the few gaps left are at once filled. Beethoven, born in the Rhine provinces, was ultimately of Flemish descent; Haydn and Mozart belonged to the Austrian provinces of the south-east. In this sense, no less than in those indicated at the beginning of the chapter, the romantic revival was, in the fullest measure, an awakening of the nation. Consult the following, among other works: Scherer, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur (3rd ed., 1885); Robertson, History of German Literature (1902); Julian Schmidt, Geschichte des geistigen Lebens in Deutschland von Leibnitz bis auf Lessings Tod (2 vols., 1862-64), and Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur seit Lessings Tod (3 vols., 1858); Hettner, Litteraturgeschichte des 18en Jahrhunderts (6 vols., 4th ed., 1893-94), and Die Romantische Schule in ihrem inneren Zusammenhang mit Goethe und Schiller (1850); Brandes, Hovedströmningr i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (English Translation, 6 vols., 1901-5); Lewes, Life of Goethe (3rd ed., 1882; Düntzer, Goethes Leben (1850); Goethe, Wahrheit und Dichtung, Annalen, Italienische Reise, Briefe an Frau v. Stein (3 vols., 1848-51), Briefwechsel mit Schiller (2 vols., 3rd ed., 1870), Briefe zwischen Goethe und Knebel (2 vols., 1851), Gespräche (ed. Biedermann, 10 vols., 1889-96); Schiller, Briefwechsel mit Körner (4 vols., 1847), Briefwechsel mit W. v. Humboldt (2nd ed., 1876); Carlyle, Life of Schiller (1825); K. Fischer, SchillerSchriften (2 vols., 1891-92), and Lessing als Reformator der deutschen Litteratur (1881); Haym, Die Romantische Schule (1870), and Herder nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken dargestellt (2 vols., 1877-85); Fr. Schlegel, Briefe an A. W. Schlegel (ed. Walzel, 1890); Holtei, Briefe an Tieck (4 vols., 1867); Heine, Die Romantische Schule (Werke, ed. Elster, vol. v.); Goschen, George Joachim Göschen, Publisher and Printer (2 vols., 1903), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (50 vols., 1875-1905); Caird, Philosophy of Kant (1877). mas everly than any of a predecesors had done. best wet the form of art as the matter. a lave brought art once more into excsen with the vital realities of hie without degrading their mi maid; to have fixed the place of ar side by side with the other energies of man-with his impulse towards knowledge, action, and religion-as one of the shing manifestations of the reason, the idea," with works in and through them all. In leaving Germany, it is well to point out how evenly the literary genius of the period was distributed over the length and breadth of the land. mmon to Goethe came from the Rhineland, on the west; Kant and Herder from the Russian border, on the extreme east, Hegel were natives of Su Leasing and Fichte of towards the north-eas musicians who arg 352 CHAPTER III. FRANCE AND ITALY. LATIN COUNTRIES-FRANCE-CLASSICAL SURVIVALS: POETRY-DRAMA NOVEL-REALISM— LA HARPE — THE TRANSITION: "LE DRAME TRAGEDY-INFLUENCE OF SHAKESPEARE-LETOURNEUR-DUCISCOMEDY: BEAUMARCHAIS-FABRE D'EGLANTINE-TRAGEDY: M. J. CHÉNIER LEMERCIER : TRAGEDY HIS COMEDY DESCRIPTIVE POETRY FOREIGN INFLUENCES- -THOMSON SAINT LAMBERT— MADAME DELILLE-FONTANES-PARNY-INFLUENCE OF ROUSSEAU-FLORIAN AS CRITIC- HIS IMPORTANCE IN THE HISTORY OF ROMANCE- Latin ment. THE Latin countries were far more deeply in bondage" to the classical tradition than either Germany or England; and it was much later before countries. they were captured by the romantic moveAccordingly, a slighter treatment will here suffice for our purpose; and the history of the two countries to be considered in this chapter will naturally fall under two heads: the survival of the classical tradition on the one hand, on the other the first beginnings of the movement towards romance. The place of honour, it need hardly be said, belongs to France. It was here that the classical tradition had cast the deepest roots. It France. was here that the romantic reaction was most vividly declared. Over the writers who can fairly be said to have followed the classical worship, pure and undefiled, it is unnecessary to linger. The breath of life had already departed from their cult; and, since Rousseau, the vital tendencies were in the direction of romance. Alike in poetry, the drama, the novel, and the more miscellaneous forms of literature, new influences were astir; and from these influences even the most hardened classicists were unable to keep themselves entirely free. Classical sur In poetry it is perhaps enough to mention Gilbert (1751-1780), whose satires (Le poète malheureux, Le L Dix-huitième Siècle, and others), largely vivals-Poetry inspired by hatred of the "philosophers," have a vigorous eloquence, moulded on the approved classical models. Yet even he intersperses his attacks on Voltaire and Diderot with sneers at Z |