Aristotle's First PrinciplesAristotle's reliance on dialectic as a method of philosophy appears to conflict with his metaphysical realist view of his conclusions. This book explores Aristotle's philosophical method and the merits of his conclusions, and shows how he defends dialectic against the objection that it cannot justify a metaphysical realist's claims. The author does not presuppose extensive previous acquaintance with Aristotle. Greek texts are translated, and Greek words transliterated. |
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Índice
Particular forms as substances | 250 |
The nature of particular forms | 252 |
The role of particular forms | 253 |
Particular forms and the criteria for substance | 255 |
Particular forms as primary substances | 257 |
Objections to universals as substances | 259 |
The case for universal substances | 261 |
The status of particular substances | 263 |
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Natural priority compared with epistemic priority | 124 |
The case for circular demonstration | 125 |
The rejection of coherence as a source of justification | 127 |
The rejection of an infinite regress | 129 |
Foundationalism | 130 |
The status of first principles | 131 |
Puzzles about Science | 134 |
The doctrine of intuition | 135 |
Intuition and inquiry | 136 |
Dialectic and justification | 137 |
Criticisms of dialectic | 139 |
Objections to Aristotles solution | 141 |
Intuition and the common principles | 143 |
Difficulties in Aristotles position | 145 |
Consequences of Aristotles position | 147 |
The unsolved puzzles | 148 |
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM | 151 |
The Universal Science | 153 |
Wisdom and scepticism | 155 |
Universal science and the four causes | 157 |
The character of universal science | 159 |
Puzzles about universal science | 161 |
Methodological puzzles | 162 |
Substantive puzzles | 163 |
Puzzles and preliminary questions | 166 |
The possibility of a universal science | 168 |
The object of universal science | 170 |
The universal science contrasted with demonstrative science | 172 |
The universal science contrasted with dialectic | 174 |
The dialectical character of universal science | 175 |
The task of the universal science | 177 |
The science of Being | 179 |
The defence of the principle of noncontradiction | 181 |
From noncontradiction to essence and substance | 183 |
The dialectical character of the argument | 185 |
The status of the conclusion | 187 |
Protagoras and the science of being | 189 |
The reply to Protagoras | 190 |
Scepticism and the science of being | 192 |
The reply to scepticism | 194 |
The knowledge of first principles | 196 |
Substance and Essence | 199 |
The priority of substance | 200 |
Criteria for substance | 202 |
Substance as subject | 204 |
Strategy | 206 |
Subject as matter | 207 |
Further tests for substance | 210 |
Essence and subject | 211 |
A revised criterion for substance | 213 |
A preliminary solution of the puzzles | 216 |
Essence as particular | 217 |
Essence as subject | 219 |
The progress of the argument | 220 |
Essence and Form | 223 |
Substance and actuality | 225 |
Potentiality | 226 |
Potentiality and possibility | 227 |
Degrees of potentiality | 230 |
Proximate potentiality | 231 |
Conditions for potentiality | 233 |
Potentiality without change | 235 |
Form as actuality | 237 |
Form and matter in definitions | 238 |
Formal and material essences | 239 |
Types of matter | 241 |
Types of compounds | 243 |
The essence of natural substances | 245 |
Form and Substance | 248 |
The difference between universals and properties | 264 |
Particulars and universals as substances | 265 |
The primacy of particular substances | 268 |
Results of the Metaphysics | 270 |
The role of a priori and empirical argument | 271 |
First philosophy and strong dialectic | 274 |
APPLICATIONS OF THE SOLUTION | 277 |
The Soul as Substance | 279 |
Puzzles about the soul | 280 |
The solution | 282 |
The relation of soul to body | 284 |
Answers to puzzles | 286 |
The contribution of first philosophy | 288 |
Dualism | 290 |
Materialism | 293 |
Empirical argument dialectic and first philosophy | 296 |
Soul and mind | 299 |
Soul and Mind | 303 |
Perception as process and activity | 305 |
The accounts of perception | 307 |
Form and matter in perception | 310 |
Realism about perceptible qualities | 311 |
The rejection of realism | 313 |
The infallibility of the senses | 314 |
Complex perception | 315 |
Appearance | 318 |
Appearance and thought | 319 |
Thought | 320 |
Thought and inference | 322 |
Thought content and structure | 323 |
The cognitive faculties | 325 |
Action | 329 |
The unity of desire | 330 |
Desire and apparent good | 332 |
Reason and desire | 333 |
Rational desires | 334 |
The scope of deliberation | 335 |
Rational agency and the good | 336 |
The temporal aspects of rational agency | 338 |
Rational agency and responsibility | 340 |
Aspects of responsibility | 342 |
The form of human beings | 344 |
The Good of Rational Agents | 347 |
The content of ethics | 349 |
The direction of moral argument | 351 |
Tasks for the Politics | 352 |
The aims of the Politics | 354 |
Difficulties in political argument | 356 |
Strong dialectic in political theory | 358 |
The final good | 359 |
The completeness of the final good | 360 |
The selfsufficiency of the final good | 362 |
Rational agency and the human function | 363 |
Rational agency and human capacities | 366 |
Rational agency and happiness | 368 |
Selfrealization | 369 |
Selfrealization and human good | 370 |
The Virtues of Rational Agents | 373 |
Virtue reason and desire | 374 |
Concern for a self | 376 |
Self essence and character | 377 |
Selflove and selfrealization | 379 |
Rational control and selfregarding virtues | 381 |
Degrees of rational control | 383 |
The scope of rational control | 385 |
The defence of common beliefs | 387 |
The Good of Others | 389 |
Friendship and altruism | 390 |
Selflove and altruism | 391 |
