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most striking of the three. In his choice of subjectthe liberation of Russia from the Tartar yoke-the author follows in the steps of De Belloy and Joseph Chénier. And, though Voltaire and Racine have left their mark upon his language, it is beyond question the romantic innovators whose influence prevails. Written under stress of the dread and hatred of Napoleon, performed exactly a month before the battle of Eylau, what wonder that this stirring drama roused the spectators to a frenzy of enthusiasm, that its fiery appeal to the memories of the past carried all before it? The Historic Drama, as we have seen, played a large part in the romantic revival; and, if we except Charles IX., no drama of the kind struck home so directly to the heart of those who witnessed it as this.

It remains only to speak of the Novel; and, here again, we confine ourselves to the work of one writer. Karamzin (1766-1826), who was later to win Novel. fame as a historian, began with two tales, Natalja and Bjednaja Liza (1792), one of which, at any rate, sets him, at a stroke, among the masters. The former of these, the story of a girl who elopes with a young outlaw, is somewhat spoilt by the dash of jocoseness which the author chose to mingle with his sentiment. Yet, even here, the directness of the narrative and its genuine humour show considerable power. In Bjednaja Liza-the story of a girl's betrayal-no such abatement need be made. The humour of Natalja is doubtless absent; it would have been singularly out of place. But in simplicity, in pathos, in rigorous ex

clusion of all that is not absolutely germane to the matter, this short story-it could easily be printed in thirty pages-has seldom, if ever, been surpassed. The masterpiece of Karamzin has little, or nothing, in common with the Russian novel, as it has subsequently taken shape. It belongs rather to the stock of Rousseau and Saint-Pierre. But, in the larger sense, the author is not unworthy to have prepared the way for the creations of Gogol, Turgenjev, and Dostojevsky.

This closes our sketch of the Romantic Revolt. During the thirty years of our period-sooner in one country, later in another-we have seen the stirrings Conclusion. of a new life spread from end to end of the commonwealth of Europe. Everywhere they brought a reaction against the classical conventions. Everywhere, directly or indirectly, immediately or in the long-run, they resulted in throwing the nation upon its own resources, in restoring to it the heritage of its own soil. In the Latin countries, no doubt, this process was less thoroughly carried out. For there the soil itself was steeped in classical traditions; and for the Frenchman or the Italian the escape could not be so complete as for the Teuton and the Slav. Yet even in France and Italy the old forms largely vanished, the old spirit was profoundly modified. For the Teuton, in a less degree for the Slav, these years were, in the strictest sense, a new birth. There had been nothing like it

1 It may be added that he translated Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar and Lessing's Emilia Galotti. He was the only Russian of the time to be deeply influenced by the English and the Germans.

since the Renaissance. But, whereas the Renaissance was, in the first instance, the invasion of a foreign culture, the Romantic Revival was, except in the Latin countries, a war of liberation. Hence, in spite of a general resemblance, the marvellous variety of genius, of imaginative beauty conceived and shaped by genius, which it produced. It was a return to the soil to the inexhaustible fertility of nature.

Consult the following, among other works: Biographie Universelle and Nouvelle Biographie Générale (as before); Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature (3 vols., 6th ed., 1882); Bouterwek and Sismondi (as before); Rhizos-Rhankabes, Histoire littéraire de la Grèce moderne (2 vols., 1877); J. ten Brink, Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (1897); Hansen, Illustreret Dansk Litteratur Historie (3 vols., 2nd ed., 1902); Vedel, Svensk Romantik (1894); Pypin und Spasowic, Geschichte der Slavischen Litteraturen (German translation, 3 vols., 1880); Pypin, Istorija Russkoi Literatury (4 vols., 2nd ed., 1902-3); Brückner, Geschichte der Russischen Litteratur (1905).

INDEX.

Albany, Louise, Countess of, 453,
462.

Alembert, Jean-le-rond d', 362-3,
391.

Alexis, Wilibald (i.e., Wilhelm
Häring), 88.

Alfieri, Vittorio, Conte di, 270,
437, 448, 452-4; his classical
genius, 457-8; romantic elements
in it, 457-8; his comedies, 459-
61; his autobiography, 461-2.
Algarotti, Francesco, Conte di, 438.
Almeida, Tolentino de, 471.
Anti-Jacobin, the, 119, 221, 237.
Arabian Nights, the, 73, 193, 481.
Araujo, Antonio de, 472.

Arnold, Matthew, 23, 26, 265, 430.
Arouet, François. See Voltaire.
Austen, Anne, Lady, 20.
Austen, Jane, 87, 106-8.

Bage, Robert, 96, 113-4.
Baggesen, Jens, 478-9.
Baillie, Joanna, 91-2.
Balbin, Aloys Boleslav, 491.
Balzac, Honoré de, 356.
Baour-Lormian, Louis Pierre Marie
François, 373.

Barthélemy, Jean Jacques, 389,
390.

Beattie, James, 28.

Beaumarchais, Caron de, 359, 365-7.
Beccaria, Cesare, Marchese di, 438.
Beckford, William, 99, 100, 291.
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 351.

