The history of the art of writing, though not intended to be a full treatise, nor designed to discuss the perplexing questions of the origin and progress of that art, contains much valuable information on the general subject.

We observe some typographical errors in the work, though the number is not large; a few instances of infelicity and looseness of expression, and also an occasional epithet, such as heaven-born soul, heaven-born companion, heaven-aspiring Himalaya, which had better have been omitted. But these are quite infrequent and do not impair the general value of the book.

VIII. PROF. TYLER'S EDITIONS OF TACITUS.1

WE have already given favorable notices of the previous editions of Prof. Tyler's books, accompanied by some criticisms and suggestions; and we are now glad to see, in the appearance of these new editions, evidences that the editor's labors have been deservedly appreciated. In the copies now before us, the text has been carefully revised and compared with the best German editions, and such changes made as were well established on critical grounds, or as the nature of the subject, or the usage of the author seemed to require. By this judicious criticism, several passages are rendered more perspicuous and consistent. The editor has shown good judgment in not adopting the rash emendations (often falsely so called) of some editors, though claiming the sanction of scholars of high authority.

Many of the Notes of this edition of the Germania and Agricola have been rewritten, and evince a wider range of study, and access to new and valuable materials for illustrating the text; they are likewise more grammatical and critical, and indicate an evident progress in the views of the editor, as the natural result of his patient and unsparing study of his author. The amount of the Notes, too, has been considerably increased. Some improvement will likewise be found in the geographical department of the Germania. "Particular attention has been paid” in this edition of the Germania “ to the ethnology of the tribes and nations, in reference to whose origin and early history Tacitus is among the best authorities."

In the edition of the Histories fewer changes have been made, the editor having prepared this after the Germania and Agricola, when the course of his own studies and the use of his first volume as a text-book had suggested many improvements. Still, in the present edition the Notes have been reexamined, and compared with one of the best German editions, and such changes and additions introduced as the Professor's extended studies and the use of the book in his classes had suggested as desirable.

1 The Germania and Agricola of Caius Cornelius Tacitus. With Notes for Colleges. By W. S. Tyler, Professor of the Greek and Latin languages in Am herst College. New Edition. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1852. pp. xii. and 193.

The Histories of Caius Cornelius Tacitus. With Notes for Colleges. By W. S. Tyler, Professor of Languages in Amherst College. New York: D. Apple ton & Company. 1852. pp. 453.

We look upon these editions, in their present improved form, as honorable proofs of ripe scholarship. In every part they give evidence of sound judg ment and critical learning, and are admirably adapted to meet the wants of the student. They afford the right kind of helps. In addition to the critical and judicious annotations, which never do for the student what he ought to do for himself, the Germania and Agricola contain a graphic and faithfullydrawn life of Tacitus, and also short essays on the general design and nature of each of the treatises. The Histories are furnished with an able and extended Essay on the style of Tacitus, which will be found of great service to the student; and also with Preliminary Remarks, written with great beauty and force, on his writings, his credibility as a historian, and presenting a "view of the principal events and leading characteristics of the period" embraced in the histories of the author. The apparatus thus furnished for the study of the author is more complete than is usually found in similar works. We heartily recommend these books to the friends of sound classical learning.

IX. PAULY'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES.'

THIS work is one of the many evidences of the continued advance in classical studies. Nearly a hundred and forty years since, Benjan.in Hederic published his Real-Schullexicon, embracing the usual subjects of ancient geography, history, chronology and antiquities. The author, though a laborious student, was not a profound scholar. Three editions of it was published from 1717 to 1748. It was a work of considerable value for the times when it appeared, and continued to be used for a long period. But near the close of the last century, it was felt that there was need of a work on antiquities, which should fully represent the progress made up to that period in classical studies. This want was met by the appearance of the New Real-Schullexicon by C. P. Funke, containing the necessary helps for illustrating the ancient classics, particularly geography, history, philosophy, antiquities and mythology. This was a work of much learning and research, and is still a valuable store-house of information. It was published in five octavo volumes, the first in 1800, and the fifth in 1805. But the new impulse which has been given to the study of classical literature within the last fifty years, required that all the apparatus for study should be made more complete and comprehensive, furnishing the necessary helps on the great variety of new topics which are now made subjects of investigation. A great amount of material had been collected on all the subjects embraced within the widest circle of Antiquities, and on many of them entire treatises had been written, so minute and specific, that almost every phase of life, every usage and art, the institutions, government, laws, the civil and domestic relations of antiquity were well understood.

1 Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenchaft in alphabetischer Ordnung. Herausgegeben von August Pauly, Professor in Stuttgart. 18

VOL. XI. No. 41.

From the rich materials thus accessible, as well as from the labors of earlier scholars who had written on similar subjects, the present work has been prepared with great labor and learning. It is comprised in six octavo volumes (bound in seven), the whole making nearly eleven thousand pages. The first volume appeared in 1839, the last in 1852. The editors were assisted by more than fifty distinguished scholars as contributors, each furnishing articles in a particular department. The first three volumes were edited by Prof. Pauly. But during the progress of the fourth volume, his labors in connection with the work were terminated by death, in 1845. The work was then edited by Chr. Walz and W. S. Teuffel, Professors of Philology at Tübingen.

The following view of the principal subjects treated, will show the wide field of investigation embraced in the work: Biography, mythology, geography, mathematical geography, uranography, chronology, archaeology of art, ethnography of Italy, Roman tribes geographically considered, topography of Rome, topography of Attica, military affairs, public and legal antiquities, political history, literary history, numismatics, epigraphics, domestic and social life of the ancients, their customs, proverbs, national songs, festivals and games; history of religion, antiquities of the Drama, Egyptian worship. These and other subjects are elaborately treated, and indicate patient and extensive research.

