The Citrus Industry, Volume IVUCANR Publications, 1978 - 362 páginas A comprehensive volume on citrus diseases, biological control of insects, nematodes, and vertebrate pests, certification and registration, and regulatory measures. Color plates. |
Índice
1 | |
2 | |
3 | |
5 | |
9 | |
15 | |
18 | |
20 | |
Future Outlook | 172 |
Literature Cited | 173 |
Registration Certification and Indexing of Citrus Trees | 185 |
The Psorosis Interim Program 19371973 | 186 |
The LongRange Program 19621973 | 188 |
The Combined Program 1974present | 190 |
Citrus Seed Tree Program | 195 |
Legal Authority and Significance of California Program | 196 |
21 | |
22 | |
24 | |
25 | |
26 | |
28 | |
29 | |
31 | |
32 | |
33 | |
35 | |
36 | |
39 | |
40 | |
41 | |
42 | |
46 | |
47 | |
48 | |
49 | |
52 | |
53 | |
54 | |
55 | |
56 | |
58 | |
Injury by Sulfur FungicidesInsecticides | 59 |
Injury by Plant Growth Regulators | 61 |
Literature Cited | 62 |
Virus and Viruslike Diseases | 67 |
The Psorosis Diseases | 69 |
Importance and Distribution | 70 |
Diseases of the Psorosis Group | 72 |
Relationships of Diseases in the Psorosis Group | 80 |
Transmission and Spread | 84 |
Control of Psorosis | 85 |
The TristezaDisease Complex | 87 |
Historical Developments | 88 |
Economic Importance | 90 |
Symptomatology | 93 |
Transmission and Spread | 103 |
Host Range of Tristeza Virus Complex | 104 |
Exocortis | 109 |
Geographic Distribution and Host Range | 111 |
Control | 112 |
Xyloporosis Cachexia | 115 |
Symptomatology | 116 |
Transmission and Spread | 117 |
Control | 120 |
Stubborn Disease | 121 |
Symptomatology | 122 |
Nature of Causal Agent | 126 |
Transmission and Spread | 127 |
Control or Prevention | 129 |
Greening Disease | 131 |
Nature Transmission and Spread | 132 |
Control | 133 |
Citrus Dieback Disease | 135 |
Control | 136 |
LeafMottleYellows Disease | 137 |
Host Range | 138 |
Control | 139 |
Citrus VeinPhloem Degeneration | 140 |
Symptomatology and Host Range | 141 |
Influence of Tissue Wounding on Gall Development | 142 |
Importance of Woody Gall | 143 |
Transmission of Causal Virus | 144 |
Satsuma Dwarf | 145 |
Transmission and Spread | 146 |
Varietal Reaction to Satsuma Dwarf | 147 |
Citrange Stunt | 149 |
Transmission and Spread | 151 |
Importance | 152 |
Impietratura | 153 |
Transmission and Spread | 154 |
Control | 155 |
Symptomatology | 156 |
Symptomatology | 157 |
Transmission | 158 |
Importance | 159 |
Leaf Curl | 160 |
Possible Relation to Other Citrus Viruses | 161 |
Symptomatology | 162 |
Host Range and Importance | 163 |
Transmission and Control | 164 |
Control | 165 |
Symptomatology | 166 |
Field Spread | 167 |
Tarocco Pit | 168 |
Gummy Bark of Sweet Orange | 169 |
BudUnion Crease | 170 |
Some Apparently Inherited Disorders of Citrus | 171 |
Financing of California Programs | 197 |
Preregistration Procedures | 198 |
Propagation of Nursery Stock from Registered Trees | 199 |
The Brazilian Programs | 200 |
Indexing | 201 |
Electron Microscopy | 202 |
TissueGraft Indexing | 203 |
Indexing Procedures | 208 |
Literature Cited | 219 |
Regulatory Measures for Pest and Disease Control | 223 |
The Purpose of Plant Quarantine | 224 |
Conditions Necessary for Pest Species Establishment | 225 |
Adherence to Quarantine Regulations | 226 |
Current Quarantines Protecting the US Citrus Industry | 227 |
Nursery Inspection | 228 |
Manpower and Inspection | 229 |
Pest and Disease Detection | 230 |
Methods Used in Citrus Pest and Disease Detection | 231 |
Evaluation of Detection | 232 |
Eradication of Introduced Pests and Diseases | 233 |
Citrus Disease Eradication Programs | 235 |
Literature Cited | 236 |
Vertebrate Pests of Citrus | 237 |
Control of Vertebrates | 238 |
