6. Like nigh, near, and opposite, are, by some, parsed as prepo

sitions.

MODEL.

John sailed from New York to London in a ship.

"John" is the unmodified subject of this simple sentence "Sailed," the predicate, has connected with it three phrases modi fying it.

The first phrase, "from New York,”: ≈an adverb of place; the second," to London," an adverb of place; the third, “in a ship,”

an adverb of manner. Thus the three phrases, two as adverbs of place, and one of manner, modify the predicate "sailed," making "sailed from New York to London in a ship" the modified predicate.

"From" is a preposition, connecting "New York," the modifying term, with "sailed," the other term of the relation.

"To" is a preposition, connecting" London," the modifying term, with sailed."

"In " is a preposition, connecting "ship" with "sailed." "New York "" is a proper noun, neuter, third, singular; in the objective, because the modifying term always stands in that case-relation to the modifying word; objective after the preposition "from."

"London" is a proper noun; neuter, singular, third; objective after the preposition “to.”

“A” is an indefinite article, limiting “ship."

66

Ship" is a common noun, third, singular, neuter; objective after the preposition "in."

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Give the clausal and phrasal relations of the following sentences ; the kinds, forms, properties, and modifying relations, of the several nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions, according to foregoing models

Mahomet still lives in his practical and disastrous influence in the East. The sun sets beyond the western hills, but the trail of light behind him guides the pilgrim to his distant home. Baanty haunts the depths of the earth and sca. and gleams out

An infinite joy

in the hues of the shell and the precious stone. is lost to the world by the want of culture of this spiritual endowment. Every husbandman is living in sight of the works of a divine artist. From the diffusion of the sense of beauty in ancient Greece, and of the taste for music in modern Germany, we learn that the people at large may partake of refined gratifi

oations.

CONJUNCTIONS.

157. CONJUNCTIONS connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; as, William went to Baltimore and Washington. They can go by land or by water. John went to New York, but Charles remained at home.

NOTE 1. The conjunction "and" sometimes connects words alone; as, two and three are five. Here the quality or fact in the predicate, asserted of the compound subject, not true of either part alone. Such cases are rare.

2. "John and James are good boys." This is separable; as, "John is a good boy, and James is a good boy." So that here, as in almost every instance, by supplying the ellipsis, the conjunction may be made to connect clauses; and this is its peculiar function.

REMARK 1. Conjunctions form no part of the phrases, clauses, or sentences, which they connect.

2. Conjunctions connect words of the same class, in the same relation; similar phrases, in like relations; and like or unlike clauses, in the same or different relations.

3. Words and phrases connected by conjunctions have a common dependence.

4. Conjunctions, for the most part, connect clauses only; a few connect also phrases, and sometimes words.

5. "That," as a conjunction, stands only in a substantive clause; and, whether the clause is subjective or objective, is often a mere expletive.

6. Some words are used merely to introduce conjunctions; so far as they serve to direct attention, they are emphatic; but, as they do

What do conjur¬tions connect? What is the peculiar function of the conjunction?

not connect, they would otherwise be expletive. They are really introductory, and are usually called corresponding conjunctions or correlatives.

NOTE 1. Thus, or may be preceded by whether or either, nor by neither, yet or still by although or though, &c. But most of the words usually considered as corresponding conjunctions are clearly referaole to some other construction and regimen. Thus, both is never a conjunction, though set down as such, corresponding with and.

2. A corresponding conjunction never connects, and it may be parsed merely as introductory to the real conjunction that performs the connecting office, and is the consequent in the correlation.

7. And, and the conjunctive phrase as well as, express addition, and connect independent clauses, phrases having a common dependence, and words of the same class in the same relation.

8. Or, dénoting alternative, nor and neither negative, also connect independent clauses; though neither is often introductory, correlative with nor.

9. But, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, yet, denoting opposition, contrast, or concession, also connect independent clauses.

