RULE XIX.

A relative pronoun connects the adjective clause of which it is a part, with another clause which it modifies; as, I have seen the man who bought our horse.

MODEL.

The teacher who is qualified for his office, is a blessing to the community.

This is a compound sentence, consisting of two clauses; one independent, the other relative.

"Teacher," the subject of the independent clause, is limited by the article "the," and by the relative clause, which is here restrictive, and used as an adjective to modify "teacher."

"Is a blessing to the community" is the modified predicate of the independent clause, and "blessing," the noun in the predicate, is modified by the phrase "to the community.”

"Who" is the grammatical subject of the adjective clause; "is qualified," the grammatical predicate; and "is qualified for his office," the modified predicate.

WHO is a relative pronoun, relating to "teacher" for its antecedent; it must be of the same person and number as the noun which it represents; therefore it is third, singular. It is nominative in form, because it is the subject of the verb "is qualified." It connects the two clauses.

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Analyze according to previous models, and parse the relative pronouns.

Heaven

Blest are the feasts which simple plenty crowns. helps him who helps himself. a handful, to the tribes that slumber in its bosom. There was no trace by which the name of the ship could be ascertained. He that falls in love with himself, will have no rivals. Death lifts the veil that hides a brighter sphere. Do nothing you would wish to conceal. The noblest monuments of art that the world

All that tread the globe are but

has ever seen, are covered with the soil of twenty centuries. The man who is without God in the world, has broken the chain that binds him to the throne of the universe.

RULE XX.

Connective adverbs connect clauses, and show relation of time, place, manner, or cause; as, James will go when William comes. I will go where John goes. I will see how John does it. I will know why John does it.

MODEL.

John found the book where he left it.

This is a compound sentence, consisting of an independent and an adverbial clause.

"John," the grammatical subject of the independent clause, is not modified.

"Found," the grammatical predicate, is directly modified by the object "book," and by the clause "where he left it," used here as an adverb of place.

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He," a substitute for "John," is the subject of the adverbial clause; "left" is the predicate; and "left it " the modified predicate. WHERE is a connective adverb, and connects the two clauses, showing the relation of place between the two actions to be identical.

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Analyze the sentences, and parse the connective adverbs.

A false friend and a shadow attend only while the sun shines. Catch the bear before you sell his skin. He looked a Roman senator in the days when Rome survived. There is nothing humbler than ambition when it is about to climb.

When men

speak ill of you, live so that nobody will believe them. He went to see how money might be made. If, then, that friend demand why Brutus rose against Cæsar, this is my answer.

RULES OF SYNTAX,

WITH

- ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS

IN ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION.

RULE I.

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case; as, The boy studies. He will learn.

NOTE 1. Like the Latin construction of an accusative before the infinitive mood, an objective case is often used in English before the infinitive, in such a relation, that it might be the subject of a clause, if the infinitive were changed into another mood, so as to become a predicate of the same clause; as, I know him to be a good man = I know that he is a good man.

2. The objective case of a noun or pronoun thus placed before the infinitive of an intransitive or passive verb, requires the noun or pronoun after it, having the same meaning, to be in the same case; as, I know him to be a good man.

REMARK 1. The subject may be a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause. Phrases: To see, or to see the sun, or for me to see the sun, is pleasant.

Clauses: That you understand me, or that you understand what 1 have said, is evident.

2. The subject of a verb in the imperative mood, being of the second person, and thus sufficiently obvious, is generally omitted; as, Give me neither poverty nor riches. Let me be a sharer in thy delight.

3. Sometimes the subject of the imperative is expressed; as, I will

lay on for Tusculum, and lay thou on for Rome. Be ye helpers one of another.

MODEL.

Give thy youth to study, since to discipline the mind increases its vigor.

This compound sentence has two clauses, connected by the conjunction "since." The first clause may be considered a command, exhortation, or direction; and the reason or motive is assigned in the last.

"Give," the predicate of the first, is in the imperative mood; its subject, thou, being of the second person, is understood. "Give" is directly modified by "youth," and indirectly by the phrase "to study." "Youth" is modified by "thy," representing the person addressed. Thus, "Give thy youth to study" is the modified predicate.

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"Increases," the predicate of the last clause, is modified by "vigor,” its direct object, in the objective. Vigor" is modified by "its," representing "mind." Thus, "increases its vigor" is the modified predi

cate.

Now, if the question be asked, "What increases its vigor?" the answer will be, "To discipline the mind." Therefore the phrase "to discipline the mind" is the subject of the clause.

The phrase is composed of "to discipline," a verb in the infinitive mood, and its direct object, "mind," which is limited by the definite article "the.”

"To discipline" is a verb, because it can be used to assert; regular, because its past tense and perfect participle are formed by adding d to the simple form; transitive, because it takes an object, "mind," to receive its action; simple active form, therefore the noun representing the object of its action is in the objective case; infinitive mood, because it is used without a subject-nominative, and is preceded by "to."

It constitutes with its object, "the mind," a phrase, and is here used in the relation of a noun. Thus the phrase, "to discipline the mind," is the subject of the verb "increases."

A phrase used as a noun is always third, singular, and represented by the pronoun "it."

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'Thy" is a personal pronoun, representing the person to whom the sentence is addressed; second, singular, possessive case, and limits "youth."

"Its" is a personal pronoun, substituted for "mind"; third, singuiar, neuter, possessive (why.?), and limits "vigor."

“Youth,” “mind,” and “vigor” are nouns, each third, singular, neuter, objective (why ?), and are the objects of the transitive verbs " give," "discipline," and "increases," respectively.

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Study" is a noun, third, singular, neuter (why ?), objective case after the preposition "to," thus indirectly limiting "give."

"The" is a definite article, and limits "mind." "To" is a preposition, showing a relation between "give" and "study," and thus conecting, in such modifying relation, "study" with "give."

"Give" is a verb; irregular, transitive, imperative, second person, singular (why?); it has for its subject “thou” implied.

"Increases" is a verb; regular, transitive, indicative, present (why ?); it has the special form of the third, singular, as it is varied in this tense on account of person and number; and has for its subject the substantive phrase.

EXERCISES.

GENERAL DIRECTION. In all the exercises under the Rules, besides the clausal and phrasal analysis, let the pupil parse each word in the several sentences, giving every particular respecting it, of form, property, or relation, &c. The pupil should be required to write out the analysis and parsing in full, on slate or paper; also upon a blackboard. Write five sentences under each remark, illustrating it.

DIRECTION. The pupil may analyze the following sentences, and parse each word as in the

model.

She learned to read from the Bible. Love thy neighbor as thyself. To instruct the throne in the language of truth has now become necessary. To die for one's country is sweet. Dying for one's country is sweet. Hang out our banners on the outward walls. The wreck had evidently drifted about for some months, and the name of the ship could not be ascertained. Bury then, thou snow, the hedgerows of trees. "Of" is a preposition, and it connects words, showing their grammatical relation.