CHAPTER XIV.

ASSOCIATION.-NUMERICAL PROPORTIONS.

In order to complete the foregoing account, I will here insert a specification of the several races occurring at each place visited; or, in other words, an analysis of the population.

In the United States, three races are familiarly known: the White, the Negro, and the Mongolian; the latter represented both by the aboriginal population, and by a few Chinese settled in our principal cities. A fourth race, the Malayan (represented chiefly by Polynesians), is not uncommon in the ports frequented by whale-ships; and in some few instances I have met with a fifth race, the Telingan, or true Indian.

At Madeira I met with two races: the White and the Negro; but the latter race occurred in only a few instances, and exclusively at the principal seaport town.

At the Cape Verd Islands I met with the same two races; but they occurred in inverse proportions; and the White race was here comparatively rare.

At Rio Janeiro and the vicinity I fell in with only the same two races, the White and the Negro; and they appeared to be here in nearly equal proportions.

The same two races were again seen at the mouth of the Rio Negro, in North Patagonia; but a third race, the Mongolian or the aboriginal, was said to be present among the population of the neighbouring village.

In Terra del Fuego there occurred but a single race, the Mongolian, or the aboriginal. I have never heard of runaway sailors resorting to the southern side of the Straits of Magellan.

In Northern Chili, at Valparaiso and Santiago, I met with the three races last mentioned: the White, the Mongolian or the aboriginal, and the Negro; but the latter race was decidedly rare.

In Peru, at Lima and in the vicinity, I met with the same three races; here, however, interspersed in more equal proportions; and a variety of complicated mixtures had sprung up, which were distinguished by different names. On the Andes the aboriginal race was found to preponderate, and the Negro was rare.

At San Francisco, in North California, I met with three races; the Malayan, which is the aboriginal, and is also represented by the Polynesian crews of trading vessels; the White race; and, in a single instance, the Negro.

Three races also occurred in Oregon; the Mongolian, here the aboriginal, and far predominating at the time of our visit; the White race, consisting principally of the missionaries, and of persons connected with the Hudson_Bay Company; and the Malayan, represented by a few Polynesians. A Negro, I believe, effected his escape from one of the vessels of the Expedition; and, in this manner, a fourth race was added to the foregoing.

Leaving now the shores of America, at the Hawaiian Islands, I met with five races; the Malayan, here the aboriginal; the White; the Negro; the Mongolian, represented by several imported Chinese; and the fifth race, by an individual from Hindostan.

A single race occurred among the eastern Paumotus; the Malayan, or the aboriginal. In the western part of the same coral archipelago we received on board a shipwrecked European.

At Taheiti, notwithstanding it is so much frequented by trading-vessels, I observed but two races; the Malayan or the aboriginal, and the White race.

The same two races occurred at the Samoan or Navigator Islands, where the resident Whites consisted of the missionaries and of numerous deserters from trading vessels.

The island of Tongataboo was the first place visited, where two races had been brought in contact without European intervention; these were, the Malayan or the aboriginal, and the Papuan from the Feejee Islands. Three additional races had arrived in trading vessels; the White; the Negro, represented by a single resident; and the Negrillo, by a lad from Aramanga.

At the Feejee Islands the Papuan and the Malayan races

had again aboriginally met together: but Polynesians had likewise been introduced by trading vessels; as had the resident Whites, and a native of Hindostan; making in all four

races.

At the Bay of Islands, in New Zealand, I met with but two races, the Malayan or the aboriginal, and the White; the latter already settled in considerable numbers, before obtaining a cession of the sovereignty of the group.

At Sydney, and in the vicinity, I met with five races; the Australian or the aboriginal; the White, far preponderating; the Negro, in a few instances; the Malayan, represented by Polynesians, chiefly from New Zealand; and the Telingan, by some natives of Hindostan.

In Luzon there occurred five races, two of them aboriginal, the Malayan and the Negrillo. The Mongolian race was represented by numerous Chinese residents; the Telingan, by a few Lascars from the shipping; and the White race by Europeans, and persons of European descent.

