meridian, and extending to the Bitter Root and Wind River Mountains, the westernmost range of the Rocky Mountains on the west. It lies between the 45th and 49th parallels of north latitude, the west portion dipping down to the 44th parallel, and between the 104th and the 116th meridians west from Greenwich, Its area is 143,776 square miles, or 92,016, 640 acres, or one seventh larger than the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a mountainous country, though it has many beautiful and some fertile valleys, and some extensive plains. The various ranges of the Rocky Mountains traverse the whole western portion, covering a width of from 150 to 180 miles. The Bitter Root range divides it from Idaho Territory. There are also lower ranges dividing the Yellowstone from the Missouri, as well as north of the Missouri, and south of the Yellowstone; they run from west to east. The Territory is well watered. The sources of the largest rivers of the continent, the Missouri with its great tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin, and the head waters of the Snake and Clark's Fork, the two great tributaries of the Columbia River, are in this Territory. The climate is mild and temperate except on the high elevations. The rainfall is from 12 to 16 inches annually, and is increasing, but the facilities for irrigation are generally good.

The Territory is rich in mineral wealth, 120 millions of dollars of gold and silver, mostly gold, having been produced in its mines since 1861. The yield in 1878 exceeded $5,000,000. There are also valuable copper ores, coal beds, (lignite) and petroleum springs in this Territory.

About one-ninth of the whole land in Montana has been surveyed; while there is much of the Territory which is unsurveyable, and worthless for agricultural and pastoral purposes, there is also a much larger amount of valuable land than has hitherto been supposed. The sage-brush lands, covered with alkali, and formerly supposed to be worthless, prove, under the increased rainfall, and especially with moderate irrigation, the most fertile lands for cereals in the world. The wheat and oats produced on these lands, surpass all others in the market in weight and quality. But this Territory is especially adapted for stock raising, and has already very large herds and flocks. The returns in 1878 show 300,000 cattle and 100,000 sheep, about 40,000 horses and mules. There are no railroads as yet, in the Territory, but it is very accessible by the Missouri and Yellowstone, and has good wagon roads. The Indians are not likely to be very troublesome.

IDAHO TERRITORY lies between the parallels of 42° and 49° north latitude and meridians of 1110 and 117° west longitude from Greenwich. It is of irregular form, narrow at the north and broad at the south, its eastern boundary being the Bitter Root and Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains, the westernmost range of these mountains.

It is for the most part in the Valley of the Snake or Lewis River, the main tributary of the Columbia River, and part of the great basin lying between the Rocky and the Sierra, Nevada or Cascade Mountains, but is crossed by several considerable ranges, those on the south-east and south forming the borders of the Great Salt Lake Basin, the Coeur d'Alene Mountains in the north being outlying spurs of the Bitter Root Mountains, and the vast irregular mass of the Salmon River Mountains near the centre, dividing the upper Snake River Valley from the Salmon River, or lower Snake River Valley. The area is 86,294 square miles, about as large as New York and Ohio. The Territory is mainly drained by the Snake River and its affluents, the Owyhee, Salmon and Spokane Rivers, through the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and some of its affluents cross it in the north, and the Bear River, a tributary of the Great Salt Lake, enters the Territory on the south. The climate of Idaho is temperate and mild except at the highest elevations. Much of the land requires irrigation, but under a moderate amount of irrigation it yields very large crops of cereals and vegetables. The mountain slopes are covered with heavy timber. There are considerable tracts of good pastoral lands. Only about onetwelfth of the area of the Territory has as yet been surveyed. Much of what are known as sage-brush lands might be profitably settled, by companies or colonies who would provide for irrigation on a large scale, by which the most bounteous crops could be secured.

The mineral wealth of the Territory is very great, over 23 millions of bullion, mostly gold, having been deposited in the mint and branches, previous to July 1, 1878. The yield in 1878 was at least $1,500,000, and might be almost indefinitely increased. There is one railroad in the southern part of the Territory, the Utah, extending from the Union Pacific at Ogden, to Old Fort Hall on the Snake River. The settlement by colonies is the best method in this Territory.