Behavioral Manipulation | 239 |
Mammal Pests in the United States | 241 |
Meadow Mice | 247 |
Ground Squirrels | 252 |
Jack Rabbits | 254 |
Cottontails | 256 |
Tree Squirrels | 257 |
Cotton Rats | 258 |
Pine Mice | 259 |
Commensal Rats and House Mice | 260 |
Raccoons | 262 |
Deer Mice | 263 |
Moles | 264 |
Avian Pests in Citrus | 265 |
Parrots | 266 |
RedWhiskered Bulbuls | 268 |
Crows | 269 |
Safety Precautions | 270 |
Acknowledgments | 271 |
Literature Cited | 272 |
Biological Control of Citrus Insects | 276 |
The Historical Background of Biological Control | 277 |
The Procedures in Biological Control | 278 |
Progress in Control of Specific Pests | 279 |
The Fluted Scales Margarodidae | 280 |
Icerya seychellarum Westw | 282 |
Other Fluted Scales | 283 |
Yellow Scale Aonidiella citrina Coq | 285 |
Purple Scale Lepidosaphes beckii Newm | 286 |
Glover Scale Lepidosaphes gloverii Pack | 287 |
Yanone Scale Unaspis yanonensis Kuw | 288 |
Nigra Scale Saissetia nigra Nietn | 290 |
Citricola Scale Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Kuw | 291 |
Red Wax Scale Ceroplastes rubens Mask | 292 |
The Mealybugs Pseudococcidae | 293 |
Citrophilus Mealybug Pseudococcus fragilis Brain | 294 |
LongTailed Mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus TargioniTazzetti | 295 |
Greens Mealybug Pseudococcus citriculus Green | 296 |
The Whiteflies and Blackflies Aleyrodidae | 297 |
Spiny Blackfly Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaint | 299 |
Citrus Whitefly Dialeurodes citri Ashm | 300 |
Woolly Whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask | 301 |
The Fruit Flies Tephritidae and Other Fruit Feeders | 302 |
Natal Fruit Fly Pterandus rosa Karsch | 303 |
Queensland Fruit Fly Dacus tryoni Frogg | 304 |
Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens Loew | 305 |
Biology of Parasitic Insects | 306 |
Supersedence of Parasite Species | 307 |
Mass Production of Parasites and Predators | 308 |
Effects of Insecticides Upon Biological Control | 310 |
Microbial Control | 313 |
The Time Required for Biological Control | 315 |
Ants in Relation to Biological Control | 316 |
Literature Cited | 317 |
Nematodes Attacking Citrus | 321 |
Nematodes and Mineral Nutrition | 322 |
Nematodes and Soil Types | 326 |
Nematodes Soil Moisture and Oxygen Supply | 327 |
Nematode Hosts | 328 |
Nematode Control | 329 |
Spreading Decline | 331 |
Control of Burrowing Nematode | 336 |
Other Nematodes Pathogenic on Citrus | 337 |
Literature Cited | 342 |
Appendix 1 Conversion Tables for Temperature Area Length Weight Yield Volume and Tree Spacing | 347 |
Index | 353 |
Palavras e frases frequentes
affected trees areas bait bark biological control Bové bud union budwood burrowing nematode cachexia Calif California caused cent citrange citri citron citrus nematode citrus trees Citrus Virol concave gum Conf crinkly leaf damage decline develop dieback disease of citrus effective established exocortis Fawcett Florida fruit fly fungi fungus Gainesville galls graft grapefruit greening groves growth gummosis host indexing indicator plants infected injury inoculated Jour Klotz leaves lesions mandarin mealybug Meyer lemon natural enemies nursery stock orange rootstock Organ parasites pathogen pest Phytopathology Phytophthora Proc propagated psorosis red scale registration reported Reptr rootstock Rough lemon satsuma scale insects scion seed seedling yellows soil sour orange South Africa species spot spray spread stem pitting stubborn disease studies stunt sweet orange symp symptoms tangelo tatter-leaf temperatures tion tissue transmission trifoliate orange tristeza virus twigs Univ Valencia Valencia orange varieties vein virus diseases viruses Wallace xyloporosis