plural number, substituted for "persons, as adjectives used in the relation of nouns are always of the same number as the nouns they represent It also retains its adjective signification of quality. Its case relation is found to be objective by substituting the appropriate personal pronoun " them," the special form for the objective case. "Most welcome" is a phrase describing "repose," as possessing the quality in the highest degree. It is an adjective, in the superlative degree; as, welcome, more welcome, most welcome. Although a dissyllable ending in silent e, yet it is compared by the adverbs more and most.

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Analyze the following sentences, giving the clausal and phrasal relations, and parse the adjectives in accordance with the model.

VX

The grim warriors of Israel marched into the defenceless city. The people awoke at earliest dawn. The strong encourage the weak, the young are obedient to the aged. A thin mist, curling upward, reveals the white tents of Israel gleaming in the soft light of early dawn. The days are alm; the nights are tranquil; the apples drop in the stillest hours. More dear, less beautiful than June, September is the heart's month. If our unselfish eye would behold it, August is the most populous and the happiest month. Fish seek the deeper pools, and the air resonant of insect orchestras.

Y

ARTICLES.

134. An ARTICLE is a word used with a noun to limi. its meaning, without expressing quality.

135. A or AN is called the indefinite article, and TM the definite article.

REMARK 1. Give me a book."

Only one book is here required

and any book would answer the request, as no definite one is speci fied It merely limits in number, but in other respects is indefinite

What is an article? Which is the definite article? Which the indefinite?

2. "Give me the book " Here some particular book is specified, which alone will answer the request, "Give me the books." The request is still definite.

136. The Indefinite article a or an limits a noun to one, but not a particular, object; as, Bring me a book. Bring me an apple.

REMARK. Here the article a or an restricts to one book or apple, but is indefinite as to what book or apple. It is equivalent to the word "any," restricted to the singular number.

137. The Definite article the limits nouns to particu lar objects; as, Give me the book or books.

REMARK 1. Give me the book or books = Give me this or that book, or these or those books. Here the article "the" is nearly equivalent to the demonstrative adjective pronouns this or that, these or those.

2. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; as, A man, a boy, a union, a young man, a eulogy, a wonder, a useful person, many a one, such a use, a yew tree, a ewer.

3. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound, or the sound of h when the accent is on the second syllable; as, An ox, an apple, an hour, an honorable man, an heroic exploit, an historical fact.

4. A, though singular, is often used before an adjective of number; as, A few men, a great many men.

5. A noun used without an article is unrestricted, and is gener. ally taken in its widest sense. Thus, the word man, without an article before it, stands for mankind or the human race. Sometimes the use of the article gives a general signification; as, The horse it a useful animal = horses are useful animals.

6. The omission of the article a sometimes renders the proposition negative; as, The man had few thoughts and little wisdom. The

How does the indefinite article limit nours?- the definite? Where is a used? -- an. a noun without an article? The omissicr of a?

man had a few thoughts and a little wisdom. The first sentence is negative; the second, affirmative.

FORM FOR PARSING AN ARTICLE.

Definite, indefinite, why? Form; when a is used, why? when an is used, why?

MODEL.

An hour had passed, an awful hour in a night of storm and tempest, and the boat yet struggled with the waves.

This sentence consists of two independent assertions, connected by "and." "Hour," the subject of the first clause, is directly modified by "an," limiting it to one, but indefinite as to what hour. It is also directly modified by the phrase, "an awful hour," which is repeated for emphasis, in apposition with the first word "hour," denoting the same period of time.

The second word "hour" is directly modified by the descriptive word "awful," and by "an"; it is also indirectly modified by the phrase "in a night," which phrase is indirectly modified by the descriptive phrase "of storm and tempest." "Night" is directly modified by 66 a. The modified subject is the whole clause except “had passed.”

"Boat," the subject of the second clause, is directly modified by "the," limiting it definitely to a particular boat.

"Struggled," the predicate, is directly modified by "yet," and indirectly by the phrase "with the waves."

