democracy were his chief dread on this side was the closer to him by a community of of the sea. No one can wonder at this, who historical studies, in which they both took reflects on the state of Europe, and of party delight, and labored to great public use. strifes in our own country, at that time. His decision may not have been influenced French principles were spreading every- at all by doctrinal considerations. At the where their infection. French aggression same time, I am perfectly aware that he did was threatening the independence of the not favor the developments of Liberal world. No British eloquence was so much Christianity,' as they disclosed themselves, read as that of Edmund Burke, or so well after 1811. It is extremely probable that deserved to be read. The overthrow of the his sympathies ran more and more into the federal administration of this country by opposite direction. its rival power, and the course of measures that followed, struck alarm into the minds of many of the best patriots in the land. He took his stand with that party which enrolled by far the greatest number of the distinguished names of New England in its ranks; and, if he went further than the rest and pushed his doctrine to a point beyond what could be soberly maintained, it was because his spirit naturally hurried him to the van. the proper season, and uttering it only in the most becoming manner. It formed a spontaneous part of his genial, ingenuous, manly nature. He appeared to me to be always under the silent power of religious ideas, that lay upon him with so gentle a government as only to add one charm more to his eminent social qualities. His faith was a quiet guide to him. It cheered him in the anxieties of his way, kept him patient under the appointments of God, and prepared him for his departure when he saw that the day of it was not far off. But, whatever doubt may exist in the minds of any in regard to his religious opinions, there can be no doubt surely in regard to his religious character. This was beautiful to look upon. It was profoundly serious, without the smallest mixture of gloom or austerity; warm, but without any excessiveness or false fire; manifest, but unobtrusive; wholly free from pretension or cant; dealing in no threadbare commonplaces; formalizing itself into no solemn The subject of his religious opinions next conventionalities; in harmony with all inclaims from me a few words. When I first nocent enjoyments; reserving its word for began to know him, the great dividing controversy håd not broken out, and it was not till long afterwards that my attention was much turned towards that point in the views of my revered friend. My own connections were early with the denomination that was called Unitarian or Liberal; and, as I knew him to have been in the same circle of intimacy, I naturally concluded that there was no discrepancy between us in theological conclusions, so far as I had attained to any. This persuasion, however, I had before long to abate. I thought I perceived that some of his tendencies were towards a different The first notice that I remember having apprehension of our common Christianity. of his danger, was when I found him one But he was not a dogmatist. He had no morning wring in his study. He looked at taste for theological dispute. He loved to me in his usual calm manner, and said, 'I revere his religion with a veiled face rather am putting my house in order.' I underthan to speculate about it. He was anxious stood his allusion, but did not believe that I to receive its mysteries, without presuming was going to lose him. The last time that to penetrate them. There was no friend I saw him, I expressed the wish that I could whom he loved and praised so much as he accompany him to his warmer climate, from did the liberal Dr. John Eliot; in whom,' which so much was hoped. Even then I did he said in a note to a sermon preached at not believe that I should never see him again. East Sudbury, in 1815, orthodoxy was But it pleased the Highest Will to ordain it CHARITY.' When the students of the Col- differently from our desire. He embarked lege left the village church, and assembled for the West Indies, but his voyage was to for worship in their own new chapel, Dr. the blessed islands that contain no graves. McKean, with his family, remained adher- I seem as I write to be taking leave of him ing to Dr. Holmes and to the old spot. It once more. Vale: in melius.' would have been strange if he had done otherwise. He belonged to that parish, wherever the academic meetings might be held; and its pastor, a close personal friend, "I remain, dear sir, with great respect and regard, very truly yours, "N. L. FROTHINGHAM." From The Spectator, 6 Dec. |and Lord Wrottesley-all attest the interest which is felt in the further exploration. At THAT there will be another Arctic search the last meeting of the Royal Society, Lord seems quite certain: the only question is, Wrottesley opportunely reminded us, that if whether it shall be deferred until some per- there are dangers in scientific studies, they sons, who have never been to the Arctic are by no means limited to Arctic discovery. regions, but have an idea that a voyage to A scratch with a dissecting-knife may destroy those parts is unwholesome and dangerous, the anatomist; a miscalculation of movement shall have got over their panic: the only or stability may crush the civil engineer; and question is, whether the next search shall the most casual neglect of precaution may take place before every chance of recovering disperse the chemical experimenter in fragsome trace of Sir John Franklin and his party ments about his own laboratory. The fact is shall have passed away, or whether it shall that many of the pursuits most conducive to be postponed till afterwards. The reasons the increase of vitality are attended with why there will be another search are suffi- direct danger to life. The philanthropist ciently obvious. Great scientific questions who investigates the causes of disease and offer their most probable solution within that death for the benefit of his fellow creatures circle; so long as we have something further must live familiar with the danger of typhus; to discover in electricity and its cognate and how many sacrifices we have recorded! phenomena, scientific inquirers will need an The gentleman pursuing his own pleasurable investigation on that ground, and the volun- sports for the sake of health, confronts quite teers will offer for the service. The electric as much danger in the shape of casualty as telegraph, which is now placing the most dis- the Arctic voyager; and we lose at least as tant parts of the civilized world in connection large a proportion by "accidents in hunting," with each other, is one of the material bene-" casualty from fire-arms," etc., as we have fits, so exclusively intelligible to some minds, in the hardest of Arctic expeditions. that have resulted from apparently wandering highest authorities are strong on this point. inquiries into the impalpable power of elec- Every British officer who went in search of tricity; and who shall say that we have yet | Franklin is now in perfect health, save one exhausted the benefits which that source will or two who have sunk under maladies enyield to mankind? But if the search be tirely unconnected with their exertions. If conducted soon enough, besides very useful it is said, why do not the men of science go scientific observations, we have a chance of themselves?—the answer is, that they did go. recovering traces of Franklin, of satisfying the mind of man on that point, and even of regaining a portion of the valuable records which he has almost certainly left. What ever may be the dangers of the Arctic circle, they will probably be as great ten years hence as they are now. In that respect, it will be an equal choice between sending out the expedition ten years hence or at present; but the chance of learning something more about Franklin and his observations is decidedly in favor of the present time. This is the evident opinion of those who best understand the subject-who know best the advantages of the inquiry, and the dangers which beset it. Sir Roderick Murchison and his fellows at the Geographical Society the memorialists who signed the address to Lord Palmerston, a list beginning with Sir Francis Beaufort, ending with Sir John Burgoyne, and comprising the most distinguished notables in science-the Royal Society The Sabine was one; and Richardson was among the most daring and heroic in the hardest and most frightful perils. In fact, he was among those who accumulated that experience in Arctic discovery which now has reduced risk for others to a minimum; for the proposed voyage would be directed by known paths to a known spot. And unquestionably there are young emulators of Sabine and Richardson who would be most ready to go if they were wanted. It is remarkable that the men who are so eager to partake this much dreaded risk are either those who have already been, or those who from their studies and pursuits best understand what they will have to face. In fact, we have but to point to the testimony of Arctic officers-Captain Collinson, Captain M'Clure, and many others-for evidence as to the limitation of the risk and to the readiness of volunteers. Since we took up the subject, indeed, there has been a marked improvement in its treat ment. Proofs and high authorities have been brought forward, and those who objected have been put in possession of materials for a better judgment. Independently of the abstract scientific acquisitions which are certain to be obtained by pursuing the investigation of the Arctic region, it seems likely that the tract of country in question will be explored for direct objects. The firm belief of the highest geographical authorities, and of officers who have traversed the ground, is, that there is no sort of difficulty in navigating the waters on the North main land of America; that vessels may go to and fro with perfect ease; and indeed an opinion prevails, that before many years have elapsed the people of the United States will be fishing for whales and walruses along that channel. From The Spectator, 6 Dec. WHY DOES NOT INDIA PRODUCE MORE COTTON? A QUARTER of a century ago, the woollen manufacturers of Great Britain consumed about 32,000,000 pounds of foreign wool; of which about one-sixteenth part came from Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and the Cape of Good Hope, while nearly all the rest was supplied by Germany. Last year we imported 99,300,000 pounds of foreign wool; and of that enormous quantity we received the following amount from our own Colonies. Australia. Pounds. 49,142,306 14,283,535 11,075,965 74,501,806 In 1855 we imported upwards of 200 per cent more than we had done in 1830; the whole of which increase and more was furnished by our own possessions. So far as regards the woollen manufacture, the staple trade of Yorkshire, this was a most satisfactory state of things. Let us see how the case stands with the supply of raw material to the cotton-spinners of Lancashire. In 1830, the year to which our comparison extends in the above statement, we imported 263,961,000 pounds of cotton from all parts of the world, and of that quantity only 12,483,217 pounds came from India. It is proper to mention, however, that 1830 appears to have been an exceptional year as regards the supply from that quarter; the average importation from India for the previous ten years having been about 40 per cent higher than it was in 1830. Last year, our total imports of cotton amounted to 891,752,000 pounds; an increase of more than 260 per cent in a quarter of a century. The amount imported from India last year was 145,179,216 pounds, nearly twelve times what our possessions in the East were able to furnish in 1830; so that the supply from India has evidently been increasing much more rapidly than that produced by other countries. But, large as the increase has been, it still falls very far short of what our spinners require before their dependence on America for the main supply of cotton can be materially lessened. This ought to be the great question of the day in Manchester. At present they are dependent upon the United States for nearly 80 per cent of all the cotton they consume. A deficient crop in America reduces the mills and factories of Lancashire to short time. A political convulsion in the Union, or a warand neither of these events is beyond the range of possibility-would throw half the population of that county out of employment. In the mean time, what steps are the spinners and manufacturers of Lancashire taking to increase the supply of cotton from India and other quarters of the globe? A few months ago, it was stated in the Manchester papers, as a proof of the energy and enterprise of the capitalists of Bolton, that a number of additional mills were about to be erected in that town and neighborhood for the spinning of cotton. Not many weeks after that notice appeared, the trade circulars of Manchester were full of complaints about the cotton trade, which was said to be in a most unsatisfactory condition, owing to the short supply of the raw material, and the difficulty of obtaining an advance in the prices of yarns and goods, equivalent to the rise in the price of cotton. Now the obvious reflection which must occur to any one in comparing these two facts, is, that the capitalists of Bolton would have been much more worthy of laudation if they had invested their money in some judicious scheme for increasing the supply of cotton, instead of doing all they can to increase the demand for it, and thus to hand over a larger share skilful manner, by dews, &c.: any thing is of the gross produce of this branch of lawful, so long as he can cheat those who industry to the slaveholders of America. purchase from him, and thus make his profit. The Manchester spinners complain that Letting alone the accidental adulteration of the material by the bales being rolled the high price of cotton is owing to forethrough mud or exposed to dust-laden stalling and speculation in Liverpool and the winds, the crews of the native coastingUnited States. The truth is, that they have craft, which convey the cotton to the port themselves mainly to blame for the present of embarkation for Europe or China, must unhealthy state of the trade. In their haste have their profit: this is effected by good to become rich, they have increased the being taken out, and rubbish or sea-water, number of mills much more rapidly than all good as weight, being substituted. What adulteration it undergoes in its final stage they could calculate upon obtaining an before being shipped home, let Manchester adequate supply of cotton, even under cotton-spinners testify." ordinary circumstances; and therefore, when a deficiency takes place, they are completely But how is this to be prevented? Must at the mercy of the cotton-broker and the our cotton-spinners wait patiently till the cotton-grower. The total stock of cotton in Indian schoolmasters of whom we hear so Liverpool, according to the Broker's Circular much have taught the ryots that honesty is of last week, was only 371,040 bales, against the best policy, and that they need never 482,740 bales at the same period last year; hope to compete with the cotton-growers of nor was there any probability of the stock America unless they send their produce to being increased speedily, as the quantity at sea was only 94,000 bales, against 187,000 Fortunately for the people of Lancashire, bales at this time last year; and it seems the case is not quite so hopeless. As the now pretty certain that the American crop Indian Civil Servant clearly points out in the of 1856 is very deficient. Notwithstanding following passage, the only way in which the large importation of the raw material the export of Indian cotton can be placed on from India in 1855, it has not been equal to a right footing, is by our capitalists emthe demand. The quantity of that de- barking in the business with spirit. scription taken for consumption has evidently been much greater than usual, as the deficiency in stock at Liverpool is said to be almost entirely in East India cotton. One of the chief complaints that is made against Indian cotton is the bad condition in which it arrives in this country. This defect is not likely to be cured so long as the traffic is left in the hands of the Indian ryots. A recent pamphlet by an Indian Civil Servant gives a lively description of the way in which the cotton suffers in its passage from the place of growth to the place of manufacture. "The grower picks it carelessly, with a quantity of the leaf and rubbish which are so injurious to our delicate spinning-machinery it all adds to the weight of the crop, and thus tends to his advantage. This dirt, and other deteriorating substances, instead of being scrupulously extracted by the cotton-cleaner, who next gets the staple into his hands, is added to, but in a more Usurers and Ryots: being an Answer to the Question "Why does not India produce more Cotton?" By an Indian Civil Servant. Published by Smith, Elder, and Co. market in a more workmanlike condition? "The immense field that is open for the employment of European capital in India has never yet been conceived by capitalists at home. There are fortunes to be made in commanded in a country where every proIndia with far greater facility than can be fession and every trade is overstocked. Without competing or attempting to compete with the native producer of the raw material, it would make the fortune of any man who, with a few thousand pounds of capital, chinery wherewith to clean cotton thoroughly would set up improved steam-worked maup the country, and to screw it into bales fit for shipment to England at once, at a seaport within easy reach of the great entrepôt of Bombay; whence it could be dispatched home without being exposed to plunder by native boatmen, or adulteration in repacking at the latter port. Let those who have the capital and the energy requisite for such an undertaking take the hint, and they may make quite sure of a cordial reception from the Company's officers in the localities which they may select. Those gentlemen, from except in so far as the good of the country being perfectly uninterested in the matter is concerned, can and will give the best information on such topics; and no man having capital to employ in the manner | Herat, and consequently without being cersuggested can do better than consult them." The Bolton capitalists who have lately been planning the erection of so many new mills, without knowing how they are to get a sufficient supply of cotton for those now in operation, ought to turn their attention to this new and promising field for the employment of their superfluous cash. It is too much the custom to speak of the cotton aristocracy as men without patriotism; but we can hardly believe that they are so far lost to all feeling of nationality as to neglect such a mode of increasing the supply of their raw material as the one above mentioned, since it would strengthen our connection with India, and leave themselves less dependent upon the cotton-growers of the United States. From The Examiner, 18 October. tain, although it is probable enough, from there has been any breach of treaty at all! the known faithlessness of the people, that The pretext for the Convention, and the excuse for the war to which the Convention gives rise, is, of course, danger to India from Russian aggression, a phantom at all times, but the merest dream of a sick diplomatic brain since the war. But let us repeat a few of the obstacles to an invasion of India by those Russians who could not defend their own territory, and lost 300,000 men in the mere attempt to do so. The nearest point of the Russian territory on the Caspian, and that is very far from her real resources, is distant from Herat, over a them, however, in possession of Herat, roadless country, some 500 miles. Suppose "the key of India," and with it to have opened the gate. The gate is 700 more miles from the British frontier, over one of the most difficult countries in the world: moreover, it is mountainous, resourceless for an army, and defended by wild tribes, who have harrassed every invader, from Alexander the Great to Nadir Shah and General Pollock. We are in possession of the Indus and its tributaries, and of the few practicable mountain passes that lead to Hindos 50,000 European troops, and 300,000 welldisciplined sepoys, and if a larger force be wanted, England can send it from the Thames or the Mersey in about one-tenth part of the time that a Russian army would take to march from the Caspian to the Indus. REALLY the Hon. the East India Company seems to be on the high road to ruin. No sooner is it extricated from one foolish war than it engages in another, and that which it is now about to enter on seems of all others the most wanton. It now appears that some three years ago (the public knowing nothing at all about the matter) we tan. Behind the rivers and passes we have made a convention with the Persians, the proverbial liars of broad Asia, by which they engaged not to attack Herat, the chimerical" key of India." The meaning of this is that we guarantee to Dost Mahomed the Afghan, once described as our implacable enemy, and once our prisoner of After the vanquished of the Crimea war, the possession of Herat and its terri- had beaten us on the Indus, they would tory, which once did belong to the Persians, have a march of 1,500 miles to make in -never to the Afghans, but which has in order to reach the powerfully fortified fact constituted an independent Principality British capital in the marshes of Bengal, for fifty years, or for as long a time as the with many a stronghold to capture on their present Persian and Afghan dynasties, both way. This is enough for the absurd chimera of them usurpations, have themselves ruled of Russian invasion. their respective countries. In order to enforce this precious convention, it seems, to make war on Persia. It numbers exactly by the last accounts from India, that an the same as that with which Xenophon conexpedition of 10,000 men was fitting out, trived to make his escape from the same and that in mere preparation half a million country. Neither is our force, like that of sterling had already been expended. What the Greeks, all European, for the greater part is strangest in all this is, that the informa- consists of natives of India, well officered tion of the Indian Government is so imper- only by our countrymen. The Persians fect, that it is committed to a war without being sure that Persia has even attacked But now for the force with which we are have to meet us an army of 80,000 infantry, disciplined and organized after the European |