fallest a blessed martyr. In the destroyer's steps there spring up bright creations that defy his power, and his dark path becomes a way of light to heaven.

RULE X.

A noun, used to explain another, denoting the same object, is in apposition with it in the Webster, the great statesman, is dead. me, your teacher.

same case; as, James, come to

NOTE. APPOSITION means added to, and the annexed word generally explains, identifies, or describes the other term as to character, official rank, employment, &c.

REMARK 1. The added term is generally an abbreviated adjective clause, assumed, instead of being asserted by writing it with a relative and verb; as, Webster, who was the great statesman, is dead = Webster, the great statesman, is dead. In the first, statesmanship is asserted; in the second, it is assumed.

2. When words are in apposition, either of the terms may be a noun, a pronoun, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence.

1st. A pronoun; as, We, his fellow citizens, have elected him. I Darius, king of Persia, have decreed it. He addressed the letter to me, his carliest friend. I brought it, a present from my brother.

2d. A phrase; as, He did it for this purpose, to bring the enemy to terms. The promise, to be quiet, was soon forgotten.

3d. A clause; as, He overlooked the cause of his discomfiture, that his outposts were not sufficiently guarded.

4th. A sentence; as, "Do unto others as you would that they should do unto you": a command that is too seldom obeyed. "Know then thyself": a species of knowledge too little regarded.

3. A word in the plural, used in summing up for perspicuity or emphasis, may be in apposition with the several parts collectively; as, Anger, hatred, revenge, — feelings never indulged with impunity, hurried him on to his fate. Anger, hatred, revenge, all contributed to his downfall.

4. Words used distributively may be in apposition with a word denoting the whole; as, The great mass will soon be scattered, some to their merchandise, others to their worskshops; a few, it may be, to

quiet retirement, and the rest to their several pleasures. Two representatives were present, one from the nobles, the other from the comThe human species is composed of two distinct races,· .the men who borrow, and the men who lend.

mons.

NOTE. The added term, whether distributive or modified by a distributive, is in apposition with a plural noun; as, The men departed, each to his own home. They worked well, each in his own way. Flee ye, every man, to his own city.

5. When reciprocal pronouns are in apposition with a word, the first one only is so used; the other has a different regimen, obvious from the construction; as, Boys should help one another in doing right = one should help another. They got in each other's way each in the other's way. The men struck each other each struck the other. We love one another one loves another.

6. When nouns in apposition are in the possessive case, the sign of the possessive is added to the last only; as, His brother John's book. I bought the book at my friend Crosby's store. The parcel was left at his cousin William's house.

7. Sometimes, when a pronoun is in the possessive case, a noun in apposition with it may be without the possessive sign; as, A view of the Falls of Niagara is his best work, as an artist. Such was his lamented end, the scholar, the poet, the philanthropist.

8. When a noun is repeated for emphasis, the repeated word may be parsed in apposition with the former; as, The people, the people, if we are true to them, will carry us, and will carry themselves, gloriously through this struggle. I saw his corse, his mangled corse; and then I cried for vengeance.

9. When the common and proper names of an object are used together, they are generally in apposition; as, Lake George, King John, the steamer Wabash, the river Jordan. Sometimes the preposition of is used; as, the bay of Biscay, the city of London, the town of Cohasset, the state of New York.

NOTE. Proper names, consisting of more than one word, are parsed conjointly as a whole; as, Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison. In parsing, it is as needless to separate the words composing a name, as it would be to separate the syllables composing each word.

10. Verbs of naming, &c., are generally followed by two words in

the objective; and, as they denote the same object, the latter is often parsed in apposition with the first; as, They called his name John. They named the child John.

11. Sometimes, when words are in apposition, the added term is preceded by as, especially when such term denotes occupation, employment, &c.; as, Washington was unsurpassed as a patriot = in the character of a patriot.

MODEL.

Solomon, the builder of the temple of Jerusalem, - the son of David the psalmist, was the richest monarch that reigned over the Jewish people.

One independent clause and one dependent clause, connected by the relative pronoun "that," used here after a superlative, "richest," in preference to "who."

"Solomon," the subject of the first clause, is directly limited by "builder," and by "son," nouns used to explain it, all three denoting the same person.