UTAH, "the land of the Mormons," lies between the parallels of 37° and 42° north

haritude, and between 109° and 114° west longitude from Greenwich. It is for the most part in a deep basin surrounded by high mountains, the Wahsatch range forming the eastern rim of the basin. East of this range the country belongs to the Rocky Mountain system. It is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, the Grand, Green and San Juan Rivers, all of which flow through deep canons, from 2,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface of the elevated plain.

West of the Wahsatch Mountains there are a succession of valleys, forming together a part of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the lakes and rivers have no outlet. The Great Salt Lake is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and has an area of 1,900 square miles.

In the north-west and west the plains are alkaline, treeless and covered with sagebush, but by irrigation, even these produce 40 to 50 bushels of wheat, 70 to 80 bushels of oats and barley, and from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes, to the acre. The Mountains are generally covered with timber, which belongs to the California forest growth, though not attaining its great height. There is about 4,000 square miles of timber of the 84,000 square miles in the Territory. The lower portion of the valley around Utah Lake, and the Jordan and Sevier, is fertile and requires less irrigation. The Mormon system of irrigation is very effective.

The climate, though dry and cool from the general elevation of the surface, iš very healthy. The rainfall is somewhat more than 15 inches annually, except in the north-west. Eastern Utah has a climate and soil much like Colorado; the soil yields large crops when irrigated. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are Mormons, a peculiar people acknowledging Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and their successors, as their supreme religous leaders and prophets, holding many strange and crude views, practicing polygamy, and defying the authority of the United States in regard to it. The remainder of the people are not Mormons, and are engaged in mining, agriculture and other business pursuits.

Utah is very rich in minerals. Mining for the precious metals has been discouraged by the Mormons, but the yield of silver is now more than $5,000,000 a year, and considerable quantities of gold are also produced. It is richer in the best iron ores than any other portion of the United States. It has also copper, lead and sulphur in abundance, and has immense beds of both lignite and bituminous coals of excellent quality. The Union Pacific Railroad passes across the northern portion, and the Utah Railroad, 54 miles in length, extends from Ogden southward. There are 350 irrigating canals.

NEW MEXICO, a Territory largely inhabited by Spanish Americans and the Mexican or Pueblo (village) Indians, lies between the parallels of 31° 20' and 37° north latitude, and between the meridians of 103° 27 and 109° 2' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 121,201 square miles, almost precisely that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It forms a part of the elevated table land which forms the foundation of the Rocky Mountains, as well as of the Sierra Nevada. At Santa Fe it is 6,682 feet above the sea, in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, 5,000 to 6,000 feet, at Albuquerque, 4,800 feet, on the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain, and at El Paso, 3,000 to 3,500 feet. From this elevated plain rise hundreds of peaks from 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the plain. The Staked Plain, in the south-east, is a broad, almost level, treeless and waterless plain, sterile, but where it can be irrigated, capable of yielding immense crops, and producing abundantly the mesquite, a small but very valuable and deep rooted shrub of the Acacia family. West of the Rio Grande, wherever irrigation is possible, the soil yields abundantly, grain and vegetables, while the gramma grass on the hill slopes furnishes a delicious and fattening food for cattle. The raising of cattle is likely to become the favorite agricultural pursuit in the Territory, and many portions are admirably adapted for fruit raising. The climate is unrivalled for health. The rainfall in Santa Fe is about 13 inches annually; at Mesilla, in the south part of the Territory, on the west bank of the Rio Grand, it is not quite six inches. There are two railroads entering the Territory. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe comes from the east, and is now completed to Santa Fe. The Denver and Rio Grande comes from the north, and has also reached Santa Fe. The population is about 130,000; 100,000 whites and nearly 90,000 of them Mexicans, the remainder mostly from the Eastern Statesthere are 25 to 30,000 Indians of various races, including about 8,000 Pueblo or Village Indians, of the ancient Mexican races. Education is in a very low condition; more than three-fifths of the population cannot read or write. The public Schools and most of the private Schools are under control of the Jesuits, or other Catholic orders, and the instruction is more religious than literary. Colonies will do well in this Territory.

