Part of a Letter from Mr. Lemuell Bradley, Surgeon, in this offer to the Royall Academy of France, weh I shall endeaDunster, Somersetshire, vour to prevent as long as I can.

The following Letter is curious, as showing that inventions ON QUEEN ELIZABETH. From a M.S. in the British Museum. for the preservation of wood and cloth are not of recent date. It was addressed to the Royal Society of London. Stockholm, the 5th November, 1739.

THE REFORMATION AND ANTI-REFORMATION IN Bo-
From the German. 2 vols. 8vo. 18s.

HEMIA.

Ir may seem strange that the history of the suppression of Protestantism in Bohemia should remain to be written in the present day; but a little consideration will suffice to show us more than one efficient cause for this apparent anomaly. Bohemia has continued hitherto almost isolated, as it were, from German literature, the theologians of either country seldom writing of, or for, the other. In addition to this, the dominant Roman Catholic Church has no wish to see details revived so little creditable to itself, and the strong hand of power is stretched forth to suppress all such dangerous fancies amongst the Protestants, who may well be supposed with every inclinaTo such tion to record the martyrdom of their forefathers. extent is this carried, that the censorship of the press has been employed to silence Bohemians when even hinting at the merits of those who fought and died for the reformed faith, while, as a farther measure of security, the archives of the state are kept absolutely inaccessible. So strict are the ruling powers on this point, that our historian with all his zeal did not dare to require anything in writing from Bohemia, although there can be no doubt that many interesting papers, respecting the sanguinary period of the anti-reformation are still in existence; the archiepiscopal archives at Prague must in particular abound in official documents, as well as in reports and correspondence of the commissioners themselves, to say nothing of those at Leitmeritz, Köningingrätz, Wittingau, &c., and the no less inaccessible imperial cabinet at Vienna. It may then be asked when so many sources of information are closed up against all inquiry, from what fountain did our historian draw his knowledge? The answer is, that he himself possessed many Bohemian literary treasures, that he had access to the extant books, which were bequeathed by learned exiles from Bohemia to the townlibrary of Zittau, and that he was likewise furnished with several rare documents from the collections at Dresden, Görlitz, and the library of the United Brethern in Herrnhut. this all. He has also gleaned from contemporary writings, especially from the Latin work De Persecutione Bohemicá, and not confining himself exclusively to Protestant writers, but availing himself of the labours of conscientious Romanists, such as Pessina, Balbin, and Pelzel, so that if something remains to Still it is be desired, much at all events has been effected. painful to see that all this necessity for darkness should exist, or should be thought to exist by those in power; it argues little for the eventual peace of Germany, and shows that the religious differences are like some half-healed wound, which is marked not hidden by the scar, and ready to burst out afresh at the first change of the season.

Nor is

The author sets out with an introductory sketch of Bohemian history, from the year 845, at which early period many of the natives had already embraced Christianity, through the medium of the Germans and Romans in consequence of the wars of the German king, Lewis. After a rapid glance at the events of several centuries, he becomes more diffuse, and to Englishmen, especially, more interesting, when having come down as far as 1404, he enters upon the career of the celebrated Huss, who

was himself but a follower of our own Wickliffe.

We hear

191

and children, and friends farewell, they exhorted them to constancy
and zeal, and obedience to the word of God, rather than the command-
ments of men; finally they prayed for their enemies, and then com-
Their hands being bound to their feet,
mended their souls to God.
The banks were lined with executioners,
they were conveyed in the boats to the middle of the river, and there

thrown into the stream.

any came floating near the shore, although half dead, they were
provided with pikes, who took care that none should escape; for when
stabbed and forced back to the middle of the river. The burgomaster's
But, as it
daughter, fixing her eyes upon ber husband, sprang into the river, and
embracing him, strove hard to draw him from the water.
was too deep for her to get a firm footing, and she was unable to loosen
his bands, they both sank."