10. If, although, though, except, lest and unless, connect depend ent or subordinate clauses with those on which they depend. When a clause thus dependent is connected with another by one of these conjunctions, its predicate is said to be in the Subjunctive mood They denote condition, doubt, supposition.

11. For and because precede a reason; therefore and wherefore, an inference; since, that, &c., a cause or result; and are either causal or illative conjunctions.

12 Than and as denote comparison; than follows comparatives, the words other, as, &c., positives.

MODEL.

If we fail, it can be no worse for us; but we shall not fail.

There are two members to this compound sentence; one independent, stating a fact based on a supposition, or rather making an asser

tion under a condition expressed in a subjoined clause; the other de nying the condition supposed in the former member for the sake of argument.

The dependent clause, "we fail," is connected with the indepen. dent clause, it can be no worse for us," by "if," which always connects the subordinate clause in which it stands with some other.

The other independent proposition, "we shall not fail," is connected with the first member of the sentence by "but," expressing contrast or opposition.

"We," representing the speaker and those with him, is the subject, unmodified, of the subjunctive clause, and "fail" is the unmodified predicate.

"It," representing the supposition contained in the subjoined clause, is the subject of the leading clause; "can be," the predicate, is limited by "worse,' an adjective in the predicate, whereby its quality is asserted of the subject; and“ worse is directly modified oy the adverb "no," and indirectly by the phrase "for us."

"We" is the subject of the last independent clause, and "shall fail" is the predicate, modified by "not," giving it a negative meaning.

"If" is a conjunction, used only to connect a subjunctive clause to come other; thus, "fail," the predicate of this clause, is said to be in the Subjunctive mood.

"Can be" is here used, by means of the auxiliary "can," to declare possibility or power of its subject.

"Shall fail" is a simple declaration in the future, negatived by the adverb "not."

"But" is a conjunction, used only with clauses, and here connectthe two independent or coördinate clauses.

ing

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION Give the clausal and phrasal analysis of the sentences, and the forms, roperties and relations, of all the parts of speech for which models in 1 a1 sing Aave been given.

As he makes the final gash, the faithful knife falls from his little, nerveless hand. The schoolmaster made her no azswer, but bent over her in silence, for his heart was full. As the grandfather approached, the church clock struck the hour of

school, and their friend withdrew. We die, but leave an influence behind us. Each one of these monuments has been watered by the tears of the widow, the orphan, or the patriot. Generations have passed away, and mourners and mourned have sunk together in forgetfulness. Many such miracles are set before us; but we recognize them not, or pass them by with a word or a smile of short surprise. The aged sat down; but they weṛt not. If they had the vices of savage life, they had the virtues also. If we postpone independence, do we mean to carry on, or to give up, the war? The tree falls in the forest; but, in the lapse of ages, it is turned into coal, and our fires burn now the brighter because it grew and fell.

INTERJECTIONS.

158. An INTERJECTION is a word used to express sud den or violent feeling, emotion, or passion; as, Hal it is Pythias.

REMARK 1. The interjection is an undeveloped sentence; as, O! that I had the wings of a dove—I wish that I had the wings of a dove. NOTE. Many interjections are merely verbs in the Imperative mood; &, hark! behold! hush!

2. The following classification is merely logical, indicating the interjections appropriated to express a particular emotion, and not to be regarded in parsing.

3. Expressive of grief- alas, alack, oh, woe, ah, well-a-day. Of pain - oh, oh dear, ah. Of joy-huzza, hurrah. Of laughterha, ha, ha. Of contempt like-fic, foh. Of repulsion hail, all-hail.

pshaw, fudge, poh, tut-tut. Of dis

avaunt, off, begone. Of welcome

Of surprise ha, hah, what, oh. Of wonder ha, strange. Used in calling — ho, hallo, what ho, avast, hem. In silencing - hush, hist, mum, hark. In directing sight — see, look, lo, behold. In intensifying or desiring — O).

4. The interjection has generally no grammatical connection with other words, that requires to be regarded in parsing. It may be parsed as grammatically independent, and its logical relation is always sufficiently apparent.