Mortuary practices and ritual associations: shamanic elements in prehistoric funerary contexts in South America

adult ancestors ancient Andean anthropomorphic archaeological artifacts associated birds body bones burial practices cemetery ceramic ceremonial Chorrera coastal Ecuador coca complex context cosmology crania cultural Cuzco depicted Donnan Ecuador edited elite Emerenciana Estrada ethnographic evidence excavated feline female fertility Figure figurines flexed funerary practices Gaira gender gourd grave Guancavilca Guayaquil Helms Huaca Hugh-Jones human sacrifice iconography important Inca indigenous individuals inhumation interpretation interred Kogi Lathrap Lima Lopez Viejo Machu Picchu male Manteno Moche Moche art Moche iconography Mortuary Practices mountain scenes Museo Museum offerings Oro Province period Peru Phase pottery Pre-Columbian prehistoric priests realms region Reichel-Dolmatoff religion religious remains represented ritual activities sacred San Marcos San Pedro Cactus Santa Marta secondary burials shamanic shell skeleton skull social South American Staller stone structure suggests supernatural symbolic Tairona tomb Tree mythology Trench tubes underworld University Press Valdivia Valdivia culture vessels Wilbert World Tree Zevallos