sations, one called a darker (A) and the other a lighter blue (B), but we have no third sensation of difference (C), as we had in our first supposed case of number. We may say with entire truth, that the darker colour (A) and the lighter (B) differ, but we cannot add by C; and, unless we can include this last term by C in our proposition, we are curtailed of a portion necessary to constitute the equivalence of which we have spoken. A second illustration may be borrowed from sound. We hear a higher (A) and a lower key (B); we feel that they differ; we receive two different sensations; but we do not receive a third sensation (C), that is, we do not hear the difference.

Custom, however, permits us to say, we perceive the difference or resemblance between two colours or two sounds, when the fact is we perceive that they differ or resemble, and nothing more; and we should in strictness express ourselves accordingly. Common speech, indeed, does not require such precision; but we must nevertheless take care that, in this case, as well as others, we do not suffer common speech to intrude upon us a false philosophy.

We will now subject to the same investigation a word opposed to that which we have just dismissed, and see to what conclusion it will lead us ; that word is, Resemblance. Upon this word Dr. Brown rests a whole theory of generalization,-the theory of a sect, to which he would give the name of Notionist or Relationist, in preference to that of Conceptualist, bestowed upon Dr. Reid and his followers.

We must allow the very elegant lecturer to speak in his own words.* "We perceive two or more objects. This is one state of mind. We are struck with the feeling of their resemblance in certain respects. This is a second state of the mind. We then, in a third stage, give a name to these circumstances of felt remembrance, a name which is, of course, applied afterwards only where this relation of similarity is felt. It is unquestionably not the name which produces the feeling of resemblance, but the feeling

* Brown on the Philosophy of the Mind, Lec. 47.

of resemblance which leads to the invention or application of the name."+ In other places this feeling is called a general notion.

Dr. Brown is equally anxious to disclaim Crambe's Universal Lord Mayor, and Locke's abstract idea of a triangle; but if the mind can form one single general or abstract idea or notion, it surely is not so limited in its faculty as to be unable to form more, and it would have tried the ingenuity of the Doctor to fix a boundary at which it must cease to act. Locke seemed to be quite aware of the extremes to which his doctrine must necessarily extend, and he had the candour to display them fully-without the least attempt to evade or even to palliate. And this unequivocating honesty is one of the great charms of the Essay on Human Understanding. Successive writers have endeavoured to refine upon the principles of Locke; but they are still the same, however varied may be their guise, nor can any subtle change of phraseology strip them of the extravagant consequences, with which he himself left them encumbered. He triumphs, it is true, in the discovery that the "whole mystery of genera and species, which make such a noise in the schools, and are with justice so little regarded out of them, is nothing else but abstract ideas." Yet, perplexing as this whole mystery undoubtedly was, the abstract idea of a triangle, as expounded in the Essay, is a very fair match to it.

Without entering into any further account of the gradations by which this doctrine of abstraction has been step by step reduced into the form in which Dr. Brown endeavours to preserve it from that disregard into which the genera and species of the schools have so long fallen, we shall proceed at once to his feeling or general notion of resemblance.‡

He says, "We are struck with the feeling of their resemblance. This is the second state of the mind." To perceive the objects themselves—the

+ And the negative idea to the negative term?

Locke was quite sensible of the influence of resemblance and difference upon the construction of general terms. B iii. C. 3. § 7, 8.

different objects-is the first. Is it possible to perceive different objects, and not perceive that they are different; not be conscious of different sensations?

But let us return to the instances of colour and sound. We perceive two objects-we see two pictures-we hear two voices: we say that the colours of the two pictures, the sounds of the two voices, are similar or alike, that they resemble. In conformity with the usages of speech, we say that we perceive a resemblance, a similarity or likeness. Pursuing our former illustration, calling the colours of the first picture A, and of the second B, we affirm there is nothing to represent a resemblance C. We received in the former case* different sensations, or sensations, which we were conscious differed. In the latter, we receive like, similar, resembling sensations, or sensations which we are conscious resemble. This is the whole of the matter. We receive no sensations or ideas, or even notions, (as we would explain the word notion, i. e. a collection of ideas,) of which the word likeness or resemblance can be the sign. To say that we perceive the difference or resemblance of two sounds or colour, for instance, is only true in as far as we mean that we are conscious of differing or resembling ideas.

And thus we think, we shew very clearly that the Dr.'s hypothesis of a second state of mind, in the process of generalization, is a mere fiction or contrivance or creature, an illusion of his own imagination; that there is not even a particular idea of resemblance, to serve as a ground-work for his general feeling, or notion or idea. (To be continued.)