In the Articles on the Grecian and Roman authors, in addition to the biographical sketch and general estimate of their characters, notices are given of their several works, the nature and design of each being considered by itself. The principal editions of each are also named, and the most valuable helps for illustrating them.

The work contains investigations, discussions, and varied sources of information which can be found nowhere else in so accessible a form, and will fully answer the objects for which it was prepared.

ARTICLE XI.

SELECT THEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

GERMANY.

OUR intelligence from Germany is quite fragmentary. We select soine of the more interesting items. We notice unusual activity among Catholic scholars in Europe. Many controversial works have recently appeared; others defining Catholic philosophy and theology, and a few bearing on

Biblical literature.
orthodoxy, as well as contending against Protestantism.

We see that Catholics are watching one another's

Allioli's version of the Bible is advancing toward completion.

The second and last volume of Dr. Martin's translation (with notes) of Josephus's Jewish Antiquities has just appeared.

Dr. L. Reinke has published a second volume of his "Contributions to the Explanation of the Old Testament," containing a general introduction to the prophecies, two exegetico-historical articles, and some supplementary remarks on Vol. I.

Another volume (the second) of "German Catholicism in its development," traces its history through the memorable years 1848-9.

Protestant exegetical literature has not been very much enriched by the contributions of the last quarter. To promote the general study of " Isagogik," several new works have appeared. K. F. Keil gives us an Introduction to the Old Testament; Dr. L. Noack (just now a very prolific writer), "Biblical Theology, and Introduction to the Old and New Testaments, and Exhibition of the doctrinal substance of the books of the Bible, according to their origin and historical relations," and Guericke a second thoroughly revised edition of his Introduction to the New Testament.

Delitzsch has prepared a new edition of his Commentary on Genesis. It will be remembered that this work, first published last year, attracted much attention as being quite liberal, considering the antecedents and connections of the author.

Part XIV. of the "Compendious exegetical Manual to the Old Testament" contains a Commentary on the Psalms by Justus Olshausen. It has just appeared. Parts XII. and XIII. (if we mistake not prepared by Bertheau) are in press. L. Diestel edits a Commentary on Gen. xlix., Jacob's blessing.

Parts 3 and 4 of Dr. E. Meier's "Scriptures of the Old Testament translated and explained," contain Job and Proverbs.

A Commentary on Baruch has just been published, from the pen of F. H. Reusch.

Two more parts of the Compendious Commentary on the Apocrypha by Fritzsch and Grimm have appeared, containing, Part 2, the books of Tobit and Judith; and Part 3, 1 Maccabees.

Dr. R. Stier has just published a defence of the Continental custom of including the Apocrypha in editions of the Bible. On the other side, P. F. Keerl has written a reply to Hengstenberg, entitled "The Word of God and the Apocrypha of the Old Testament."

Wahl's Clavis to the Apocrypha is complete.

Two numbers of the third (the only remaining) volume of Stier and Theile's Polyglott Bible are just out. This volume is to contain the Hagiographa.

A third edition of H. A. W. Meyer's Commentary on Matthew has appeared.

Isaac da Costa has published "The Apostle John and his Writings-a

Biblical study." This writer's "Four Witnesses" makes us wish to see his works in a language more intelligible to us than the Hollandish.

Vol. I. Part 1 of J. P. Lange's History of the Church gives his views of the Apostolical Age.

Dr. F. C. Baur has just written a work on Christianity and the Church of the first three centuries. This will give us the key to the author's theories concerning the origin of the books of the New Testament more fully than any other of his works.

We have further from G. Volckmar "Justin Martyr and his relation to our Gospels," and from Sartori an exegetical and critical treatise on the Epistle to the Laodiceans.

Dr. H. Grätz has commenced a History of the Jews from the earliest times to the present. The publication commences with the fourth volume, which gives their history from the fall of the Jewish State to the completion of the Talmud (pp. xvi. and 565).

We have from A. Hilgenfeld "The Apostolical Fathers, an inquiry into the contents and origin of the writings preserved under their name,” and from F. M. Perthes, a life of Chrysostom.

A third edition of Schmid's "Dogmatics of the evangelical Lutheran Church," has just appeared. Among the lamented author's papers was found a work entitled "Biblical Theology of the New Testament." It consists of two parts, the life and doctrine of Jesus, and the life and doctrine of the Apostles. It is to be published under the supervision of Dr. Weiszäcker. R. A. Lipsius has published a little work on Paul's doctrine of Justification, and the related doctrines.

Zeller is preparing a work on Zuingli's Theological System.

Dr. L. Noack has published a work on Christian Mysticism, in two parts: the Mysticism of the Middle Ages, and Mysticism since the Reformation.

We see announced from Dr. W. Böhmer a "System of Christian Life;" from J. L. Jacobi a sketch of the doctrine of the Irvingites compared with the Scriptures, and from F. G. Nottebaum, a treatise "De personae vel hypostatis apud patres theologosque notione et usu.”

Prof. Herzog of Halle has just published a work on the Romanic Waldenses, their circumstances and doctrines before the Reformation, their Reformation in the sixteenth century and its results. The sources are chiefly their own writings.

Vol. II. of Cröger's History of the revived Church of the United Brethren, contains their history during the years 1741–60.

Vol. II. of Weber's History of the Anti-Catholic Churches and Sects of Great Britain, contains "The Constructive part of the Reformation, and the formation of the Puritan Sect" (pp. viii. and 704).

J. B. Leu edits a little work on Clement XIV. and the Jesuits.

Dr. L. Noack has published the first part of a work on "Freethinkers in Religion." It gives a sketch of the English Deists. Two parts are to follow, containing an exhibition of the corresponding religious illumination in France and Germany.