“Hour" is a common noun, neuter gender, singular number, third person, and nominative case. (Why?)

The indefinite article "an," modifying" hour," is used because it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound.

"Had passed," the predicate unmodified, is used to assert, and is, therefore, a verb. Principal parts, pass, passed, pasad, regular. (Why?) It may be either transitive or intransitive, according to the sense; here intransitive, requiring no object after it. Simple Active form; Indicative mood, simply declares an act. Past erfect tense, denotes that the action was completed in past tima

This

tense is not varied on account of the person and number of the subject.

"An" is an article modifying "hour," used before "awful," beginning with a vowel sound. It is indefinite, meaning any hour consistent with the succeeding restrictions or limitations.

"Awful" is a descriptive adjective, attributing a quality to "hour"; in the positive or simple form.

66

"A" is an article modifying " night"; indefinite, meaning any 'night " under the restriction of the limiting phrases "of storm and tempest."

"Boat" is a common noun, neuter gender, singular, third perand nominative case. (Why?)

son,

"The" is a definite article and modifies boat, limiting it to a particular boat. Thus, "the boat" is the modified subject.

66

Struggled," the grammatical predicate, used to assert something of " boat," is a regular verb, forming its Past tense and Perfect Participle by adding d to the simple form; as, struggle, struggled, struggled. Intransitive, allowing no direct object after it, and making complete sense with its subject. Simple Active form.

=

Past tense, denotes an action continued in past time, unfinished; as, struggled was struggling. A verb in this tense is not varied in the Simple Active form on account of the person and number of its subject.

66

Waves," which indirectly modifies "struggled," with which it is connected by "with," is a common noun, third, neuter, plural. (Why?) To ascertain the case, answer, by an appropriate personal pronoun, the question, "With what?" The answer will be "With them." "Them" is the special form for the objective, third, plural, therefore "waves " is in the objective case.

"The" is used to specify particular objects; it is, therefore, a definite article, and modifies " waves."

EXERCISES.

DIRECTION. Analyze the following sentences as in the above model, giving the clausal and phrasal relations, and parse the noun, verb, adjective, and article, so far ø it regards kinds, forms, properties, or modifying relations.

Make the proper treatment of friends a habit. The works of Shakspeare, and the English Bible, were his special study. The

foundation of a monument to the memory of the early friends of American Independence, we have now laid. An aged man, without an enemy in the world, is made the victim of a butcherly murder, for mere pay. Beauty is an all-pervading pres ence; it unfolds in the numberless flowers of the spring.

PRONOUNS.

138. A PRONOUN is a word used as a substitute for a noun; as, John lost his book.

139. Pronouns may be divided into personal, adjective, relative, and interrogative.

REMARK 1. Personal pronouns have appropriate forms to indicate the grammatical person of the nouns they represent; as, first person, I, my or mine, me, we, our, us; second person, thou, thy or thine, thee, you or ye, your; third person, he, she, it, his, her, its, him, they, their, them.

2. Personal pronouns of the third person and singular number have appropriate forms to denote the gender of the nouns they represent; as, masculine, he, his, him; feminine, she, her; neuter, it, its.

3. Personal pronouns generally have appropriate forms to indicate the case-relation in which they stand to other words in a sentence; as, nominative I, we, thou, ye, he, she, they; possessive my or mine, thy or thine, our, your, his, its, their; objective me, us, thee, him, them.

EXCEPTION. You and it are in the nominative and objective, and her is found in the possessive and objective.

4. Personal pronouns generally have appropriate forms to denote the number of the nouns they represent, as, singular, I, my, or mine,

What is a pronoun? How are proncuns classed? What are personal pronouns Which pronouns are of the first person?-of the second? - third? What pronouns have forms to denote gender? Which forms are for the masculine? - feminine ?- neuter ! Which forms of the pronouns are in the nominative case? - possessive?— -objective. In what two cases are you and it found? In what two is her found?