0.134 tons, by the wrinkling of the top plate. Calculate the total compressive force, and the compression per square inch, at the centre, in the top plate, which was 9.25 inches broad, and 0.21 inches thick, when the tube yielded to the weight.

2. A tubular beam of wrought iron, rectangular in section, 75 feet span in the clear, having a uniform depth of 5 feet, and the area of the bottom plates at the centre, and for 20 feet on each side of it, is 24 square inches; from this point to the abutment the area is 9 square inches. Calculate the tensile strain, both total and per square inch, at the centre, and at the point 20.5 feet from the centre; a weight of 70 tons being applied at the middle point of the beam, which itself weighs 6.75 tons.

3. In an experiment on the ultimate resistance of two plates of wrought iron to compression the following dimensions were employed:-Lengths 10 feet and 5 feet, the breadth and thickness being in each the same, namely, 3 inches broad, and one inch thick. The breaking weight of the longer was found to be 5.68 tons, and of the shorter 24.16. Calculate the law of the strength as depending on the length.

4. Two plates of wrought iron, 7 feet 6 inches long, and 3 inches wide, had a thickness of inch and 1 inch, and their breaking weights as pillars were 1.61 tons, and 40.96 tons, respectively. Calculate the law of the strength as depending on the thickness.

5. From the relation of the strength and thickness derived from the last question, calculate the additional thickness to be given to a inch plate so that its strength as a pillar may be doubled.

6. State fully, with a sketch, the results of Sir Charles Fox's experiments on the proper dimensions of the head and pin for the bar links of a suspension bridge, giving the mode of failure of the first bars, and the error as to the supposed cause, and give the practical rules deduced from them; thus, with bars to inches by one inch, and 18 feet long, to be united into a continuous chain, what would be the best diameter of head and pin? If the pins should be considered too heavy, show how it was suggested to obtain all the advantages of the proper diameter with light

ness.

7. A weight consisting of portion of the roof, the flooring, and goods stored on it, computed at 200 tons, has to be sustained by a hollow cast iron pillar, the height of which must be 15 feet; state the external and internal diameters, and the coefficient of safety you would adopt, and calculate the strength of the pillar, and its weight.

8. Give the geometrical construction by which the area of the annular thickness of a hollow pillar, as in No. 7, may be determined; and, conversely, being given the area, show how a pair of internal and external diameters may be determined, either being assigned.

9. A line of cast iron pipes, 40 inches in diameter, laid between two relieving tanks, is, at the bottom of an intervening valley, 150 feet below the average line of inclination joining the surface water of the tanks. Calculate the bursting pressure at that part of the line, and also the thickness of metal that must be adopted.

10. It is proposed by Mr. Dale, C. E., of Hull Waterworks, to take 150 millions of gallons per diem of the water of Hawsewater Lake in Westmoreland to Leeds by four lines of pipes; the distance being 90 miles;

the level of surface of water at the lake being 694 feet, and at the distributing reservoir at Leeds 300 feet above the sea level. Calculate the diameter of the pipes required for this service.

II. Required the diameter of a cast iron pipe intended to convey 14 millions of gallons of water per diem, it being proposed that the water shall flow at a velocity of 3 feet per second.

12. Having obtained the diameter of the pipe in No. 11, calculate the average rate of inclination which would be required to be given to that pipe to convey the required volume of water.

13. The measuring gauge at the new Aberdeen Waterworks is intended to give 6,000,000 gallons per diem, at a depth on the edge of the overfall of 7 inches. Calculate the length, in feet, of the crest which must be provided to supply that quantity.

14. Mr. Bateman, in his project for supplying London with water from the head waters of the Severn, has proposed, for the open aqueduct from Marten Mere to the distributing reservoir, a channel in masonry--the transverse section being a circular arc whose radius is 13 ft. 6 in., the depth of water at the middle point being 10 ft., and the intended fall 6 in. per mile. Calculate the discharge, giving the result in gallons per 24 hours.

15. Calculate the discharge in cubic feet per minute over the regulating weir, 330 ft. long, at Roundwood, on the Dublin waterworks, the water flowing I ft. in depth over the crest; and compute the depth at which the mean velocity is situated, and the velocity of the lowest line immediately over the crest; in each case working out the formulæ.

16. In the tunnel through Mont Cenis the entrance on the northern, the French side, at Modane, is 3942 ft. above the sea level; and that on the Italian side, near Bardennèche, is 4381 ft. above the same datum level; the total length of the tunnel is 7 miles and 1007 yards. It is proposed to rise from the French entrance at the rate of 1 in 45, and from the Italian at the rate of 1 in 2000. Calculate horizontal distance from either end at which these several gradients will meet, and the height above datum.

17. From the description of the Woodhead tunnel by Mr. W. Purdon, Res. Eng., give the general dimensions of the work, the form of its transverse section, gradients, nature of the strata through which it passed, &c., stating also the rate of progress in the vertical shafting and in the tunnel, with the cost.

18. Describe and sketch the method of following the shaft sinking with the pumping; and add a full account of the mode of unwatering the horizontal workings, when the shaft had reached the proper depth, stating also the methods of ventilation adopted.

19. Give a sketch of the mode of shaft sinking adopted at the Liffey tunnel, and compare it in its details with that of the Thames tunnel, as given by Mr. Law.

20. A wrought iron girder, having the vertical web of the single triangle construction; span 54 ft., depth 4 ft.; and having 9 triangles, has a weight of 4 tons placed on the vertex of the third triangle, counting from the abutment. Calculate the total horizontal force in tons in the upper flange at each side of the vertex, the weight of the beam not being in

cluded; and in the bottom flange in the base of that triangle, and in the two contiguous bases.

21. If in No. 20 another weight of 4 tons be applied at the third vertex from the other abutment, calculate the strains arising from both these weights on all the intermediate horizontal and diagonal bars.

22. And, lastly, compute the diagonal and horizontal strains from either abutment, the load being as in No. 21.

23. A wrought iron tank for water is supported by three cast iron girders; dimensions of tank-length 24 ft. by 18 ft., and 6 ft. 6 in. high; for calculating its weight the thickness of ths of an inch may be taken to cover angle irons, stay rods, &c. The water stands 6 feet deep in the tank. Draw a careful sketch of the design of these girders, each carrying an equal load, and having a clear span of 18 ft.

24. Explain the construction and application of Bidder's Tables for Earthwork, and calculate the figures which will be found in it for the end heights, 20 ft. and 40 ft.

25. In Macneill's Tables, with base 31 ft., and slopes on one side 3 to 1, and on the other 2 to 1, what figures will be found at the intersection of the lines for end heights, 10 and 30 ft.?

26. In the districts on each side of the river Kistna in the Madras Presidency, the land on each side was found by Colonel Baird Smith to slope away from the river at the rate of 18 in. per mile, and the crest of the waste board of one of the channels for irrigation being 19 ft. below the top of the bank of the river; calculate the distance to which this channel will have to be cut, at a rate of fall of 9 in. per mile, so as to bring the water on the level of the ground.

27. Explain the construction of the mode of giving off water for irrigation called the "Ruote," originally adopted in the Italian system, and point out its defects, practical and theoretical.

28. State the successive improvements gradually introduced in ascertaining the quantity of water delivered, and describe and sketch the Modulo magistrale, and show how it acts to give a constant measured quantity.

29. State the average number of acres which can be irrigated by I cub. ft. of water per second, and the average rate of payment.

30. Give a detailed account of the determination of the quantity of sewage per unit of area, and of the velocity with which it should flow at a minimum, as decided upon for the drainage of London.

WALL BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION.

DR.

TODD.

I.

1. The Sections of the Law marked D are connected with the form of the Jewish year?

2. Provision is made in them for the Embolismæan, or 1 year?

3. To convert the Jewish mundane era into the year of our Lord, for any year since A. D. 240, add 240 to the Jewish year, omitting thousands; explain the reason of this rule.

4. Some of the Sabbatical Sections are marked DDD instead of DDD— a. Explain the reason of this.

b. Explain also the reason why some of the smaller sections are marked, and others.

c. What words are the and of the smaller sections supposed to stand for? The "and in the larger sections have a different signification?

5. Give an abstract of Walton's arguments against the antiquity of the Vowel points.

6. Cappellus in his rejection of the points went a step further than Elias Levita?

7. Give some account of the system of punctuation lately discovered to have been in use before the present Masoretic points, and called the Babylonian system, and ; why so called?

8., Walton is wrong in asserting that the Karaites had no vowel points; what was the real difference between the Karaites and Rabbinical Jews, in the use of points, from the sixth to the eleventh century?

II.

1. Give an account of the Keri and Kethibh.

a. The Jews count seven classes or species of these readings?

b. What are the principal objections to the opinion that they are simply various readings, implying doubt as to whether the marginal or textual reading is to be preferred?

2. What is the Jewish explanation of the Kethibh 7N) (Haggai, i. 8)

? ואכבדה instead of the Keri

3. An argument against the antiquity of the vowel points and accents is drawn from the Keri and Kethibh?

What is the reading of the Samaritan Pentateuch? This reading is evidently intended to correct a supposed anomaly in the Hebrew, and therefore later than the Hebrew text?

5. a. The name of the "land of Moriah" (Gen. xxii. 2) is differently written in the Hebrew and Samaritan texts ?

b. The etymology of Moriah suggested by the Samaritan reading has apparent Scriptural authority?

c. It has also the authority of the LXX. and Vulgate ?

d. What etymologies have been suggested for the word as written in the Hebrew text?

6. Gen. xxiii. 13, the Hebrew text is

אך אם אתה לו שמעני נתתי כסף השדה

a. There is no occasion for the ellipsis which the English Version supposes here?

b. The Vulgate gives the true rendering; but the LXX. and Samaritan Pentateuch follow a different reading? The Hebrew text is preferable?

7. Dr. Wall asserts that Moses was habituated to ideagraphic or picture writing for many years of his life; he proves this by three peculiarities in Moses's style? Give some examples of these peculiarities.

a. Notice any differences between the Masoretic and Hebræo-Samari

tan text in these passages.

b. On the word v in (a) we find the Masoretic note

the word " in (6) the note

the note. Explain these notes.

; on the word

in (y)

c. State Dr. Wall's view as to the original form of the Hebrew name of Sarah, and the form to which it was changed by the Divine command (Gen. xvii. 15).

2. XX. 13.

כאשר התעו אתי אלהים מבית אבי :

a. The Masoretic text, Dr. Wall thinks, is here to be corrected from the Samaritan? How does he account for the incorrect reading in the former?

b. How does Dr. Wall reply to the objection to his theory derived from such forms as the construct ?

ולשרה אמר הנה נתתי אלף כסף לאחיך הנה הוא לך כסות עינים לכל אשר אתך ואת כל ונכחת :

a. Translate this passage, and state your view as to the meaning.

b. How has the form LXX. render the word:

been differently explained? How do the