Extract from a Letter from the Bishop of Llandaff, dated Feb. 6th, 1841.

"I have read enough of the volume to be satisfied that it is a valuable accession to our literary stores. To me the work is peculiarly interesting. Sherlock's letters are particularly valuable. From this part of the correspondence the whole drift of the argument [of the Div. Leg.] and its unanswerable force appears to have been recognized by him. The same I should say of Hare and Lyttelton and others. I must repeat my thanks for the valuable service you have performed."

Extract from a Letter from Professor Chalmers, dated April 30, 1841.

"The materials are altogether worthy of having been formed into a supplementary volume. His (Bishop Warburton's) correspondence is highly interesting, and among the new letters which you have published I feel a great value for those at pp. 76, 80, and 85. Bishop Sherlock appears to great advantage in your work. I had also great pleasure in Lord Lyttelton's letters. His (Bishop Warburton's) speeches are great curiosities, marked throughout, and especially at p. 282, by his characteristic vigour. There is a number of precious things in his Fragments on History. I estimate very highly the literary merits of his Charges and Sermons, and would single out sermons I. and II. pp. 379 and 388. I greatly admire the masculine strength of his sermon on Duelling, p. 439. He is out and out like himself in the whole of the Remains.' You have presented the world with a volume in perfect keeping with the previous works of one of

the most colossal men of the Church of England."

MR. URBAN,

Cork, Sept. 10. YOUR intelligent correspondent, CYDWELI, adduces corroborative proofs of the national partiality to which I had adverted on a previous occasion;

(Gent. Mag. for June, p. 606,) but he is unjustified in his sharp reproof of M. Brunet, (p. 143,) for apparently assigning the same date of impression to the collective volumes of David's Pictorial History of France. Perhaps CYDWELI uses an earlier and more imperfect edition of the Manuel du Libraire than the one now before me, of 1820, which distinctly allows nine years-1787, à 1796, for the successive publication, and thus wholly removes the objection. Your correspondent subsequently states, that in regard to our naval and military heroes, the French, who willingly eulogize those of other nations, are generally silent, or depreciatory. And such is the fact, except as respects Marlborough, whom CYDWELI represents as one of the objects of this injustice; for his talents and success are the uniform theme of their admiration, as their histories and biographies will testify. Hear what Voltaire (Siécle de Louis XIV. chap. xviii.) says, W Churchill, Comte et ensuite Duc de Marlborogh, fut l'homme le plus fatal à la grandeur de la France qu'on eût vu depuis plusieurs siècles ;" and elsewhere, "Aussi politique que Guillaume III. mais bien plus grand capitaine." Saint Simon, Dangeau, with numerous others, are not less free in their praises, which I forbear accumulating, but which, from the long intervention of time and subsidence of jealousy, are not more withheld than the meed extended to the Edwards, Henrys, or Talbots of old. Not so, indeed, the fresher laurels of Nelson or Wellington. Montgaillard (tomes v. and vi.) attributes the triumphs of Abouquir and Trafalgar, more justly appreciated, however, by Napoleon, to mere chance; and Casimir Delavigne (1ere Messénienne) thus characterises the victor of the Peninsula and Waterloo :

"

"Et l'aigle qui tombant aux pieds du léopard,

Change en grand capitaine un héros du hasard."

General Foy, in his narrative of the Spanish war, asserts, that several of

our Duke's companions, whom he names, were equal, if not superior, to him- -a compliment to the nation, were their great commander's genius duly valued. To pursue further in

stances would lead me too far.*

* The following little anecdote is so apparently trivial, that I should scarcely venture to obtrude it on public notice, were its insignificance not redeemed by a glorious name, whose effulgence must rescue from obscurity and impart interest to every associated event; nor can the

singular fact escape attention, that every agent in the occurrence-two ladies, with three noblemen, still survive, after the lapse of a full half century. Such as the matter is, I derive it from authentic information.

During the government of Ireland by Lord Westmorland, (1790—1795,) when the Hon. Arthur Wellesley was attached to the Viceregal Court, then superintended by the Hon. Mrs. Stratford, now the Dowager Countess of Aldborough, Mrs. Woodcock, the confessedly most beautiful woman in Ireland, after spending a festive evening at the Castle, found it impossible to obtain the usual conveyance of a hand chair to take her home, in consequence of an overwhelming fall of snow, which compelled the desertion of every stand. Her disappointment was visible, but was promptly relieved by Mr. Wellesley and the Hon. Mr. Pery, the present Earl of Limerick, who gallantly volunteered their services, and, seizing a chair that always awaited in the hall, carried their fair charge, amidst a storm of drifted and assailing snow, to her rather distant residence. Mrs. Wood

cock, whom I have had the honour of knowing since our childhood, is sister of the late Lord Brandon, and widow of the Hon. Christopher Hely Hutchinson, the beloved representative of Cork in Parliament for many years.