ARIZONA TERRITOR is sandwiched between California and Nevada on the west, and New Mexico on the east, having Utah on the north, and Mexico on the south.

It is between 31° 37' and 37° north latitude, and between the meridians of 109 and 114° 25' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 113,916 square miles, or a little more than the united area of Michigan and Illinois. The north and west of the Territory are drained by the Colorado River and its principal tributaries, the San Juan and little Colorado, with their affluents. These rivers plough through the mesas or table-lands, in canons from 3,000 to 5,000 feet deep, and the lands through which they pass are dry, parched and sterile, except where they can be irrigated. A few artesian wells furnish a scanty supply of water, and among the ruins of the Aztec towns are large reservoirs for holding the rain water, which rarely falls. The southern part of the Territory is watered by the Gila and its numerous tributaries, and is more easily cultivated, as there is a large rainfall, and the banks of the Gila and lower Colorado are overflown in summer. The heat in summer in south and south-west Arizona is terrible, 120° and 126° in the shade, and 160° or more in the sun, is not an uncommon temperature in summer, but the winters are mild and delightful. On the table lands the temperature is pleasant during the year. Irrigation is necessary to agricultural production everywhere in the Territory, but it contains excellent grazing lands, and a sufficient amount of arable land to insure a sufficient supply of vegetables and cereals for the population. There is considerable timber on the Mountain slopes, and the various species of cactus attain great size there.

The mineral wealth of Arizona is enormous, gold, silver, quick-silver, platina, tin, nickel, very pure copper ores, lead, the best ores of iron, bituminous coals of excellent quality, salt, sulphur, gypsum and many of the precious stones, abound there. $500,000 of gold and $3,000,000 of silver were sent from this Territory in 1878, and that amount is constantly increasing with the increasing population. The Indians are no longer troublesome. For miners, engineers, or herdsmen, the Territory is very attractive, and intelligent farmers can do well there.

NEVADA was admitted as a State when its population was notoriously too small, and though the number of inhabitants is increasing, it is still below the quota for a member of Congress, though it is represented by one member in the lower house of Congress. It lies between the 35th and 42d parallels of north latitude, and between the 114th and 120th meridians of west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 112,090 square miles, about the same as Arizona. Its mineral wealth surpasses that of any of the western States or Territories. In 1877 the yield of silver from the mines was $41,594,616; in 1878 $47,676,863. The silver mines are scat tered over the whole State.

Its production of gold, mostly parted from the silver, is nearly 20 millions of dollars, and both gold and silver are increasing. It has also quick-silver, lead, copper, iron, antimony, sulphur, arsenic, graphite, borax, carbonate of soda, in immense quantities, rock salt, lignite or brown coal of good quality, &c., &c.

The climate varies with the latitude and elevation. The cold of winter is intense in the mountains and lofty valleys, the mercury falling to-10°-16°, and much lower in the mountains, and the heat in the summer, is equally intense, rising to 1050 in June, but the nights in summer are cool; July and August are not so hot. In south-east Nevada, there is much less cold, and cotton and the sugar cane are both cultivated there.

The climate is generally healthy. The rainfall is larger than in the States and Territories lying east of it, but much of the land needs irrigating to be successfully cultivated. Much of the mountain slopes is well adapted to grazing, and the State has already a large amount of live stock, for its population. The sage-brush lands where irrigated, yield very large crops of the alfalfa clover, the cereals and vegetables. Provision was made in 1878 for irrigating more than 100,000 acres of these sage-brush lands.

