c. Blackish-brown.

6. PAPUAN. Features not prominent in the profile; the beard abundant, the skin harsh to the touch, and the hair crisped or frizzled.

7. NEGRILLO. Apparently beardless; the stature diminutive, the features approaching those of the Negro, and the hair woolly.

8. INDIAN or TELINGAN. The features approaching those of the Arabian; and the hair in like manner, straight or flowing.

9. ETHIOPIAN.

The complexion and features intermediate between those of the Telingan and Negro; and the hair crisped.

d. Black.

10. AUSTRALIAN. Negro features, but combined with straight or flowing hair.

11. NEGRO. Close woolly hair; the nose much flattened, and the lips very

thick.

In an absolute sense, the terms "white and black" are both inapplicable to any shade of the human complexion; but they are sanctioned by general usage, and there may be some convenience in retaining the above four general divisions. Two of the races may therefore be designated as white, three as brown, four as blackish-brown, and two as black.

Five of the races have the hair straight or flowing; while in the others it is more or less crisped, and in two of them may with propriety be termed wool.

it

Other modes of associating the races may be also mentioned. Maritime habits, and the part they appear to have taken in colonising the globe, would lead us to separate the Malay, Negrillo, and Papuan; or the three island, from the eight continental races.

Again, looking to their distribution over the surface of the globe six of the races may be regarded as Asiatic or East Indian, and four as African; the eleventh (the White race) being in common, or holding geographically an intermediate position.

The existence of races, it should be observed, is a phenomenon independent of climate. All the physical races that

occur in cold regions can be traced by continuity to the Tropics; where, moreover, we find other races in addition.

By the same evidence of geographical continuity, the population of one hemisphere can be satisfactorily derived from the other; but a difficulty arises in narrowing the circle. On the one hand, it seems quite impossible to trace the four African races to any part of Asia; and on the other, it will be equally difficult to connect the Mongolian race with the African continent.

CHAPTER II.

EXPLANATION OF THE MAP.

THE geographical distribution of these eleven races of men is represented on the accompanying map by different colours. I have preferred, for this purpose, an unusual projection; on account of its exhibiting at one view the true area of the surface of the globe, or, in other words, the relative size of the different countries.

I have inscribed on the map my own route of travel, in order that it may readily be perceived when I speak from my own knowledge; in which case only can I be held responsible for my opinion. Wherever I have seen for myself, all difficulties have disappeared; not so in various instances, where I have been obliged to decide on conflicting statements. In general I have found oral testimony more satisfactory, in the present inquiry, than books. But I would here state, that I yet feel much uncertainty about the tribes inhabiting the important range of islands between Timor and the Solomon Group, both inclusive.

The dotted lines are intended to illustrate the subject of the diffusion of mankind over the globe; marking such as are presumed to have been the main routes of migration, by land and sea.

All coasts may be referred to three principal divisions; which are likewise represented, but without pretension to minute accuracy. These are the alluvial, the rocky (exclusively or alternating), and the coral-bound. The coasts of the latter description I am enabled to give chiefly through

the assistance of Mr. Dana; and they deserve attention as wing an important bearing, to be hereafter noticed, on Luman migrations.

The phases of climate, varying especially in the propor tions of moisture, partition out the soil and its vegetable growth into three well-marked divisions. 1. There are countries which are almost entirely devoid of vegetation. 2. Other extensive regions are more or less covered with herbage, or produce scattered bushes and stunted woody plants, but are destitute of proper forests. 3. A third description of territory is, in its natural state, clothed with continuous woods. This state of things is likewise represented on the map, not merely from its connexion with geographical botany, but as a point eminently illustrative of the history and present condition of the human family.

Art indeed cuts down the forest, and encroaches slightly on the barren territory; but yet the above three natural divisions will very nearly correspond with desert, pastoral, and agricultural countries. It is a mistake to suppose, with many, that pastoral or nomadic life is a stage in the progressive improvement of society. The condition is inscribed upon the face of nature; and widely-extended regions minister to the wants of man, where nevertheless cultivation is impossible.

Take, for instance, the vast interior of the Eastern continent. We have, in the first place, a great desert tract extending through Northern Africa, Arabia, and Western India; the domain of the Barabra, Tuarick, and Arab. The presence of man in this terrestrial void is often solely dependent on the milk of the camel. Next follows on the north and east, a pastoral region of still greater extent; where the face of nature is somewhat softened, so that the horse and bullock can obtain sustenance; and hence the development of the Tartar or Scythian tribes. Continue the survey on the map towards the borders of the continent, and there will not, I apprehend, be any difficulty in distinguishing the principal seats of population and national power.

In proceeding to the consideration of separate races, I shall adopt an arrangement partly geographical, and shall refer to these several heads, such miscellaneous observations as have appeared worthy of preservation.