The Great Duke is supposed not to be more insensible, or less gallant, in the

double acceptation of the word, than most other heroes; for, of few, indeed, can it be predicated, as Puffendorf, (De Rebus Gestis a Carolo Gustavo, Norimbergæ, 1693, tom. 1.)* relates of Tilly,

It has long been habitual with our neighbours to compare our respective national characters and rivalry to those of Rome and Carthage, assuming to themselves the attributes and position of the former, and to look forward to a similar issue of the final contest. We are depicted as merely a commercial and maritime people, with only one general to boast of, Marlborough, as the Carthaginians

one of the most eminent commanders of the Thirty-years' War, "Veneris vinique expertem tota ætate se fuisse jactavit;" a comprehensive teetotalism, truly, and to be deprecated, could we entertain any

apprehension of an abstinence involving

the extinction of a race that constitutes

the pride of every people, being assumed as a model of imitation. History, indeed, in her transmitted records of great soldiers, presents them to us in a very different light, though some noble exceptions may be cited. The most familiar is probably that of Scipio, whose conduct in Spain and Africa, (Livy, lib. xxvi. cap. 49, and lib. xxx. 14,) has fondly exercised the pen and pencil of so many writers and artists. The performances of the latter are generally known-not so, I apprehend, that the first regular tragedy, after the revival of letters, was the Sophonisba of Trissoni (1524, 4to.) exhibited in the Roman theatre at the express desire of Leo X. and derived from the last quoted book of Livy. The continence of Scipio's great antagonist, Hannibal, is described by Justin, (lib. xxxii. cap. 4,) as not less conspicuous, and more meritorious in an African: "Constat eum nec cubantem cœnasse, aut plusquam sextario vini (a pint) indulsisse, pudicitiamque eum tantam inter tot captivas habuisse, ut in Africa natum quivis negaret." Other extraordinary circumstances of this wonderful captain, but foreign to my subject, then follow in Justin. Several military characters have also emerged from a class of unfortunates, or effeminates, to whom the dissuasion of Jupiter to Venus might be apparently addressed-Οὔ τοι, τέκνον ἐμὸν, δέδοται πολεμήϊα έργα. (Homer II. E. 428.) such as Narses, Sigismond Battori, &c. who, notwithstanding, have filled the pages of fame, and astonished the world. Yet, even of those to whom homines regantur," which Lord Chesterfield repeatedly impressed on his own son. Both young men were timid, and fearful of encountering the higher politicians of the day, whom their fathers stripped of their presumed superiority and dreaded approach.

were limited to Hannibal; though his father, the Magnus Hamilcar, and his brother-in-law Hasdrubal, were classed in the first order of soldiers. (Livy, xxi. cap. 1-5.) But the parallel, as I have often maintained to them, signally failed, in the fact, that the Romans were generally victorious at sea, which the French will hardly affirm of themselves. It was thus that they terminated the first Punic War, while England has been almost uniformly triumphant on the deep, and, careful not to trust her destinies to hired bands, but wielding her own internal energies and native spirit, has battle, except under William and Runot for ages been defeated in pitched vigny, two foreigners, and at Fontenoy, where the proscribed sons of Erin decided the wavering fortune of the day

"Clare avec l'Irlandais qu'animent nos exemples,

Venge ses rois trahis, sa patrie, et ses temples,"

is Voltaire's passing eulogy, in his "Poéme de Fontenoy." The victims of the violated Edict of Nantes had similarly avenged their wrongs on their persecutor.*

the power or enjoyment of paternity was not denied, scarcely any direct representative of a great name subsists-none of Gustavus, Turenne, Condé, Wallenstein, Eugene, Marlborough, Saxe, Frederick, Napoleon; nor of Great Seamen, VonTromp, Ruiter, Blake, Howe, Jervis, Nelson, &c.