The State has many lakes, mostly without outlet, the water in some is pure, in others brackish or alkaline, in a few salt. Pyramid Lake with its natural pyramid in the centre, the three Mud Lakes, Holloway, Humboldt, Carson, Walter's, Preuss, Franklin, Pahranagat, and on the border line of California, the beautiful Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, and 6,000 feet above the sea. Southern Nevada is a barren and desolate region, but has valuable mines. The Central Pacific Railroad crosses the State in a west-south-west direction, between the parallels of 41° 20' and 39° 30', and there are several local rail: oads. Nevada is a good Stae for miners, smelters, engineers, intelligent farmers, grazers, and enterprising mechanics.

CALIFORNIA has been so often described, that we can only speak of it now in reference to its adaptation to receive emigrants. It has a vast territory, extending from 32° 28' to 42° north latitude, and lying between the meridians of 114° 30' and 124° 45' west longitude from Greenwich. Recent surveys have reduced somewhat its supposed area, which was formerly stated at 188,980 square miles, but is now said, by the United States land office, to be 157,801 square miles, a territory about as large as that of the Kingdom of Sweden.

The climate varies through all the gradations of the temperate and semi-tropical regions The average mean temperature of the year ranges from 51° 5' at Humboldt Bay, and 56° 6' at San Francisco, to 73° 5' at Fort Yuma. The summer mean temperature has a range of 33 degrees between Humboldt Bay and Fort Yuma, while the winter mean varies but 14. The annual rainfall is equally varied, at Humboldt Bay, from 57 to 64 inches; in Klamath Co., from 81 to 110 inches, in Nevada Co., at latitude 39° 20', 64 inches to 81 inches; in San Francisco, 20.79 inches; in Sacramento, 18.23; in San Diego, 10.43; in Fort Yuma, 3.24 inches. It is a land of lakes, rivers and mountains, with some of the most beautiful and fertile lands in the world, and some of the most desolate and forbidding. Its golden grain is famous the world over, and its vineyards and olive gardens, luscious fruits and abundant crops of every thing which will grow anywhere, are well known. About 50 millions of acres of its lands are arable, but they are mostly taken up in large ranches or plantations, though these are now being divided, in many instances, into small farms. For the most part, arable lands are too dear for the farmer of small means. Many of these large ranches are on unsurveyed lands, and must eventually come into market, when there will be a good opportunity for purchasing farms.

There are nearly 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, and though stock-raising is generally carried out upon a large scale, it is possible for an intelligent stock grower to do well in the business. South-east California is a wild volcanic region, with its dry lakes covered with salt or bitumen, its vast sinks, many of them below the surface of the ocean, and its Death Valley, most appropriately named. It is now proposed, by a short ship canal, to turn the waters of the Pacific into this valley and render it habitable, where it is not submerged.

The mineral wealth of California is very great. Its production of gold and silver since 1849 has been nearly 700 million dollars, and it is still producing over 20 millions a year, mostly in gold, quick-silver to the amount of about 2,000,000 annually; copper, tin, coal, &c., &c., are also produced. Most parts of the State are easily reached by railroads and steamers.

California is a good State for artisans, gardeners, vine growers and dressers, and farmers who are content to be employed at first by others; miners, metal workers, machinists, and operators in woollen mills, &c., &c., but less so for those who wish to purchase farms.

OREGON, one of the two States lying on the Pacific. It is between the parallels of 42 and 46° 18' north latitude, and the meridians of 116° 33′ and 124° 25′ west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 95,274 miles. About five-sevenths of its northern boundary is formed by the Columbia, or what is sometimes called the Oregon River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean, and at least threefifths of its eastern boundary is washed by the Snake or Lewis River, the largest tributary of the Columbia.