Belloy, Pierre Laurent Buirette de,
360, 389, 466, 476, 493, 499.
Bentham, Jeremy, 143-8, 329.
Beowulf, editio princeps of, 158.
Bertin, Antoine, 379.
Bertola-di-Georgi, Aurelio Georgio,
441-2.

Bilderdijk, Willem, 474-5.
Blake, William, 36-41, 50.
Bodmer, Johann Jacob, 160, 172,
189, 192.

Boie, Heinrich Christian, 190, 215,
216.

Bowles, William Lisle, 52-3.
Browning, Robert, 45, 48, 93.
Brun, Johan Nordahl, 479.
Buffon, Jean Louis Leclerc, Comte
de, 386, 388-9.

Bürger, Gottfried August, 10, 15,
30, 55, 190, 215-9.

Burke, Edmund, 45, 120-37, 147,

154, 330, 391, 395, 432, 434, 435.
Burney, Frances, 104-6, 107.
Burns, Robert, 27-36, 41, 50, 218.
Butler, Samuel, 35.

Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord,
15, 22, 42, 48, 50, 51, 53, 69, 76,
85, 89, 90, 102, 120, 262, 420,
428, 445, 475.

Caffè, Società del, 437-8.
Caldéron, Pedro Cald. de la Barca,
102, 255, 287, 296-9, 301, 303,
305-6, 311, 464, 469.
Campbell, Thomas, 48-9.

Canning, George, 76, 119.

Deken, Agatha, 476-7.

Carlyle, Thomas, 149, 262, 263, Delille, Jacques, 376-8, 475, 486.

312-3, 314, 342.

Casti, Giambattista, 444-5.

Della Crusca, Accademia, 437-8.
Dellacruscans, the, 117.

Catherine II., 362, 390, 392, 493, Desmoulins, Camille, 396-7.

494, 495, 496.

Cavendish, Henry, 164.
Cesarotti, Melchiorre, 439-41.
Chateaubriand, François René,
Vicomte de, 10, 114, 358, 377,
379, 381, 385, 386, 409, 412, 416,
417, 418; his relation to Rous-
seau, 419-20; his romances, 421-
4; Le Génie, 424-6; as critic,
426-8; his place in Romance, 428;
429, 435.

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of,
154.

Chatterton, Thomas, 10, 13.

Chénier, Marie André, 398-404, 423.
Chénier, Marie Joseph, 367-9, 371-2,
397, 450, 476, 499.

Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre Am-
broise François, 355.
Churchill, Charles, 17.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 10, 15,
30, 31, 37, 43, 45; his poetry,
55-7, 74, 76, 80, 84, 86; Osorio,
91; 134; as philosopher, 148-50;
as critic, 150-1; 243, 251, 318,
428, 481, 492.

Collins, William, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17,
30, 39, 52.

Colman, George (the younger), 95.
Comte, Auguste, 134, 347, 393.
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine
Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de,
393-4, 408.

Constant, Benjamin, 398, 414.
Coraes, Diamantes, 473.

Correa Garcão, Pedro Antonio,
471.

Cowper, William, 16-27, 28, 32, 52,
79.

Crabbe, George, 41-6, 70.
Cumberland, Richard, 94, 97.

Dalton, John, 164.

Danton, Georges Jacques, 367, 397.

Darwin, Charles, 164.

Darwin, Erasmus, 164, 237-8.

Dashkov, Princess, 497.

Davy, Humphry, 164.

Day, Thomas, 111, 487.

Diderot, Denis, 174, 182, 183, 261,
353, 358, 362, 390, 466, 494.
Djerjavin, Gabriel, 496.
Dobner, Gelasius, 490.
Dobrovski, Joseph, 490-1.
Dostojevski, Fedor, 500,
Dryden, John, 17, 34, 472.
Ducis, Jean François, 363-5, 498.
Dugonics, Andreas, 474.
Dumas, Alexandre (père), 88.

Edda, the, editio princeps of, 160.
Edgeworth, Maria, 87, 109, 111.
Edinburgh Review, 153.

Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried, 162.
Eliot, George (i.e., Marian Evans),
87, 108.

Ellis, George, 118-9, 153.
Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille
d', 362.

Erskine, Thomas, Lord, 142.
Escoiquiz, Juan, 469.
Ewald, Johannes, 480-1.

Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Fran-
çois Nazaire, 367.
Feith, Rhijnvis, 475-6.
Fergusson, Robert, 11.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 131, 187,
192, 194, 336, 340-2, 343, 345,
347-8, 349, 350.

Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de,
381, 492.

Fontanes, Louis, Marquis de, 378-9,
409.

Fon-Vizin, Denis, 497-8.
Foscolo, Ugo, 439, 450-2.
Fox, Charles James, 155.
Franklin, Benjamin, 163.
Franzén, Franz Michael, 484.
Frederick the Great, 168, 250.
Frere, John Hookham, 119.

Galt, John, 87.

Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 108.
Gessner, Salomon, 372, 442, 472,

492.

Gibbon, Edward, 123, 162.

Gifford, William, 117, 153.

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