" by

"Builder" is limited by the phrase "of the temple,” “temple the phrase "of Jerusalem," - and " son by the phrase " of David." "David is limited by " psalmist," used to explain, denoting the same person as "David."

"Was," the predicate, is limited by "monarch," a noun in the predicate, denoting the same person as the subject; and "monarch" is limited by "richest," an adjective in the superlative degree.

"That," a relative pronoun representing "monarch," is the subject of the adjective clause; "reigned," the predicate of it, is indirectly modified by the phrase "over the Jewish people," and "people" is limited by the adjective "Jewish." Thus "reigned over the Jewish people" is the modified predicate.

BUILDER and SON, common nouns, each applying to any one of its class; third person, spoken of; masculine, male beings; singular, each denoting only one; nominative case, because "Solomon," which each is used to explain, is nominative; meaning the same person as "Solomon," therefore in apposition with it.

PSALMIST is a common noun, any one of a class; third person, spoken of; masculine, a male being; singular, only one; used to ex

plain or limit "David," meaning the same person, therefore in the objective case, and in apposition with David."

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Analyze the sentences, and parse the words as heretofore.

Hope, the charmer, lingered still behind. Deem every day of your life a leaf in your history. Thou callest its children a happy band. As a poet, Dr. Johnson cannot claim a station in the first rank. Sleep, image of thy father, sleep, my boy. A sacred band, they take their sleep together. The reputation of Johnson as a philologer, appears to be on the decline. Time, the subtle thief of youth, is stealing away our years. And they made Solomon, the son of David, king. The crumbling tombstone and the gorgeous mausoleum, the sculptured marble and the venerated cathedral, all bear witness to our desire to be remembered. The strong encourage the weak, and all exhort each other to be valiant, and quit themselves like men. Here, in a lonely shealing, by the death-bed of a poor old man, are standing three ministers of God—each of a different persuasion ―a Catholic, an Episcopal, and a Presbyter. Content, the offspring of virtue, dwells both in retirement and in the active scenes of life. "Honor thy father and thy mother," the first commandment with promise.

RULE XI.

A noun, used independently is in the nominative case.

NOTE. A pronoun of the first person is sometimes used independently in the objective; as, Ah me! -Me miserable!

REMARK 1. A noun may be used independently:
:-

1st. By direct address; as, Thou, William, still art young. Soldiers, your homes are invaded.

2d. By exclamation; as, O, the grave! the grave! It buries every Poor Indians! The light of hope hath ceased to shine on their path. O, the memory of other days!

error.

3d. By redundancy or pleonasm; as, Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage what are they? Are they here - - the dead of other days? Now Harry, he had long suspected this trespass of old Goody Blake. 2. A noun in the nominative by direct address is of the second person, and, though grammatically independent as to case-relation in the construction of the sentence, it may be modified in other respects; as, O days of ancient grandeur, are ye gone?

3. A noun in the nominative by exclamation is generally of the third person, and, though modified, is independent in construction; as, That then-O, disgrace upon manhood! — even then, you should falter.

4. A noun is in the nominative independent by redundancy or pleonasm when repeated, or when introduced abruptly, while a pronoun representing it, is the subject of the verb; as, The pilgrim fathers where are they? The people, the people, if we are true to them, will carry us, and will carry themselves, gloriously through this contest.

MODEL.

Soldiers, a powerful army has invaded the country.

"Army," the subject of this sentence, is limited by "powerful" and "a"; and "a powerful army" is the modified subject.

"Has invaded" is directly modified by "country," specifying the object invaded; and "country" is limited, by the definite article "the,” to a particular country.

This sentence, complete in itself, asserts a fact.

"Soldiers" represents the persons to whom the thought contained in the sentence is addressed; it has no case-relation to any word in the sentence, and is therefore used independently of it in construction; hence it is in the nominative case.

The indefinite article " limits "army"; and the definite article "the" limits " country."

"Powerful" is an adjective, simple form, compared by more and most, and describes "army."

66

Army" is a collective noun, singular, third person, neuter, nominative, and subject of the verb "has invaded."

"Has invaded" is a verb, regular in the formation of its principal parts; takes a direct object, therefore transitive; indicative mode, a simple declaration; perfect tense, a finished action; has the special