Most of the State is well watered, mainly from the affluents of the Columbia and Snake, though the Klamath, a California river, rises in the State, and the Umpqua, Rogue and other small streams fall into the Pacific. It is divided by the Cascade and Blue ranges of Mountains into three sections, known as Western, Middle, and Eastern Oregon. Western Oregon, that part lying west of the Cascades, a strip about 110 miles wide, though broken and hilly from the presence of the coast range, which is from 3,000 to 4,000 feet in height, is generally fertile, and the Mountains are clothed with heavy timber to their summits. The Willamette Valley, lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges, and containing about 5,000,000 acres, is exceedingly fertile and beautiful. The rainfall in Western Oregon ranges from 44 to 60 inches, the highest amount being reached at the mouth of the Columbia in the north, and near the Klamath Lakes in the south. The temperature is mild and delightful. The mean for the year being 52° 13', and the range very moderate. Middle Oregon is dryer, not so well watered nor so fertile. The rainfall is about 20 inches. The climate is agreeable, except in the south, where the high mountains make it sometimes excessively cold. Eastern Oregon is dry, but has many well watered and fertile valleys. The winters are cold, with deep snow. Western Oregon

is traversed for almost its entire length from south to north by the California branch of the Northern Pacific. The rivers abound with valuable fish. The salmon fisheries send out about $10,000,000 worth annually, mostly in cans, and canned beef is also largely exported. The agricultural crops are good, and command a fair price; wheat, oats and potatoes yield largely. The timber trade is very large, the finest trees of Oregon being very large, and the wood durable. Fruit is also largely cultivated. It is an excellent country for raising live stock, especialy cattle and sheep. The wool product of the State is considerable, and mostly consumed in Oregon woollen factories.

The mineral wealth of the State is very great, but not so fully developed as it should be. Nearly $2,000,000 of gold and silver, principally the former, are mined annually; other metals abound. Most of the mines are in eastern and middle Oregon, Miners, lumbermen, fishermen, herdsmen, and industrious, intelligent farmers, will find Oregon the best place for them. There is much Government land yet in market.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY is, except Alaska, the extreme north-western Territory of the United States, and Alaska is not as yet, in a condition to invite immigration. The Territory may be said in general terms, to lie between the parallels of 45° 30' and 49° north latitude, and between 117° and 1250 west longitude from Green. wich. The Columbia River, which drains about two-thirds of the Territory forms its southern boundary, for three-fourths of its width from east to west, and its western shores are washed by the Pacific, and the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia. The area of the Territory is 69,994 square miles. Western Washington like western Oregon, has much broken land, but the valleys, especially around both sides of Puget Sound, are very fertile, and the slopes of the mountains are heavily timbered, and valuable. There are 200 miles of railroad in operation in the Territory, and the Columbia River, Snake River and Clark's Fork are navigable, except at four points, throughout their entire course in this Territory.

The climate of Western Washington is much like that of England, mild and moist, the extreme heat of summer seldom exceeding 80 degrees F., and the nights cool and agreeable. The winters are so mild that it is seldom necessary to house the live stock. Mean annual temperature 52°, annual range only about 40 degrees. Rainfall 100 to 130 inches on the coast, 36 inches at Cascade Mountains; in Easttern Washington, from 12 to 24 inches. The summers in Central and Eastern Washington are dry and hot, winters much like those of Pennsylvania, cold, but not severe. Only about one-third of the public lands are yet surveyed, There is some gold in the Territory, but more coal, iron, and other minerals:

The coal in the Puyallup Valley is anthracite, of excellent quality, and a railroad now runs to the mines. There are other beds of both anthracite and bituminous coal, along the Cascade Mountains. The soil is, much of it, very fertile, and the finest trees are but little inferior to the giant sequoias of California.

The Territory is well adapted to the culture of the cereals, which can be brought to a good market, by the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which have now 500 miles of uninterrupted navigation. It is also a good region for wool growing and stock raising. The salmon and other fisheries in Puget Sound, and in the Columbia, are very profitable. A grand future awaits the citizens of Oregon and Washington,