* The race and name of Charles O'Brien, Viscount Clare, sunk in the marriage of his only child with the Duc de Praslin. Louis XV. promoted him to the rank of Marshal of France, which no Irishman had previously enjoyed, nor since, with the reserve of our Wellington, whose erasure from the existing list may well justify the trite antithesis of Tacitus, (Annal. iii. 76.) "Eo ipso præfulgebat quia non visebatur. Not more than two Englishmen, I also believe the first Earl of Shrewsbury, and Berwick,-have been raised to that distinction. Lord Clare then assumed the title of Marshal Thomond; but on his decease, his regiment became the property, and bore the name of Viscount Walsh, whose father, a merchant of Nantes, is mentioned by Lord Mahon (vol. iii. p. 339), among the partisans of the Pretender. In 1794, this regiment, with those of Dillon, O'Connell, Conway, &c. transferred their services to

It would cost little exertion of memory to swell the list of great minds in diminitive frames, who "ingentes animos angusto in corpore versant,' alluded to by CYDWELI in relation to our glorious William. The names of David, Alexander, Pepin, Tamerlane, Napoleon, are best known, for I allude not to mere dwarfs, amongst the rulers of the earth; and, in private eminence, those of Horace, Pomponatius, Fracastor, Vida, Gallileo, Sarpi, Pope, J. J. Rousseau, Wilberforce, Grattan, Curran, Gibbon, Erskine, Sir H. Davy, the Vendean Chief, Charette, and so many more, among whom are some living statesmen, Guizot, Thiers, Lord John Russell, &c. who resemble the homuncio exilis staturæ, (the avopaTLOV of Demosthenes,) mentioned by CYDWELI, but of whom the enumera

*

England; but on the Restoration, the Colonels returned to the land of their adoption, where, I have reason to believe, that the Marshal's Staff was destined by Charles X. for General O'Connell, than whom I have never known a more amiable gentleman. Of the present object of his celebrated nephew, our honourable representative's agitation, I certainly am no advocate, (See Gent. Mag. Oct. 1840, p. 376,) but my recollection of the means employed to achieve the Legislative Union fully justifies the severity of his reproof. He may say―

"Anglia vicisti, profuso turpiter auro,

Armis pauca, dolo plurima, jure nihil." But, like many another contract, and in especial reference to the marriage boud, I would add-" Fieri forsan non debuit; at

factum valet." Energetically deprecating the commission of evil for the production of good, we may still accept the resulting benefit. The sword has been often the propagator of civilization, and even of the Gospel, as history, in a pregnant instance, tells us of Charlemagne's invasion of Saxony; but, though we must condemn the instrument of execution, we surely are not to reject this eventual fruit; nor are we to discard the meliorations that may spring from a revolution, because of the excesses almost inseparable from its generating causes and early outbreaks.

Lord Stanley, I believe, may be included in this category; and I name him, not only as eminent for talents, which must make him a desirable associate for the class, but in order to indicate a singular lapse of memory in relation to his stature, in a work to which he has lately appealed with special complacency.

tion would involve an undue encroachment on these pages.† I must, however, observe, that the connecting extract (page 145) from La Bruyère, which a note in CYDWELI'S edition applies to James II. was assuredly never aimed against that monarch, nor is it so understood by

It

No periodical in France seems to enjoy a higher character than "La Revue des Deux Mondes," and its ablest contributor is, doubtless, M. Duvergier de Hauranne. This gentleman, in a recent number, (for August last, page 387,) among our existing statesmen, passes in favourable judgment LordStanley; and, after stating that he had spent some days in his lordship's company in 1828, subsequently to his election for Preston, thus describes him: "Il faut le voir debout et sa haute taille legèrement voûtée, le visage pâle, l'œil fixe et perçant, lancer à O'Connell et au ministère le sarcasme et le dédain." is clear that the writer here confounds the father and son, and that the personal delineation applies to the present Lord Derby, while the parliamentary exhibition, graphic as it is, perfectly suits Lord Stanley. This error would little surprize us, were it not for his visit to Knowlesly Park, and the conversations he there had with his lordship, which the latter so confidently invoked at his late re-election, in evidence of his unvaried and consistent sentiments on church property. how would such a witness or his testimony be received in a court of justice, wholly mistaking, as he does, the person whose opinions he attests? This discrepancy his lordship, of course, suppressed, for it would apparently discredit his own witness; nor has it been noticed elsewhere, that I am aware of.

Yet,

At p. 347 of the Revue, Lord Ashburton is mistaken for Sir Thomas Baring; and, some pages after, Lord Lyndhurst is stated to be the son of "un artisan obscur de la cité." His lordship would be more properly described as the son of an artiste than of a mechanic, as artisan implies; but, to his credit, it may be asserted, that he is "l'artiste de sa propre fortune."

+ Voltaire, though not under the middle size, was a miserable shred, a living skeleton, as depicted by our poet Young, with other moral and physical attributes, which made him, it was said, no bad specimen of his own delineation of his countrymen-partaking more or less of the monkey and tiger.-Young's impromptu, I believe, was,

"He is so ugly, witty, and so thin, That he's at once the devil, death, and sin.''