If this were all, it might be said that the palm of crueltywas doubtful; but in addition to the axe, the sword, the bullet, and water, the religious persecutors added torture and death by fire, things that the republicans in their most frantic moods never dreamed of, and even the most frightful scenes of their most frightful reign of terror, fall far short of the following in horror:

"In the same year, Albert of Austria sent auxiliary troops to Sigismund, his father-in-law, and his horsemen, in Arnostowicz, a village near Miliczin, seized the curate Wenceslaus, with his chaplain, three peasants, and four children, the eldest of whom was only eleven years old; the former, because he had administered the Lord's supper under both forms, and the latter because they had partaken of it. They sent them to the bishop. The latter required that the curate should were carried before the military prefect of the camp at Bistritz, who abjure that mode of administering the communion, or he should suffer in the flames for his temerity.

But he fearlessly replied: 'So the
It there-
This plain

gospel teaches, and even your mass-books contain the same.
fore must be right, unless you renounce the scriptures.'

answer offended those present, and a soldier struck him in the face
with his fist, so that the blood flowed instantly from his nose and
mouth. The bishop then sent him back to the general, and the latter
returned him again to the bishop. After they had mocked them a whole
fixed to the stake, the little ones being put upon the lap of the curate.
night, they were led out in the morning, (Sunday, July 7th, 1420) and
The bishop was present, and exhorted them to renounce the cup by an

oath.

To this the faithful curate answered for himself and the rest:

Far be it from us! we will rather die a hundred deaths, than deny such a plain evangelic doctrine.'

Then the executioner was ordered

to set fire to the pile. The flame consumed them, and they ascended up in the smoke, as was believed, an acceptable burnt-offering to God."

Can any one read these atrocities and not feel the blood boil in their veins from indignation? But we must not wrong the Roman Catholics, by fancying that such horrors were peculiar to them or their creeds. All history shows us that the fanatics of every religion, or form of religion, are exactly alike, and the events in Bohemia offer no exception to this general rule; the cruelties were the same on both sides, and the Hussites in one respect were even worse than their opponents, who at all events had no feuds amongst themselves, while the reformers splitting into sects, each persecuted the other as anti-christian. Thus there were the CALIXTINES, 80 called from calix, the cup, in which they desired to participate; in all other respects they agreed with the Romish Church, and paid no regard to the doctrines of Huss. The UTRAQUISTS differed little, these, their name importing precisely the same thing, and most probably designated the same sect amongst different ranks of the people, or at different periods of their secession from the established faith; the explanation of their name is best given by themselves as being those who in true faith receive the body We have next the and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ sub utráque (specie) i. e. under both forms-hence, UTRAQUISTS.

at all, from

much of the cruelties of the French Revolutionists, but the old mines and pits of Kuttenberg, into which thousands upon thousands of Hussites were thrown at the instigation of God's own vicar, and in the holy name of religion, seem to us to rival in atrocity the noyades and fusillades that were enacted in the name of liberty; nay, the republicans have not even the horri-Taborites, who insisted upon purity and simplicity in the artible credit of originating the noyades, for the friends of order cles of faith and rites of the Church, and who maintained that and religion, the loyal subjects of the empire, and the very thenceforth nothing of superstition ought to be suffered amongst faithful adorers of the Pope, had many centuries before acted the them: they had their name from this circumstance; when, on the death of King Wenceslaus, Sigismond, obtaining the Bo self-same tragedy with the Taborites and Hussites. "They were then chained upon waggons, and conveyed to the banks hemian crown, issued orders that the Hussites considered A multitude of people derogatory to pure faith, a party of them amounting to many of the Elbe, to be thrown into the water. assembled, with the wives and children of the prisoners, making great thousands, retired to a rocky hill, named Tabor, about ten lamentation. The burgomaster's daughter came also; she was his miles from Prague; this they surrounded with a wall, and preonly child, and with clasped hands threw herself at his feet, interced-pared to defend with arms against any power that could be ing for the life of her husband. But the father, harder than a stone, said: 'Spare your tears, you know not what you desire. Cannot you Finding her father thus have a more worthy husband than he?' inexorable, she arose and said: 'Father, you shall not give me in marriage again!' Smiting her breast, and tearing her hair, she folWhen the martyrs had arrived at lowed her husband with the rest. the bank of the Elbe, they were thrown from the waggons; and while the boats were preparing, they raised their voices, calling heaven and earth to witness that they were innocent; then bidding their wives, VOL. 1. NO. X. [From October 20 to November 23, 1845.]

brought against them.

Next there were the PICARDS, or PICARDITES, who were properly those Waldenses that had not long before been driven from France and had settled in Austria. And here we may be allowed to remark upon the vulgar error of supposing that the Waldenses, or Vaudois, derived their name from Peter Waldus, or Valdo, for a vulgar error it is notwithstanding it has the support of the learned Mosheim; in fact, it is just reversing the order of things; the sect had their designa

tion from their vallies, which in the Piedmontese language are called VAUX, just as we see the VALCHIUSA of the Italians becomes VAUCLUSE. Hence Peter, or, as some have called him, John, of Lyons, who had adopted their doctrines, got in Latin the name of Valdus, and from this too it was that by Latin and English writers the people were styled VALDENSES, or WALDENSES, as by the French they were termed VAUDOIS.

At the era of the great Reformation, two religious parties became predominant amongst the sectarians in Bohemia. These were the Utraquists already mentioned, and the Bohemian Brethren, whose history "under that name, is of much more importance to Christians of this day, as well on account of their honourable characteristics, as because of the church at Herrnhut, in Upper Lusatia, which was founded by their descendants, and continues to flourish to the present time, sending forth missionaries and establishing settlements in the remotest parts of the globe." They sprung out of certain remnants of the Taborites, and some of the more prudent Calixtines, though the latter body were as hostile to them as the Catholics, who styled them, by way of vilification, Picards and Waldenses. The rest of the Introductory History is chiefly confined to this sect, their character, their creed, and their sufferings.

It was at this period that Luther began to preach his reformation in Germany, and if his doctrines found a ready acceptance in that country, it may be easily supposed that they would be no less favourably considered in Bohemia, where the ground was so well prepared for their reception. But the Brethren had to fight the good fight alone. The Utraquists having obtained the grant of the cup from the pope, now united with the king and the Catholics against them, and many of them were obliged to fly for refuge to Poland or to Prussia. Still after a severe struggle the reformed doctrines gained the upper hand; and there was some danger that the Roman Catholic creed might become extinct in Bohemia, when the Jesuits were sent thither to support the falling cause of the Church. Their talents, their activity, their adroitness, and their insinuating manners, soon wrought a wonderful change in the face of things, and eventually preserved Bohemia to the Romish See.

"Those new warriors of the church (says a hostile writer), whose body she endowed with an entirely different, terrible constitution, from that of the army of mendicant monks, raised in the ages of barbarism,

and who had invented tactics more suitable to the spirit of the new age, effected for the enfeebled church all that could be expected from human power, directed by the deepest cunning, zeal, perseverance, genius, and all the united powers of mind. They laid hold upon the courts, the common people, the confessional chair, the pulpits, the education of youth, the missions. Nothing seemed to them impossi

ble, in order to enlarge the dominion of the holy chair. They regarded nothing, whether persecution or calumny, in order to attain their end."

The death of Ferdinand, and the succession of Maximilian II. to the throne of Bohemia and the imperial crown of Germany, afforded some relief to the persecuted Brethren. In spite of the opposition of the Jesuits, Maximilian consented that the Non-Catholic states of Bohemia should draw up among themselves a common confession. And now was seen a very singular association, for in that confession were united four Christian branches-Utraquists, Lutherans, the Reformed (then called Calvinists, but now Helvetians), and Bohemian Brethren, who still had occasionally the name of Picards. There is nothing, however, very honourable to the common sense of mankind in all these disputes, which have as little to do with true religion as the edicts of Mohammed.

This calm, however, was but of short endurance, and ended with the life of Maximilian. Neither party felt or understood the genuine principles of toleration, and the struggle recommencing continued with varied success till the accession of Ferdinand III., who determined that all his subjects should think as he did upon religious matters. Then came the Thirty Years' War, a period of history too well known to need repetition, and the Protestant party was completely trodden under foot. The persecution that ensued was horrible, and in consequence thousands of the Brethren fled their native country to seek a refuge under other governments, and Bohemia received a blow from which she has never recovered up to the present hour. Civilization was thrown back at least a century in the vain hope of compelling all men to think alike, or rather that one set of men should rule with more than regal despotism over

the minds as well as properties of their brethren. Even the reign of the tolerant and enlightened Joseph II., though it put an end to persecution in its most odious form, did not bring

back the kingdom to its original prosperity. He was forced in some measure to give way to the intolerant spirit of his age, and to abstain from doing much good, to which his own disposition would otherwise have prompted him. Still his rule was upon the whole highly beneficial to Bohemia, and much of the freedom of thought that now prevails in Germany may be traced to him and the great Frederick of Prussia.

And here we must close our long, but still very imperfect sketch of this highly valuable work-valuable, that is, from the importance of the materials brought together; of the charms that belong to style, or to a clear and happy arrangement of facts, there is little in these volumes; and still less is there of that keen and searching philosophic spirit which traces up effects to their first causes, and from the past deduces a practical lesson for the future. Still the facts are there-grave and important facts-the roots of good and evil, that spread, polypus-like, through the whole of the social constitution, and which cannot be torn away without much pain, and bloodshed, and danger to the patient-there they are, illuminated as it were by the historic microscope, and it is for the reader to exercise his own ingenuity in turning them to account.

THE LAW AND PRACTICE OF PATENTS AND REGISTRATION OF DESIGNS. By S. Billing and A. Prince. 8vo. 12s.

THIS work is intended not only for lawyers but for agents and patentees. It combines the law with the practice in a running commentary, and promises to be equally useful for each of the three parties. The Lawyer will find in it a comment upon all the important cases which have been decided on the subject, and which in aid of the text appear in the notes in the shape of a digest; the Agent will be gratified in having the points of law upon its various headings collected and presented in a practical form; and the Patentee will find his advantage in the popular modes in which the matter is presented, all merely technical expressions being carefully avoided. The only exception to this is in two chapters, one of which is especially devoted to pleadings; the other to the objections required by statute to be delivered with the pleadings.

THE PAUPER LUNATIC ASYLUM ACT. By J. F. Pownall. 8vo. 4s.

THE act of 8 and 9 Vict., cap. 126, is here given at full length, with an analysis of its provisions, explanatory notes, and a copious index.

A FULL REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CASE OF
THE JUDGE PROMOTED BY HODGSON v. REV. F. OAKE-
LEY. Edited by A. F. Bayford. 8vo.
68.

THE substance of this precious document is, that the Rev. F. Oakeley wrote and published a certain pamphlet, entitled "A Letter, addressed to the Lord Bishop of London, on a subject connected with the recent proceedings at Oxford," in which it seems he maintained doctrines contrary to the Articles of Religion, as by law established. The result was, that, in the first place, the Court-there is no jury here-revoked Mr. Oakeley's license to officiate in his chapel, inhibiting him from the performance of any ministerial duties there, or elsewhere, within the diocese of London, or within the province of Canterbury, until he shall have repented of his errors and declared his readiness to retract them. Finally, he was condemned in in all the costs of the proceedings; and notice of such sentence given at the chapel in Margaret Street, at which the real or supposed culprit had been in the habit of officiating.

A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF MARINE
INSURANCES. By J. Hildyard. 8vo. 17. 10s.

THIS is intended for the use of underwriters and mercantile men, as well as of the profession. It consists of two parts. The first treats of the contract itself between the assured and the assurer. The second is divided into three sections, treating respectively of the causes which vacate that contract-in what cases the assured is entitled to recover back the consideration paid by him-and lastly, what is the remedy provided by the law for either party against the other.

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH. By the Rev. G. Dalton. 12mo. 6s.

A COURSE of twenty-one lectures on the life of Joseph, more especially considered as a biographical type of Christ.

THE PALACE OF FANTASY. By J. S. Hardy. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

WHEN We recollect Dodsley's Collection of Poems, and think how little talent in those days was sufficient to secure the candidate admission into the Temple of Fame, we really pity the modern authors. A poet, such as Mr. Hardy, would have found ready acceptance with Dodsley and the readers of his time, and yet we cannot now venture to promise him anything like a wide-spread or enduring popularity.

The "Palace of Fantasy" is a poem in the Spenserian mea-
sure, containing much pretty writing, but nothing that evinces
an original genius, the sole condition upon which fame is to be
had now a-days. We give three consecutive stanzas as afford-
a fair specimen by which to judge of the author's poems.
Far from the earth they tracked the eagle's haunt,
They saw the king of birds his eyrie rear,
Watching his clam'rous brood of eaglets gaunt,
Or pounce for prey, then soaring upward bear,
With cruel talons strong, the kid to tear;
They saw him take his strong and awful flight,
With dusky pinion cleaving wide the air,
O'er turmoil wave beneath, or craggy height,
Tiere gazing on the sun his fixed undazzled sight.
And other birds of prey, with rav'nous maw:
The falcon stooping o'er his quarry weak;
The vulture, horrid bird, neck bare they saw,
Scenting the air his carrion foul to seek,
And glut on entrails with his tearing beak;
Like that fierce bird Prometheus cruel found,
That gnawed his heart, and did its vengeance wreak,
Upon his agonising victim bound

That ever fed, and found new flesh at every wound.

Lo! now bright Sol had risen high, and strong

The mountains crimsoned o'er were capp'd with gold;
O'er tow'r and tree the radiance stole along,
Swept o'er the vale, while wave empurpled roll'd;

And nature smiled, her glories to unfold;

The warbling choir at heav'n's gate did sing;

The air, with teeming life rejoicing, told

Of insects' jubilee, and their off'ring,

That bask in sunny ray, or spread the burnished wing.

The minor poems that follow in the wake of this grand effort, like the little skiff holding on to its ship by means of the painter, are pleasing, but have nothing to distinguish them from hundreds of similar attempts in rhyme.

15s.

A GUIDE TO THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL POsrs. By
T. Herbert. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

A WORK so comprehensive, and so useful of its kind, that it ought to be on the desk of every merchant, and upon the library table of every gentleman. It contains a list of the principal countries, cities, post-towns, and places abroad, foreign and colonial, together with the days of their dispatch and arrival— the different routes of the mails, or course of the posts, as well as the average time occupied by the transit of letters from the part or places of dispatch to their arrival at their destinationreferences to extended tables of the different rates of postage, British and foreign, showing at once the proper rate of postage to be taken and charged upon letters addressed or received by any particular route, as well as all the places to which letters may be sent without previous payment-and finally, rates of newspapers, prices current, periodicals, &c., &c.

CONFESSIONS OF A WATER-PATIENT. By Sir E. B.
Lytton. 12mo. 2s. 6d.

THEY who expect to receive any information upon hydropathy from this pamphlet, will find themselves woefully mistaken. It is nothing more than a trifling piece of egotism, detailing how the writer was a very clever boy, and always fond of reading; how he was at one time the editor of the New Monthly Magazine; how his brain was overworked, and his stomach fell ill in consequence; how he tried all manner of pills and potions to no purpose; how he chanced to meet with a pamphlet on hydropathy; how he resolved to try that curative system; and how he became thin,-very thin, under it,-and how, finally, he is much better, though not quite well. Never did any one so thoroughly deserve the anathema uttered by Macbeth against the witches, for like them he

"Keeps the word of promise to our ear

And breaks it to our hope."

TWENTY sermons, originally preached at the parish church of St. George, Bloomsbury.

SKETCHES FOR YOUTH. By C. Malan. 16mo. 3s. 6d.

but too sermon-like, and too little imaginative, to have any A COLLECTION of tales for children, excellent in intention, high degree of interest for youthful readers. The great error what they call the useful, quite forgetting that one condition of all modern teachers seems to us that they are too fond of of food of any sort being serviceable, is that it should be grateful to the palate.

SALVATION, CERTAIN AND COMPLETE. By J. Herrick.

18mo. 1s. 6d.

WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES. By Thomas Cooper, the Chartist. 2 vols. post 8vo. THESE wise saws are short tales, in plain homely language, illustrative of the author's opinions upon politics and other matters connected with the state of society. There is no want of shrewd, practical common sense in the majority of them; but they have that one peculiarity of his school, which, in a literary point of view, is the most objectionable part about it; they avoid every thing that can in any way excite the imagination with as much care as a homeopathist shuns wines and spirits a story, with them, must have some moral or political object; to amuse is not their object, and henceforth the phrenologist may strike the organs of imagination out of their map of the human skull. As Napoleon, in the hey-day of power, used to issue his decree, that'such or such "a kingdom has ceased to be;" so the fiat of Mr. Cooper and his school has gone forth against Fancy, and "her realm has ceased to be," in like manThe Muses, turned out of their aerial mansions, must now wear cotton garments, and work honestly for their bread, not by beating hemp, but by beating facts, with a sort of half FOUR little stories for children; and, so far as the choice of hope held out to them, if they behave well, that Thalia may words goes, well adapted to their capacities. They all, howone day be employed as stoker on a railway, Melpomene find a ever, teach a lesson, which is false in fact, and which it causes place among the factory-girls, Euterpe be married to Doctor us much pain in after life to unlearn-namely, that those who Bowring, and write parliamentary speeches for him and sum-act best succeed best. But as our doctrine may perhaps tottle Hume, while the rest of the sisterhood may be apprenticed to some useful occupations, and not spend their time idling as they have done. In case of non-compliance, whipping will be resorted to, which is the idea these utilitarians have of mingling the utile dulci.

ner.

A SUMMER AT DE COURCY LODGE. By Mrs. Bourne.
Foolscap. 3s. 6d.

THE story itself is little more than a frame-work for sundry discourses upon natural history and other topics, for the instruction of young children.

A SECTARIAN essay, having for its object to show that salvation is not incompatible with the greatest sins.

WILLIE FRASER AND OTHER TALES. By Mrs. R. Lee. 18mo. 2s. 6d.

sound startling, however necessary to be thoroughly known and understood, we will quote what Sir Walter Scott has so truly as well as beautifully said in respect to it :-"I think a character of a highly virtuous and lofty stamp is degraded rather than exalted by an attempt to reward virtue with temporal prospeworthy of suffering merit, and it is a dangerous and fatal docrity. Such is not the recompense which Providence has deemed trine to teach young persons, that rectitude of conduct and of principle are either naturally allied with, or adequately rewarded by, the gratification of our passions, or the attainment of our wishes."

LESSONS ON THE MIRACLES OF OUR BLESSED LORD. By | ESSAYS. By the Pupils at the College of the Deaf and Elizabeth Mayo. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

COLLECTION OF PUBLIC STATUTES, 8TH AND 9TH VIC- sary meal, it is little short of a crime to expend our charitable TORIA. Roy. 8vo. 17s. 6d.

THE STATUTES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. THE FIRST NOTES OF THE LYRE. By Sarah Anne and 8 AND 9 VICTORIA, 1845. Roy. 8vo. 17. 11s. 6d. Books indispensable to the library of every lawyer, but of which, of course, no analysis could be given. The titles themselves sufficiently explain the nature of their contents, and they appear to be got up well and carefully.

THIS little volume consists of four essays-On Moral Train-THOUGHTS ON THE LORD'S PRAYER. By W. W. Bradng-On Public Instruction-On Natural Responsibility-and On the Natural Origin of Conventional Laws and Distinctions. But though these essays are in one sense distinct from each other, they yet bear, like the radii of a circle, upon one common