAN HORSES.-The colonial breed of horses is chiefly descended from those imported at an early period from England, and has since been improved by the frequent importation by Arabs of pure breed from India, and choice horses from Europe and South America.- Jamieson's New Zealand.

UPPER CANADA.

THE portion of Upper Canada that has been laid out into townships, extends from the eastern frontier, along the northern shore of the river St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and the communications between it and Lake Uron, in length about 570 miles; its breadth towards the north varies from forty to fifty miles. Throughout the whole of this tract, the soil is excellent, not exceeded in fertility by any other part of the American continent. It generally consists of a fine dark loam, mixed with a rich vegetable mould, but it is so happily varied as to present situations adapted to every species of produce. For about 170 miles in the eastern portion of the province, to the head of the Bay of Quinté, on Lake Ontario, the land is spread out into an almost uniform level of great beauty, which rises only a few feet from the bank of the St. Lawrence. It is well watered by streams, many of them navigable, and which present desirable situations for erecting water-mills. The country which lies between the two Lakes of Ontario and Erie, and which extends round the western extremity of Lake Ontario to the Bay of Quinté, comprehending the Newcastle, the Howe, and the Niagara districts, is watered by a number of large and small streams. The land throughout is uncommonly rich and fertile, and contains a number of flourishing settlements. A road leads from Toronto, near the western extremity of Lake Ontario, to Lake Simcoe, a lake which is forty miles long and twelve broad. The remaining part of the tract which extends along the northern shores of Lake Erie, from the river Ouse to the Lake and River of St. Clair, is an uninterrupted level, abounding in advantageous situations for settlements, and those portions which are already occupied and under tillage, equal any part of either province, in the plentiful crops and thriving farms with which they abound. The portion of the country which lies between Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, is perhaps the most delightful in the whole province.

CLIMATE.-In Canada the opposite extremes of heat and cold are felt in all their excess. The greatest heat experienced in summer is from 96° to 102° of Fahrenheit, in the shade, but the usual summer heat is about 80° or 82°. In winter the thermometer is sometimes 60° of Fahrenheit below the freezing point, although it never continues above one or two days so low. The medium temperature of winter may be estimated, in general, to be from 20° to 25° degrees below zero. The pure atmosphere and cloudless sky which always accompanies this intense frost, makes it both pleasant and healthy, and renders its effects on the body much less severe than when the atmosphere is loaded with vapours. In Canada the spring, summer, and autumn, are comprehended in five months, from May till September; the rest of the year may be said to consist wholly of winter. In October, frost begins to be felt, although, during the day, the rays of the sun still keep the weather tolerably warm. In November the frost increases in rigour; and one storm succeeds another, until the face of the country is covered with snow. This gloomy and disagreeable weather frequently continues till the middle or latter end of December, when the atmosphere clears; an intense frost then succeeds; the sky becomes serene, pure, and frosty; and of a bright azure hue, and this cold, clear, weather, generally lasts till May. During this frozen period, sledges replace wheeled carriages. The inhabitants take advantage of the winter to visit their friends, as one horse will draw a sledge eighty and even ninety miles in a day; in general open curricles are preferred. About the middle of December the smaller streams are frozen over; and towards the close of the month, the river, from Quebec to Kingston, and between the great lakes, is wholly frozen over. When the river is frozen over, it affords an easy and cheap means of transport for firewood and other produce. The snow begins to melt in April, and it generally disappears by the end of the third week. In Western Canada the winters are much shorter than in Lower Canada; and the cold is not so intense. The spring opens, and the labours of the farmers commence six weeks or two months earlier than in the neighbourhood of Quebec. The climate is not liable to the same extremes of either heat or cold, and the weather in autumn is usually favourable for securing all the late crops.-Longman's Edit. of Malte-Brun and Balbi.

COLONIZING CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.-There is a flourishing community of Harmonites on a part of the Ohio, near Beaver, called Economy; and in a day or two we should be approaching another equally prosperous, known as Rapp's settlement, at Harmony; now purchased, I think I understood, by Mr. Owen. It is a singular thing that these communities are all, without exception, prosperous; not only making money, but, unlike individual farmers, possessing it and keeping it. There are the Davidites, to the north of Toronto, in Canada; the Fourrierites, in Massachusetts; the Mormons, at Nauvoo, opposite Fort Madison, on the Mississippi; and the Shakers, at Lebanon-cum multis aliis—and all doing well. The disciples of the Frenchman, Fourrier, are understood to be the best, and based on the truest principles of co-operation, without encouraging idleness or working the willing horse to death. In society it is proved, beyond question, that a settlement may be made in a new country where land is cheap and labour dear, with far better prospects of success than by private and individual exertions. By himself one man becomes almost frightened at how much he has to do, and how much he has to endure; but in community these difficulties vanish. The union and co-operative labour is doubly effective in felling trees, raising log buildings, &c.; indeed, it is a continual "bee," to use the country phrase, where every one assists the other, whilst all the profit of storekeeping, banking, or any other legitimate pursuit, goes into the general accumulating fund, instead of enriching an individual, and becomes public wealth, in opposition to private wealth. Manufactures, building, and mining succeed to tillage, and by good management such societies ultimately become the richest in the country.

If fifty families should agree in London, on this principle, and embark for the Gore or London district, or some of the adjoining districts in Canada West, and club their little funds together to purchase an improved farm, they could not fail of success. Of course there must be rules and regulations laid down, and a leader appointed to preserve order and enforce economy and honesty. Every one must sign the agreement, and the creation of wealth after the first year or two would be astonishing.—Ru

bio's Rambles.

POPULATION. The total population of the province of Canada West is nearly 600,000, as follows; viz. :-Natives of England, 60,000; Ireland, 100,000; Scotland, 45,000; French Canada, 14,000; Canada West, 280,000; United States, 39,000; Other foreigners, 14,000; Total, 552,000.-Rubio's Rambles.

CORRESPONDENCE.

OUR correspondence continues to press upon us in such a manner as to compel us to alter the plan of reply which we originally proposed to adopt. We must again observe, that as we go to press nearly a week in advance of the day of publication in order to publish simultaneously in the three kingdoms, communications must reach us a clear week before the day of publication. While we gratefully acknowledge the expressions of sympathy and good-will we have received from all classes, we should be glad of brevity; large sheets of paper, and clear writing when possible. To read from forty to fifty letters a day is no joke. Young ladies are requested not to cross their letters. All questions as to the prospects of female emigration will be found in the ladies' column of the Nos. 1 and 2. All intending emigrants should buy the Government Colonization Circular. Parties should read the whole of the correspondence, if they think any question is unanswered; the same questions are repeated by many inquirers.

We regret to have mislaid an interesting letter on Western Australia and colonization generally, which we intended to have published with some remarks of our own. Thanks to "Agricola ;" his communication was timely. The same to our Norfolk correspondent.

For reasons given in No. 3, New Brunswick is not at present a desirable emigration field. The same may be said of Van Diemen's Land,. which all are leaving who can leave. Railroads will restore New Brunswick. New Zealand, will be treated in a separate article, as well as Texas and California; neither of the two latter are desirable resorts for European emigrants.

LABOURERS.

GENTLEMEN,-In what way should emigrants set about to obtain a free passage, and what would they be bound to do by going that way, and how long would they be in working it out? 2nd, How would they live during that time, what wages would they get as farm-labourers, and what port is the best to go to? What accommodation would there be for them in going out, and what would they have to take with them? You say Sydney is the best place to go to first, what would be the best course to pursue on landing there?

MR. EDITOR,-As I wish very much to emigrate to Australia with my family, but not possessing the means to pay for our passage, can you inform me, sir, who I can apply to ? Or do you think it likely I can go out with a gentleman, with the proviso that I work for him for a specified number of years? Allow me to say that I am a thorough domestic servant; I am able to break-in and take care of horses, bleeding, physicking, &c., &c.; also a turner, in all its branches, possessing everything required for such a trade; indeed I may venture to say that I am a very handy man.

[The questions of labourers, as to free passages, will be found fully answered in the Information column. For mere labourers there is an unlimited demand in all the Australian colonies, at from 207. to 351. a year wages, with food and hut for himself and wife, and ground for a garden, if he chooses to cultivate it. A handy man like the turner, groom, &c., will be sure to succeed, and will probably find some one willing to take him out, and take his note of hand for the passage money. He had better apply to the Colonization Society, 7, Trinity Chambers, Charing Cross, and to the shipping agents, who will tell him what cabin passengers are going out with horses, and need some one to take care of them.]

HORSES, CATTLE, &c.

GENTLEMEN,-By answering the following questions you will oblige. Description of horses? Size and description of cattle? Weight of sheep for grazing, and general breed? The best locality for a dairy? The best market for goods? The best district for grazing? The best district for arable? What will the land grow? The description of trees for timber? Is water abundant? Is the climate generally congenial to health? What apparel is suitable to the climate? Do you think that the purchase of land to let or sell in smaller lots would be advantageous? Do you think that a steam saw-mill would answer in either of the large towns?

[The horses are English breeds intermixed in many instances with Arabs, and as good as any man can desire. The cattle include the best breeds of short-horns, Devonshires, and Herefords. The sheep are Merino and Leicester-weight 15 lbs. a quarter. Put your dairy in the coolest district you can find; for how to build one see Wilkinson's "South Australia," a good book, although rather too flattering and flowery in estimating profits. The best market for goods is too vague a question. Port Phillip unites the best arable and grazing land, but there are fine districts in all the colonies to be bought. The land will grow everything, from wheat and potatoes to pine-apples, grapes, melons, and tobacco, and that without much gardening. The trees are evergreen, useful for the purposes of the country, but not often worth exporting. Water is not abundant; you only settle, if wise, where it is always to be had. The success of landjobbing depends on circumstances that can only be learned on the spot and at the time. There are steam saw-mills in the large towns. the third person who has asked the same question. In new flourishing townships it may answer, if you have one, but not to buy one for the purpose.]

You are

CLERKS, &C., WITH CAPITAL. GENTLEMEN.-I have long wished to meet with some authentic source from which I could derive some wished-for information relative to the now all-absorbing topic of Emigration. From what I have been able to collect on the subject, it would appear that none but agriculturists and mechanics are considered to be eligible persons to leave this over-burdened, over-populated, and over-taxed country. I cannot but think that this cannot altogether be the case; but must imagine that to persons with limited incomes, or small capital, although unacquainted with either mechanical or agricultural pursuits, a country where the necessaries of life are cheap, a few acres to be bought for a few pounds, and the fearful knock of the tax-collector unknown, must be a most welcome place of refuge. I will, however, state my own case; and I should feel very grateful for any hints you may throw out to me, not only as they may prove of service to me, but to many others similarly situated to myself.