CHAPTER XVI. RECONSTRUCTION UNDER GRANT. Demoralisation at the North-A corrupt Vice-President--A CHAPTER XVII. CONCLUSION. The financial crisis-Breaches of trust-Labour troubles- 344 360 DESTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION. CHAPTER I. SECESSION. THE history of the United States, as yet unwritten, will show the causes of the "Civil War" to have been in existence during the Colonial era, and to have cropped out into full view in the debates of the several State Assemblies on the adoption of the Federal Constitution, in which instrument Luther Martin, Patrick Henry, and others, insisted that they were implanted. African slavery at the time was universal, and its extinction in the North, as well as its extension in the South, was due to economic reasons alone. The first serious difficulty of the Federal Government arose from the attempt to lay an excise on distilled spirits. The second arose from the hostility of New England traders to the policy of the Government in the war of 1812, by which their special interests were menaced; and there is now evidence to A prove that, but for the unexpected peace, an attempt to disrupt the Union would then have been made. - The "Missouri Compromise" of 1820 was in reality a truce between antagonistic revenue systems, each seeking to gain the balance of power. For many years subsequently, slaves as domestic servants were taken to the territories without exciting remark, and the "Nullification" movement in South Carolina was entirely directed against the tariff. Anti-slavery was agitated from an early period, but failed to attract public attention for many years. At length, by unwearied industry, by ingeniously attaching itself to exciting questions of the day, with which it had no natural connection, it succeeded in making a lodgment in the public mind, which, like a subject exhausted by long effort, is exposed to the attack of some malignant fever, that in a normal condition of vigour would have been resisted. The common belief that slavery was the cause of civil war is incorrect, and Abolitionists are not justified in claiming the glory and spoils of the conflict, and in pluming themselves as "choosers of the slain." The vast immigration that poured into the country between the years 1840 and 1860 had a very important influence in directing the events of the latter year. The numbers were too great to be absorbed and assimilated by the native population. States in the West were controlled by German and Scandinavian voters; while the Irish took possession of the seaboard towns. Although the balance of party strength was not much affected by these naturalised voters, the modes of political thought were seriously disturbed, and a tendency was manifested to transfer exciting topics from the domain of argument to that of violence. The aged and feeble President, Mr Buchanan, unfitted for troublous times, was driven to and fro by ambitious leaders of his own party, as was the last weak Hapsburg who reigned in Spain by the rival factions of France and Austria. Under these conditions the National Democratic Convention met at Charleston, South Carolina, in the spring of 1860, to declare the principles on which the ensuing presidential campaign was to be conducted, and select candidates for the offices of President and Vice-President. Appointed a delegate by the Democracy of my State, Louisiana, in company with others I reached Charleston two days in advance of the time. We were at once met by an invitation to join in council delegates from the Gulf States, to agree upon some common ground of action in the Convention-but declined, for the reason that we were accredited to the National Convention, and had no authority to participate in other deliberations. This invitation, and the terms in which it was conveyed, argued badly for the harmony of the Convention itself, and for the preservation of the unity of the Democracy, then the only organisation supported in all quarters of the country. It may be interesting to recall the impression created at the time by the tone and temper of different delegations. New England adhered to the old tenets of the Jefferson school. Two leaders from Massachusetts, Messrs Caleb Cushing and Ben |