At Caldera, on Mindanao, I met with but two races, the Malayan and the White; the latter represented by the commander of the post, and possibly, also, by some traces among the Muslim population.

At Sooloo I met with four races; the Malayan; the Negrillo, in an individual perhaps aboriginal; the Mongolian, represented by a single resident Chinese; and the Telingan, by two captive Lascars. There was, besides, evidence of some mixture of a fifth race, in the persons of the chiefs and the Muslim priest.

At Singapore, individuals belonging to no less than eight physical races, were found to be congregated together. The White race was represented by Europeans, and by numerous Orientals; the Mongolian, by Chinese; the Malayan, by the native population of the East Indies; the Telingan, by adventurers from Hindostan; the Negrillo, by slaves from New Guinea; the Negro, too, was present in a few instances, as was likewise the true Abyssinian, and, in all probability, the Ethiopian, in some of the mixed Arabs. Indeed, as we had brought with us the Papuan, in the person of Veindovi, the Australian and the Hottentot were the only races remaining unrepresented at Singapore.

The existence of such a spot on the globe is a fact deserving attention, especially when it is considered that this gathering is chiefly independent of European shipping, and of the modern town of Singapore; the same causes, and the same modes of conveyance, having for many centuries directed emigration from various quarters to the Straits of Malacca.

At the Cape of Good Hope the Hottentot race is the aboriginal; but I did not meet with individuals who were unmixed. The four additional races introduced through European intercourse have also become much intermixed. At Cape Town the Negro appeared rather to preponderate in numbers over the White race, while the Malayan and the Telingan were comparatively rare.

At St. Helena, in a population of only a few hundreds, introduced in European shipping, I observed no less than four races the White; the Negro; the Mongolian, represented by a Chinese; and, to all appearance, the Telingan was present, in the descendants of individuals derived from Madagascar.

At Zanzibar, on the east coast of Africa, I met with six races: the Negro, here preponderating; the White, derived either directly or originally from Arabia, Persia, and Western Hindostan; the Malayan, represented by three or four Ambolambo from Madagascar; the Mongolian, by one resident Chinese; the true Abyssinian, observed in a single instance; and the Ethiopian, which, during the monsoon then prevailing, was somewhat rare.

At Bombay I observed five races: the White; the Telingan, rare in a state of purity; the Negro, chiefly among the crews of Arab vessels arriving from Zanzibar; the Mongolian, represented by a few Chinese residents; and the Ethiopian, which, in a single instance, was seen unmixed.

At Muscat I met with four races: the White, represented exclusively by Orientals; the Telingan, apparently present in two individuals from the shores of the Persian Gulf; the Negro, chiefly derived through Zanzibar; and the Ethiopian, seen in individuals of mixed race, and in a single Somali.

The same four races occurred at Aden. The Ethiopian, however, was here represented by numerous Somali visitors; and the Telingan, by individuals among the Sepoy regiments.

At Mocha I fell in with five races: the White; the Mongolian, represented in a half-breed Chinese; the Abyssinian, seen in several instances; the Ethiopian, which is here numerous; as is, likewise, the Negro race.

In Egypt I met with but three races the same known there from remote antiquity: the Ethiopian, the Negro, and the White. I learned, however, that individuals belonging to a fourth race, the true Abyssinian, are sometimes seen at Cairo.

I observed two races at Malta: the White race; and, in the instance of two lads, who were probably derived from the neighbouring Muslim countries, the Negro.

On the continent of Europe I met with the same two races; but with the Negro only at Marseilles, and in the instance of two or three resident individuals.

All innovations resulting from the development of European navigation, have been excluded from the accompanying map, which (the Arab countries being partially excepted), is intended to represent the aboriginal diffusion of the races. Of isolated districts, Africa appears to contain the greatest number of aboriginal races; and, next in order, will probably follow either Madagascar or New Guinea.

Density of population being independent of territorial extent, the races, when compared by the number of individuals, rank differently from the appearance of things on the map. The usual estimates of the population of the globe vary from eight hundred to a thousand millions; and, taking the mean, the human family would seem to be distributed among the races in something like the following proportions: