feet in gratitude for his faithful discharge of his trust, praising God who was glorified in his servant.*

In wars of ambition, subjugated cities, after the ebullition of military lawlessness, become the possessions of the victorious state and public. But in the Crusades each soldier fought from personal motives; and the cause of the war, and not submission to authority, was the princiciple of union. Personal interest frequently prevailed; and, accordingly, each Crusader became the owner of any particular house on the portal of which he had set his buckler. But the treasures of the mosques were converted to the use of the church and of the poor; and among the splendid spoils of two of the principal temples, were seventy large chandeliers, fifty of silver, and the remainder of gold.‡

The massacre of the Saracens, on the capture of the Holy City, did not proceed from the inflamed passions of victorious soldiers, but from remorseless fanaticism. Benevolence to Turks, Jews, infidels, and heretics, was no part of the piety of the day; and, as the Muselmans in their consciences believed that it was the will of Heaven that the religion of Muhammed

The

should be propagated by the sword, so the Christians were under the mental delusion that they were the ministers of God's wrath on disobedient man. Latins, on the day after the victory, massacred three hundred men, to whom Tancred and Gaston de Bearn had promised protection, and had given a standard as a warrant for their safety. Though the religion of Tancred was as cruel as that of his comrades, though his deadly sword had explored every corner of the mosque of Omar, yet he respected the sacredness of his word; and nothing but the interposition of the other chiefs prevented him from retaliating on the murderers. It was resolved that no pity should be shown to the Muselmans; and the most humane justified the determination by the opinion, that, in conjunction with the Saracens of Egypt, they might molest the Christians, and recover the city. The subjugated people were therefore dragged into the public places, and slain as victims. Women with children at the breast, girls and boys, all were slaughtered.* The squares, the streets, and even the uninhabited places of Jerusalem, again were strewed with the dead bodies of men and women, and the mangled limbs of children. No heart melted into compassion or expanded into bene

morning.

One writer (the second anonymous in Bongarsius, p. 577) says, that in consequence of the soldiers of Raymond being the last who entered the town, they had not the usual share of the spoil; and that they piled the dead bodies of the Saracens into heaps, and burnt them, in hopes of finding some pieces of gold and silver among the ashes. Ralph of Caen always describes the Provençals of Raymond as mercenary and selfish. In vulgar phrase, they were the Jews of the army. "Franci ad bella. Provinciales ad victualia," was a proverb among the Christians. Rad. Cad. p. 306.

Malmsbury, p. 443, though a great admirer of Tancred, charges him with having appropriated to himself some of the contents of the temple of Solomon; but that afterwards, reproved by his own conscience, and the reproaches of other people, he restored them.

The city was washed, and the melancholy task was performed by some Saracenian slaves. No contemporary rejoiced out of general regard to humanity; but every one condemned the count of Tholouse, whose avarice was more alive than his superstition, and whose favourite passion made him save and conduct to Ascalon the only few Muselmans, except the slaves, who escaped the general butchery. The synagogues were set on fire, and the Jews perished in the flames.

Christiani sic neci totum laxaverant animum, ut non sugens masculus aut fæmina nedum infans unius anni vivens manum percussoris evaderet. Albert, 283. As Fuller says, "This second massacre was no slip of an extemporary passion, but a studied and preme. ditated act.". "Besides, the execution was merciless, upon sucking children, those not speaking spake for them; and on women, whose weakness is a shield to defend them against a valiant man." Fuller, Holy War, book i. ch. 24.

+ This account of the siege of Jerusalem has been taken (frequently a mere verbal translation) from the original writers, or their immediate

place before that of a monarch.* The princes treated this intrusion with contempt; and it was resolved that personal merit should be rewarded by royal dignities. The rank, family, and possessions of the chieftains were known to each other; but private morals and manners are visible only to friends and domestics. † The inquiry was made, and Godfrey's virtues were declared to be pre-eminent. The princes conducted him in religious and stately order to the church which covered the tomb of Christ: but he refused to wear a diadem in a city where his Saviour had worn a crown of thorns: and modestly avowed, that the honour of becoming the defender and advocate of the holy sepulchre, was all that he aspired to. §

A year wanting five days was the term of the short reign of Godfrey. His tomb was not only watered by the tears of his friends, but was honoured by the lamentations of many of the Muselmans, whose affections his virtues had conciliated. The church of the holy sepulchre received his ashes, and it was decreed that that place should be the repository of the kings his successors. On his death there arose a

* The archbishop of Tyre admits the force of the general reasoning involved in this declaration, but is indignant that such arguments should be used as a mere cloak to ambition. He every where censures Arnold for profligate manners; and Raimond d'Agiles says, that the debaucheries of this priest were the subjects of the songs

of the army.

Godfrey's friends gave a singular proof of his religious disposition. He was fond of remaining in church after the termination of the service; his attendants were tired and impatient; and his excessive devotion often spoiled the dinArchb. of Tyre, 764.

ner.

"As for the knowing of men, which is at second-hand from reports: men's weakness and faults are best known from their enemies, their virtues and abilities from their friends, their customs and crimes from their servants, their conceits and opinions from their familiar friends, with whom they discourse most. General fame is light, and the opinions conceived by superiors or equals are deceitful; for to such, men are more masked. Verior fama è domesticis emanat." Bacon, on the Advancement of Knowledge, book 2. Works, vol. i. p. 203, edit. 1803. See Appendix, note K.

Albert, 299. Guibert, 554. William, 775. Godfrey was only forty years old at the time of his death.

as

clerical and secular powers. The claims of the church to the possession of all divine and human authority were transferred from the west to the east. Godfrey, Bohemond, and Baldwin, had been invested by the patriarch with rule over their several states, and the artful churchman contended, that God had been the conqueror of Jerusálem, God was its king, and that he, as Heaven's vicegerent, should be received as governor. The humble and religious Godfrey had renounced to the ambitious prelate the whole town of Jaffa, the sepulchre, the tower of David, and many other parts of Jerusalem; and the strange condition had been added, that if Godfrey should die without children, the two cities were to go unreservedly to the patriarch. The king left no issue, but his promises to the church could not affect his people, and a valiant nation felt that it was more necessary to be governed by a sword than a crosier. Tancred offered the throne to the prince of Antioch, but Bohemond about that time lost his liberty in endeavouring to extend his power into the Armenian territories. A fruitless attempt was made by the enemies of the Bouillon family, to invest the count of Tholouse with royal honours. But most of the barons and cavaliers fixed their regards upon the count of Edessa. The enterprising spirit of Baldwin eagerly aspired to a throne, and although the principality comprehended more territories than the kingdom, yet the possession of the Holy City was the highest object of ambition as well as of devotion. He shed some tears for the death of his brother, but his feelings of joy at the prospect of a

* Daimbert, bishop of Pisa, was legate of Pope Paschal the Second, the successor of Pope Urban the Second, who died fifteen days after the capture of Jerusalem, and therefore from some other cause than joy at that event. Albert of Aix charges Baldwin and Bohemond with having taken the bribes of Daimbert. The duke of Normandy had succeeded in making his friend Arnold patriarch, but, on the arrival of Daimbert, the Norman priest prudently resigned, and the Pisan prelate stepped into the vacant place. Archb. of Tyre, 771.

The Archbishop of Tyre (p. 771) is ashamed of the rapacity of Daimbert.

kingly crown soon overcame his grief. He resigned Edessa to his relation, Baldwin du Bourg, and hastened to take possession of the throne. He repelled the attacks of the emirs of Damascus and Ems, ever active when the Christians left their fortifications; but so many were the perils of the little army in its march to Jerusalem, that his good chaplain with great honesty and simplicity confesses, he had rather at that time have been at Chartres than in the Holy Land. All the barons received the brother of Godfrey with acclamations: and the patriarch, not thinking it politic to display his mortification, pretended fear, and retired to the sanctuary of Mount Sion. Baldwin, satisfied with the acknowledgments of the soldiers, disregarded the sanction of the church. But after some show of his power and abilities, friends mediated an accommodation between him and the prelate and, before all ranks of people, in the church of Bethlehem, the patriarch poured the oil of consecration on the read of Baldwin, and crowned him with the regal diadem. But Tancred, the other opponent of the new king, was not so soon appeased. He had retired from Jerusalem before the coronation, and he would not repair thither on a royal summons to do homage for some territories which he had acquired from the Muselmans. He haughtily replied, that he knew no judge of Jerusalem. A second and third summons were unanswered; but in a short time afterwards, he proposed to confer with the king near a river between Jaffa and Azotus. The remembrance of animosities in Cilicia embittered subjects of present altercation, and the agreement of the princes to delay the conclusion of the conference, prevented open outrage. The people of Antioch entreated the young Italian to administer the affairs of their country during the confinement of his relation Bohemoud. Peace without a compromise of character was in the

power of Tancred, and he therefore delivered the contested places to the sovereign, upon the condition that, in the event of his return, he might enjoy them in feudal tenure.*

His

In the reign of Baldwin, the kingdom of Jerusalem acquired strength and extent. The Muselmans of Syria trembled, and concealed their hatred of the invaders. The Fatimites, however, continually menaced the infant state. Baldwin marched his army into Egypt. But the hand of nature arrested him in the career of his fortune. The intellectual firmness of the dying man was greater than that of his friends. He endeavoured to moderate their lamentations, by recalling to their minds the perils of war and famine which they had surmounted. The place of an individual such as himself could be readily supplied, and it was their duty to think only of preserving the Holy Land. One desire which dwelt upon his mind was that they would not let his body lie in Egypt, where it would become a subject of ridicule for the Muselmans. weeping friends replied, that in the heat of the season they could scarcely touch, much less carry a corpse so great a distance; but the dying man gave them specific instructions for embalming his body, which would enable them with ease to remove it to Jerusalem. Then, recommending Baldwin du Bourg for his successor, he expired. All the soldiers mourned his death: but after the first violence of grief, the Franks assumed their ordinary appearance, lest the fatal circumstance should become known to and inspire the enemy with confidence. The army immediately left Egypt, and quickly reached the vicinity of Jerusalem. The time was the week before Easter: Baldwin du Bourg and his Edessenes were just arriving to celebrate the feast: they joined the melancholy train, and the body of the late king was taken to the sepulchre of Godfrey. The sudden loss overwhelmed the Latins with grief, and even the Saracens in Jerusalem sympathized with the common feeling. As a general in the army of the first Crusaders, and as the conqueror of Edessa, Baldwin was selfish, treacherous, and ambitious. But when he attained

* Albert, 307-8