she saw in this dispensation one of the clearest proofs of the wonderful ways of Providence, for she had nothing so much at heart as her children, whom it was impossible for her to educate properly; that since her imprisonment they had been taken into the Orphan Hospital, where they were now receiving that education which she had not had the means of giving them.

Deficiency of Cautiousness was often joined to a great endowment of Acquisitiveness. . This was particularly the case in the woman Muller, née Sulzberg, whose head presented also a very remarkable development of the organ of ambition (Love of Approbation,) which, according to Gall, degenerates into vanity in narrow-minded and ignorant persons. She was unwilling to acknowledge that she was fond of dress, thinking that this was not in harmony with her present situation; but her companions insisted that she had much vanity, and was careful about nothing but her dress.

In the prisoner Albert, the organ of Self-esteem was joined with that of Acquisitiveness. "Is it not the case," said Gall to him, "that you were always desirous of being the first, "and of distinguishing yourself, as you used to do, when "still a little boy? I am sure that, in all your sports, you "then put yourself at the head." Albert confessed that it was so; and it is true that he still distinguishes himself by the command which he assumes over the other prisoners, and by his insubordination, to the degree that, when a soldier, he could not be constrained but by the severest punishments; and even now he generally escapes one punishment only to fall into another.

Here, as at Berlin, Gall distinguished at a glance such prisoners as were not thieves. Among others brought before him was Rêgine Dæring, an infanticide, imprisoned for life. This woman, different from the other infanticides, shewed no repentance and no remorse for her crime, so that she entered the room with a tranquil and serene air. Gall immediately drew the attention of Dr Spurzheim to this woman, in asking

him if she had not exactly the same form of head, and the same disposition to violence, as his gardener of Vienna, Mariandel, whose chief pleasure consisted in killing animals, and whose skull now serves in his lectures as an example of the organ of Destructiveness. This organ was found to be very largely developed in Rêgine Dæring, and the posterior part of the head in the situation of Philoprogenitiveness was absolutely flattened. This was in exact accordance with the character of the culprit, in so far as her examination bore upon it; for not only has she had several children, of whom she has always secretly got rid, but she lately exposed and murdered one of them, already four years old, which would have led her to the scaffold if the proofs had not been in some respects vague and incomplete, and her judges had not on that account preferred sentencing her to imprisonment for life.

One of the gentlemen present on this occasion was a distinguished musician, upon whom Gall had incidentally pointed out one of the forms of development of the organ of Tune, which consists in a projection above the external angle of the eye. As soon as the prisoner, Kunow, appeared before him, "Hold," said Gall; "here is the other form in "which the organ of Music shews itself; it is here, as in the "head of Mozart, of a pyramidal shape, pointed upwards." Kunow immediately acknowledged that he was passionately fond of music, that he had acquired it with facility; and the production of the jail register shewed that it was as an amateur that he had spent his fortune, and that latterly he had had in view to give lessons in music at Berlin. Gall asked what was his crime. It appeared that he had spent his youth in debauchery, and had been condemned to imprisonment for an unnatural crime. Gall having examined his head, and found the organ of Amativeness in enormous development, immediately exclaimed, "C'est sa nuque qui l' a "perdu;" then, carrying his hand upwards towards Cautiousness, which was exceedingly deficient, he added, “ Mau"dite légèreté."

After dinner the party went to the fortress. Major de Beckendorf, the commandant, had the politeness to cause all the prisoners to be drawn up in line to be presented to Dr Gall. Here the organs of Secretiveness and Acquisitiveness predominated, as in the other prisons. They were sometimes so strikingly apparent, that at a glance the thief might be distinguished from the other criminals. Raps, in whom the organ of Acquisitiveness was very conspicuous, attracted among others the notice of Gall, who discovered at the same time large organs of Destructiveness and Benevolence. What makes the justness of these observations very remarkable is, that Raps strangled a woman whom he had robbed, and that in going away he untied the cord from compassion, and thus saved the poor woman's life after stealing her property. He then examined the young Brunnert, in whom he found the organs of Acquisitiveness, Locality, Constructiveness, and Self-esteem, which were curiously verified in his history; for Brunnert had committed several robberies; had been confined in various prisons, from which he had escaped; fixed himself nowhere; deserted as a soldier; underwent several castigations for insubordination; and, having again rebelled against his superiors, was once more waiting his sentence. He was, besides, skilful in the mechanical arts, and shewed some exquisitely finished works in pasteboard, which he had executed in a prison very unfavourable to such talents.

The organ of Number was largely developed in some; and in each case the power of calculation was found to correspond. Two peasants, father and son, mixed with the thieves, attracted notice from having quite different forms of head. Gall having examined them, found an enormous development of Self-esteem, and said, "These two have not wished to be "ruled, but to rule themselves, and to withdraw from any thing like subordination." It was discovered that the

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cause of their confinement was insolence to superiors.

An old soldier, who was among the prisoners, had a very large organ of Acquisitiveness. It was, however, for insub

ordination, and not for theft, that he was confined in the fortress; but on farther research it appeared that he had been punished several times in the regiment for having stolen.

Such is the history of Dr Gall's visits to the prisons of Berlin. The facts narrated will not, says Dr Gall in concluding, astonish the reader who is acquainted with the principles which explain their possibility.

ARTICLE XIV.

DR ELLIOTSON AND PHRENOLOGY.

Ir has often been urged as an argument against the truth of Phrenology, that no medical man of any reputation or talent is to be found among its supporters. Many names have been given in refutation of this statement, and several more might be added to the number; but there is one gentleman in particular, to which we are at present the more anxious to do full justice, that we have, unintentionally on our parts, been rather tardy in noticing him at all. We allude to Dr Elliotson of London, Physician to St Thomas's Hospital, Lecturer on the Practice of Physic, and President of the London Phrenological Society.

In 1815, Dr Elliotson published a translation of the celebrated Blumenbach's Institutions of Physiology, enriched with copious notes, bringing down the original work to the latest discoveries of the day. In 1820, this translation was at a third edition, and a few months ago it was again reprinted. In the edition of 1820, in several long and able notes on the functions of the nervous system, Dr Elliotson stands boldly forward to assert the truth and importance of the Phrenological doctrines, and loudly claims for them the patient attention and investigation of his brethren. Not having seen the two earlier editions, we know not whether Dr E. has the merit of having espoused the cause of Phrenology at the time

when it seemed by universal consent to be destined to everlasting oblivion so soon as the feverish existence, into which it had been apparently fostered by the ridicule lavished against it, should have ceased; but this we know, that, even in 1820, when the edition we allude to appeared, it required not only a pretty resolute mind, but also a very strong conviction of the moral supremacy and ultimate dominion of truth, to enable any one, who was at all sensible to the estimation and respect of his fellow men, to expose himself to the abuse and contempt, at that time so liberally bestowed upon the science, its founders, and disciples. It is, therefore, highly to Dr Elliotson's credit, that he, whose official situation rendered him a more conspicuous mark, had the magnanimity to disregard the personal consequences to which he was exposing himself in advocating unpalatable but important truths. A short extract will suffice to show how well he had appreciated the doctrines of the new philosophy, and by what steps he was himself led to their serious consideration.

After stating, that " Dr Gall has the immortal honour of having "discovered the particular parts of the brain which are the seats of "the different faculties, sentiments, and propensities," he adds, "much disgraceful invective but no argument has been written against the doctrine. We are presented with a simple statement, "that strength of certain parts of the mind is accompanied by "strong development of certain parts of the brain, and, consequent"ly, of the skull. The truth must be ascertained, not by fancying, "quibbling, and abusing, but by observing whether this is the case, " and every one has it in his power to make the necessary observations. "I had heard of a religious bump, a thievish bump, and a murder"ous bump, and was as lavish of my ridicule and contempt of Dr "Gall's doctrine as any one, till I heard Dr Spurzheim's lectures "in the Medico-Chirurgical Society; his modesty, candour, and "sound sense, struck me powerfully; his anatomical facts were de"monstrated; his metaphysics were simple and natural, and the "truth of his craniology was evidently to be ascertained by personal "observation only. I commenced observations; and, so satisfied was I "of its correctness, that, whilst the storm was yet raging violently against the German physicians, I wrote an anonymous defence "of them in the only review that declared itself their friend. Three ' years have now elapsed, and my observations have been much ex"tended, but they all confirm Dr Spurzheim's statements. Of the accuracy of his general division of the organs, and of the situation "of many particular ones, I am quite certain. Upon some organs