of the act of paying the note!? What, is the debtor to continue to pay a demand after he has already paid it!!!? This is strange, and hard.

2. "The man being killed by his fellow traveller, his horse was stolen."

What does being imply that the man is still to be killed by his fellow traveller!? Cruel fate!

3. "John being a thief, was imprisoned for the safety of the community."

What is there no reform? Is it here said that John is to continue to steal!?

4. "GOOLD BROWN having finished his labors, they are now public property."

But according to the author's position in relation to the import of having, his labors are to be continued!!!!

5. "John will be writing a letter next week."

Is there any intimation here that John will continue in the act of writing letters!!!

6. "James will be laughing within an hour."

What is it here intimated that James will continue to laugh!!! Nothing like it.

"John was dying last week."

Does dying imply that John is to continue to die!! ?

But what a singular choice our author has made in his technical to express the idea of continuation! “Imperfect." Does the word, imperfect, import continuation !!! Would not continuative answer Mr. Goold Brown's purpose much better than imperfect?

1. "An imperfect participle."

2. A continuative participle.

But we presume that Mr. B. has not labored to express the character of the participle, but that of the thing denoted by the participle.

The action, being, or passion, says he, is not completed -hence it is imperfect. And as the action, being, or passion is imperfect, the word which denotes it, must be called imperfect. But would it not be much better for the

grammarian to attend to the character of the words than to give his time to that of things?

Besides, if the participle is called imperfect because it expresses an action which is imperfect, should not the verb which expresses an imperfect action, be denominated an imperfect verb!?

1. That stream of water runs through Harrisburg.

2. That stream of water is running through Harrisburg. Which form of expression indicates the longer continuation of the action of running!!? If, then, running is denominated an imperfect participle because the action of which it is the name, is not finished, has not ceased,should not "runs" be styled an imperfect verb!?

But is not the practice of applying to words the names which express the character of the things denoted, the perfection of folly? What, is a word imperfect because it denotes an imperfect thing!!? By parity of reasoning, a word is round because it denotes a round thing! By parity of reasoning, a word is square because it signifies a square thing. By parity of reasoning, a word is iron because it expresses an iron thing. By parity of reasoning, a noun is sweet, or sour, red, or black, according to the character of the thing of which it is significant! Thus, circle is a round noun!! Crow, as well as negro, is a black noun!!

Why is negro a black noun ! Because the being denoted by the word, is black! Why is running an imperfect participle? Because the action denoted by the word, is imperfect!!!

Is not this the very principle upon which the old theory authors, and old theory menders proceed? In compliance with this philosophy, they make imperfect participles; as, The stream is running.

In compliance with this principle, they make perfect participles; as, I have a letter written by John.

Do they not call written a perfect participle, because it signifies a perfect action, a perfectly finished action!?

And on the same principle, must they not call grapes a

a sour noun, and sugar, a sweet noun, and water a liquid noun, and ice a solid, cold, frozen noun!!?

The perfect participle implies the completion, the perfection, of the being, action, or passion." GOOLD BROWN.

COMPOUND PARTICIPLE.

The nature of the compound participle is obvious: its characteristic is a mixture of perfection, and imperfection, in the same action! This is too clear to require illustration. Hence the old school grammarians content themselves by showing how it is formed. This, however, was unnecessary. The component parts of the compound participle, are clearly indicated by the very word, compound. The commingling of the perfect, and imperfect, participle, forms the compound participle! But, hold-here is an instance from Goold Brown himself:

"He 'having loved' his mother, lamented her death.” Loved indicates that the action is perfected, finished— but having implies the continuation, the imperfectionhence the complex, the compound, character!!!

Is not the doctrine of transubstantiation the principle on which the old school grammarians have built much of their theory? See it clearly illustrated in a work recently compiled by John Frost. This Murray mender has diminutive nouns. That is, nouns which represent small things. Mouse would be a diminutive noun. But why do not these men carry their principle through: as they call mouse a diminutive noun, why do they not call elephant a big noun!! If the character of the thing is transfused into the words which denote the things, why do not the old school makers, and menders, adhere to the principle throughout? Why do they not divide nouns into long-eared nouns; as, Jack-and, into short-eared nouns; as, horse!!? In short, why do not these distinguished scholars act upon their theory fully: are they apprehensive that they would be compelled to have shorttailed nouns, long-tailed nouns, &c., &c., &c.!?

THE SUBSTITUTE.

1. Chronodex of Poeclades.

Chronodex is the means which enables a poeclade to point to different portions of time. (Book II. p. 159.)

2. Nechronodex of Poeclades.

A nechronodex is that derivative form of a poeclade, which does not point to any fixed division of time; as, (Book II. p. 171.)

Division of the Nechronodexes.

1. The Be nechronodex-ing.

2. The Be and Have nechronodex-n, ne, n, u, o. I. The Be nechronodex is the derivative, ing, and is incorporated with the poeclit where some form of Be, is employed as a poe-clet; as,

1. Jane will be coming.

2. John is writing.

3. Charles has been laughing.

4. We are walking.

5. The stream is running through Harrisburg.

II. The Be and Have nechronodex, is that derivative form which is incorporated with a poeclade where some form of Be, or Have is employed as a poeclit; as,

1. I have written.

2. Thou hast gone too far.

3. He had forsaken us.

4. It will be written.

5. He was smitten.

6. The saddle will have been done.

(To appreciate the substitute, it is important to examine it as presented in Book II.)

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF AN ADVERB.

AN ADVERB is a part of speech, joined to a verb, a participle, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting it.— MURRAY.

Respecting what? respecting an adverb! That is, an adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, a participle, and an adjective, to express some quality or circumstance respecting itself!!

This must be the meaning; or the pronoun, it, must represent verb, participle, adjective, and adverb!

To render this attempt at a definition of the adverb, correct English, the plerocorm, it, should give place to them

An adverb is a part of speech, joined to a verb, a participle, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting them.

Nor is this error to be thrown upon the printer, or publisher. The error has been handed down through the suc cessive editions of Mr. Murray's Grammar, to the present day! Nor is this the only error which this sentence throws upon its author. The word, sometimes, strongly implies that an adverb is always joined to a verb, always to a participle, and always to an adjective! The adverb, however, is not always joined to a verb, because it is sometimes joined to a participle! An adverb is not always joined to a participle-for it is frequently joined to an adjective! An adverb is not always joined to an adjective, since on many occasions, it is joined to another adverb! If we drop the word, "sometimes," and substi tute them for it, the sentence will be English.

An adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, a participle, an adjective, and to another adverb, to express some quality, or circumstance respecting THEM.

We object most strenously to this sentence as a defini