The defence of friendship | 393 |
The friend as another self | 395 |
Extended altruism and the moral virtues | 397 |
The political community and the human good | 399 |
Political activity | 402 |
The complete community | 404 |
The State | 407 |
The human good and the citizen | 409 |
The human good and leisure | 411 |
Leisure as a condition of freedom | 413 |
Aristotles misuse of his argument | 414 |
Moral education as a task for the state | 416 |
The defence of moral education | 418 |
The apparent conflict between freedom and moral education | 419 |
Aspects of freedom | 421 |
The reconciliation of freedom and moral education | 422 |
Justice | 424 |
The problem of special justice | 425 |
Conditions for just distribution | 427 |
Retrospective justice | 428 |
The relation between general and special justice | 430 |
Errors about justice | 432 |
Political systems and their errors about justice | 433 |
The effects of errors about justice | 435 |
Answers to puzzles about justice | 437 |
The Consequences of Virtue and Vice | 439 |
The particular virtues and nonrational desires | 441 |
The particular virtues and external goods | 442 |
Virtue and the loss of external goods | 445 |
The supremacy of virtue | 447 |
Vice in a political context | 449 |
The variety of political systems | 450 |
Vice and conflict | 451 |
Vice and aggression | 452 |
Vice and slavishness | 453 |
Instability in political systems | 456 |
Virtue and political stability | 457 |
Stability and the middle class | 460 |
The defence of private property | 462 |
Objections to the defence of private property | 464 |
Moral and political theory in Aristotles system | 466 |
The evaluation of Aristotles claims | 468 |
Reconsiderations | 470 |
The treatment of Aristotles early works | 472 |
The treatment of Aristotles late works | 473 |
Strong dialectic | 476 |
The uses of strong dialectic | 477 |
Systematic philosophy in Aristotle | 480 |
Metaphysics epistemology and method | 482 |
Defences of Aristotle | 483 |
Dialectic and historical study | 485 |
Notes | 487 |
Bibliography | 642 |
Index Locorum | 661 |
Index Nominum | 684 |
General Index | 688 |
Outras edições - Ver tudo
Palavras e frases frequentes
action actuality animal answer appearances Aristotelian Aristotle argues Aristotle claims Aristotle seems Aristotle thinks Aristotle's view assumptions basic subject biped body Callias Catg causal character coincidental common beliefs common sense concern conclusions conflict connexion contrast depends desire dialectical argument dialectician discussion distinction doctrine efficient cause Eleatics Empedocles empirical inquiry endoxa essence ethical eudaimonic explain external final cause formal cause foundationalism friendship function further genuine hence homonymy human hylomorphic identify infinite regress intuition justice justify material metaphysical realism Metaphysics nature non-substances objective oligarchic organism ousia particular form perceive perception persistence philosophy Phys Plato pleonexia political potentiality predicated premisses principles Protagoras proximate matter pure dialectic puzzles questions rational agent reason recognize reference reject relies remote matter requires role sceptical second substances simply Socrates sort soul statue strong dialectic subject-criterion suggests teleological theory things truth universal science virtue virtuous person
Passagens conhecidas
Página 242 - That being then one plant which has such an organization of parts in one coherent body partaking of one common life, it continues to be the same plant as long as it partakes of the same life, though that life be communicated to new particles of matter vitally united to the living plant, in a like continued organization conformable to that sort of plants.
Página 391 - The excellent person is related to his friend in the same way as he is related to himself, since a friend is another himself. (15) Therefore, just as his own being is choiceworthy for him, his friend's being is choiceworthy for him in the same or a similar way.
Página 291 - other' is something, and not an element, and that it is the cause which makes this thing flesh and that a syllable. And similarly in all other cases. And this is the substance of each thing (for this is the primary cause of its being); and since, while some things are not substances, as many as are substances are...
Página 336 - It is not contrary to reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of my finger.
Página viii - We also appreciate the additional financial assistance of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Council of Learned Societies...
Página 167 - ... incapacity of reason to pass any judgment upon them, so that we may either with confidence extend our pure reason or set to it sure and determinate limits. This last question, which arises out of the previous general problem, may, rightly stated, take the form: How is metaphysics, as science, possible? Thus the critique of reason, in the end, necessarily leads to scientific knowledge; while its dogmatic employment, on the other hand, lands us in dogmatic assertions to which other assertions,...
Página xvii - JHI Journal of the History of Ideas JHP Journal of the History of Philosophy JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies...
Página 81 - Thus all the other things are either said of the primary substances as subjects or in them as subjects. So if the primary substances did not exist it would be impossible for any of the other things to exist.
Referências a este livro
Ethics With Aristotle Sarah Broadie Professor of Philosophy Princeton University Pré-visualização limitada - 1991 |
Informação bibliográfica
| Título | Aristotle's First Principles Clarendon Paperbacks Series UPSO - Oxford University Press E-Books |
| Autor | Terence Irwin |
| Editora | Clarendon Press, 1989 |
| ISBN | 019151991X, 9780191519918 |
| Número de páginas | 720 páginas |
| Exportar citação | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |