16. Yes and no answer a question, and usually represent or stand for the thought contained in the question, affirming or denying it as a proposition.

17. Amen represents the thought contained in the preceding sentence or paragraph, reässerting it with the wish that it may be so

18. Namely, or to wit, usually represented by viz., embraces what follows in the sentence.

NOTE. These last four are generally used independently, and are not parsed as modifying particular words.

19. Some adverbs are formed by the union of two or more words; as, indeed in and deed; wherewith where and with; herein ➡here and in; whereby=where and by; sometimes = some and times; wherein where and in; nevertheless: never and the and less; whereunto = =where and unto.

151. Adverbs used in asking questions are called interrogative adverbs; as, Why? when? whither? whence? how? where? wherefore?

REMARK. There is often used without reference to its meaning; as, There is little hope of escape. There was a frost this morning. In such cases it is a mere expletive, and may be called an introductory adverb, used for euphony, that the verb may precede its subject smoothly. It regards the sound and not the sense of the sentence.

152. Some adverbs may be compared; as, Soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; least wisely, less wisely, wisely, more wisely, most wisely.

153. A few are compared irregularly; as, Well, bet ter, best; ill or badly, worse, worst; much, more, most; far, farther or further, farthest or furthest.

REMARK. An adverb in the comparative or superlative degree sometimes has the article "the" preceding it; as, The oftener I seo him the better I like him.

What are interrogative adverbs? How are adverbs compared Which are compared egularly?

NOTE. Here "the oftener" and "the better" may be parsed as adverbia. phrases. Supplying the ellipsis will be awkward.

CONNECTIVE ADVERBS.

154. Connective adverbs connect clauses, and express the relation of time, manner, &c., that exists between them; as, "I was fond of sport when I was young." Here "when" at the time in which; it de notes identity of time between the assertions in the two clauses.

REMARK 1.

“When father returned, he gave me a book." Here "when" denotes identity of time between the two actions. Therefore, "when" not only connects the two clauses, but also shows the relation of time.

2. The whole adverbial clause, " when father returned," modifies the predicate of the independent clause, as an adverb of time. So, too, in the first example, the adverbial clause is an adverb of time, modifying the predicate of the independent clause.

3. Thus, "where" the place in which; that is, the relation it shows between two clauses connected by it is identity of place. "How " = the manner in which; before at a time preceding that in which; that is, it marks priority of time. "After" denotes subsequent time, &c.

=

4. The adverbial clause is always dependent, and modifies the predicate of the clause with which it is connected.

KINDS AND FORMS OF ADVERBS.

KINDS-Time, place, manner, degree, cause.
PROPERTIES Modify, connect.

FORMS-Positive, Comparative, Superlative.

FORM FOR PARSING AN ADVERB.

Kind; form; compare it; what it modifies, or connects.

MODEL.

The boy was very anxious to go where he could study more diligently.

What are connective adverbs!

The two clauses of this compound sentence are connected by the connective adverb "where," equivalent to to the place in which. It marks identity of place.

Boy," the subject of the first clause, is limited directly by "the," and the quality expressed by "anxious" is asserted of “ boy and this quality is intensified in degree by "very," which directly modifies "anxious"; the phrase "to go" limits "anxious," denoting the purpose or object of the boy's anxiety.

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To go" is directly modified by the clause" where he could study more diligently"; an "adverbial clause" used as an adverb of place.

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He," the subject of the adverbial clause, is not modified.

"Could study," the predicate, is directly modified by the phrase more diligently.”

“The” is a definite article, modifying "boy," and pointing out some particular boy known, or previously alluded to.

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Boy" is a common noun, a name applied to any one of the class; masculine, a male; singular, but one; third person, spoken of; nominative case, the subject of the clause; if represented by its appropriate personal pronoun, that form will be "he," for the third, singular, masculine, nominative.

"Was" is an irregular, intransitive verb, in the Indicative mood, Past tense, with a form varied to agree with a subject in the third, singular.

"Very " is an adverb, modifying the adjective " anxious.” "Anxious" is an adjective in the predicate, limiting and referring to "boy."

was,"

To go " is a verb, because it can be used to assert; go, went, gone, irregular; intransitive, does not admit a direct object; Infi itive mood, consequently not limited by number or person; used indefinitely to denote a purpose or object, and limiting "anxious.” "Where" is a connective adverb, uniting the adverbial clause with the independent clause, and marking identity of place.

"He" is substituted for " boy," and represents that word in gendor, number, and person. It has the special form of the masculine. third, singular, nominative, and is the subject of the adverbial clause. Could study" is here used to assert, and is a verb. Present study, Past studied Perfect Participle studied; regular; either

transitive or intransitive, to be determined by the sense; here intran◄ sitive, used to signify an act not limited by any expressed definite object, but general in its sense; simple active form. Potential mood, declares, with the aid of "could," the boy's power or abil ity to study more diligently." This mood is not varied for the person and number of its subject.

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"More diligently" is an adverb; positive diligently, comparative more diligently, superlative most diligently; comparative degre, and modifies "could study," whereby it is asserted that the could perform the act in a higher degree there than elsewhere.

EXERCISES.

boy'

DIRECTION. Analyze the following sentences, giving the clausal and phrasal analysis; also, the kinds, forms, properties, and modifying relations, of the nouns. verbs, adjectives, articles, pronouns, and adverbs, according to previous models; and, in parsing connective adverbs, show the relation they mark between the actions of the connected clauses.

John arrived before

The man worked slowly and diligently. John recited exceedingly well. He eats more carefully now. the ship sailed. They managed their affairs most prudently. The ship sailed after John came. He walked very slowly. The ship will sail when John comes. The speaker was quite earnest in his manner. When John arrives, the ship will sail. The man was very eager to go. When John arrived, the ship sailed. The sooner he goes, the better. The ship sailed as soon as John arrived. He will find it where he left it. He may go whither he pleases. The horse stood still while we were getting into

the wagon.

John drove too fast for safety.

He rode much too

rapidly

PREPOSITIONS.

155. PREPOSITIONS are used to connect words, and shov the relation between them; as, Charles went from New York to Baltimore. Wealthy men should give libe aliy Men of wealth should give with liber ality.

NOTE. A noun or pronoun indirectly modifies another word, by means of the connecting preposition expressed or implied, and the case-relation of the modifying word is thus shown to be objective.

REMARK. The preposition is used chiefly before nouns and their substitutes, connecting them with the words to which they stand in the relation of modifiers, as adjectives or adverbs; as, Men of wealth should give with liberality. Here the phrases, "of wealth " wealthy, and with liberality = liberally; this performing the office of an adverb, — that, of an adjective.

NOTE. Generally, when phrases beginning with prepositions limit verbs, they are adverbial; when they limit nouns, they are adjective phrases.

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.

156. Abroad, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, amidst, among, amongst, around, at, athwart, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, betwixt, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, excepting, for, from, in, into, notwithstanding, of, off où, over, past, regarding, respecting, round, save, since, through, throughout, till, to, touching, toward, towards, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without.

REMARK 1. The above words are generally used as prepositions, and take after them the objective case of a noun or pronoun, used as a modifying term; but, when they are used without the modifying term of relation, they are commonly parsed as adverbs.

2. But, meaning except, is a preposition; meaning only, it is an alverb; otherwise used, it is a conjunction.

3. Save and except may be parsed as verbs, but are generally regarded as prepositions.

4. Concerning, excepting, regarding, and touching, have ceased to be considered as participles, being classed as prepositions merely.

5. The adverb out, and the preposition of, used together, form what may be called a compound preposition. So, also, the participle according and to; over against, from above, from beneath, from beyond, from between, from off, from within, from without, &c., may be classed thus. But all may be separated in construction, by sup plying an ellipsis.

For what are prepositions used? What case do prepositions take after them l