Adkin, L. Serms. pub. 1782-86 and 1806. Adking, W. The Hortorian Miscellany, &c., 1768. Adler, George J., b. 1821, in Germany; came to U. States, 1833; grad. N. York Univ., 1844; Prof. German Language in same institution, 1846-54. 1. German Grammar, 1846. 2. German Reader, 1847. 3. German and English Dictionary, 1848, N. York, 8vo: the most complete work of the kind pub. in the U. S. 4. Abridgment of same, 12mo, 1851. 5. Manual of German Literature, 1853. 6. Latin Grammar, 1858. Adolphus, John, 1766-1845, b. in London, barristerat-law. 1. Hist. of England from the Accession of George III. to 1783, 3 vols., 1802; new ed., 7 vols. 8vo. "We have no hesitation in recommending the volume before us as a useful and interesting work. The future historian will recur to it as a valuable magazine of facts which will tend much to diminish the labour of his investigations."-Edin. Rev. 2. Biog. Memoirs of French Revolution, 2 vols., 1799. "A work in which, with great ability, collecting every where from the most authentic sources, and subjoining uniformly a full refer ence to his authorities, he gives the only accurate history yet extant of those tremendous times and the principal agents in them." British Critic. He pub. other works, and assisted Archdeacon Coxe in preparing for the press his Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole. Adolphus, John Leycester, son of the preceding. 1. Letters to Richard Heber, 1821. This work was written to prove that Sir Walter Scott was the author of the Waverley Novels. "From its appearance Sir Walter felt that his incognito was ended, and thenceforth he wore his mask loosely." 2. In connexion with T. F. Ellis, Reports of C'ases argued and determined in the Court of King's Bench 4 Wm. IV., 1834-40, 12 vols. r. 8vo; Lon., 1835-42; new series, 184147, 8 vols. r. 8vo; 1842-48. Adorno, J. N. Harmony of the Universe, 8vo, Lon. Adrian ÍV., d. 1159, was the only Englishman who ever attained the papal throne. His name originally was Nicholas Breakspear; his native place, Langley, near St. Alban's. He wrote an account of his legation, a treatise on the Miraculous Conception, and some sermons. Adrian, Robert, LL.D., 1775-1843. Improved ed. of Hutton's Mathematics, &c., Scientific papers, &c. Ady, J. The Harmony of the Divine Will, Lond., 1811. Ady, T., a writer upon Witchcraft, Lond., 1656–61. Adye, R. W. Bombardier and P. Gunner, Lond., 1813. Adye, S. P. Treatise on Ct. Martials, &c., Lond., 1778. Æry, T., M.D., a medical writer, Whitehaven, 1774, &c. Eton. A treatise on the Church, Edinburgh, 1730. Affleck, Capt. Agitation of the Sea, &c., Phil. Trans. Agar, W. Fourteen Sermons, &c., London, 1756-59. Agard, Arthur, 1540-1615, a learned antiquary, born at Foston, Derbyshire. He wrote a number of treatises upon the High Court of Parliament, the Antiquity of Shires, of the Houses or Inns of Court, and Chancery, and upon Doomsday Book. Agas. See AGGAS. Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, born 1807, at Motiers, Canton of Freyburg, in Switzerland. His ancestors were of French origin, and were among the number of those Protestants who, in 1685, at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, were forced to fly from France. His father, who was a Protestant minister, intended him for the church; but, owing to an intuitive love for Natural History, he preferred the study of Medicine, as affording a fuller scope for the bent of his genius. To carry out this design, he entered the Medical School of Zurich, but completed his professional studies at the University of Heidelberg, where he particularly devoted his attention to anatomy, under the direction of Professor Tiedemann. As a student and anatomist, he gained a reputation far above his compeers. About this time he acquired some celebrity among his fellow-students as a lecturer on Natural History; but very soon his extensive knowledge and accurate discrimination attracted the notice of men of science. From Heidelberg he entered the University of Munich, where he remained four years. His rare attainments induced Martius to employ him to prepare the ichthyological department of the Natural History of Brazil, which added greatly to his scientific fame. His parents remonstrated against this devotion to science, and, finding persuasion ineffectual, determined to reduce his regular stipend; but his unmitigated ardour, and indomitable perseverance in the pursuit of his favourite studies, attracted the notice of the great German publisher, Cotta, who advanced him such sums as he required. After taking the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy, he repaired to Vienna, where he entered upon the study of fossil fishes. Through the berality of a friend, he visited Paris, where he gained the friendship of Cuvier, which continued till his death. At Paris he became intimately acquainted with Humboldt. Agassiz was appointed Professor of Natural History in the College of Neufchâtel, on his return to Switzerland. Here he remained until 1846, when he embarked for America, and soon after was appointed Professor of Zoology and Geology in the Lawrence Scientific School. At thirty, he was a member of nearly every scientific academy of Europe, besides having the degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on him by the Universities of Edinburgh and Dublin. He first promulgated the Glacial Theory in 1837. To collect facts relating to this subject, he spent eight sum mers upon the glacier of the Aar, 8000 feet above the level of the sea, and twelve miles from any human habitation. The following are his chief scientific works: "Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles, 5 vols. 4to, and 400 plates, folio, Neufchâtel, 1834-44. Histoire naturelle des Poissons d'eau douce, 1 vol. 8vo, and 2 portfolios of plates, Neufchâtel, 1839. Etudes sur les glaciers, 1 vol. 8vo, d'atlas in folio, Neufchâtel, 1840. Systeme glacier, 1 vol. 8vo, d'atlas in folio, Paris, 1847. Monographies d'Echnodermes, 4 parts. 4to, Neufchâtel, 1838-42. Etudes critiques sur les Mollesques fossiles, 5 parts. 4to, Neufchâtel, 1840-45. No menclator Zoologicus, 1 vol. 4to, Joloduri, 1842-46. Bibliographia Zoologie et Geologie, London, 3 vols. 8vo, Ray Soc., 1848. Lake Twelve Lectures on Comparative Embryology, 8vo, 1849. In con Superior; its physical character, &c., plates and maps, 8vo, 1850. nection with Dr. A. A. Gould, Principles of Zoology, 2d ed., 1851. Contributed many valuable articles in Trans. Lond. Zool. Soc.; Brit. Soc.; Phil. Mag.: Bibl. Univ.; L. u. Br. N. Jahrb. Proc. Am. Assoc. Assoc.; Silliman's Jour.: Edin. New. Phil. Jour.; Proc. Lond. Geol Trans. Amer. Acad. Science and Arts; Smithsonian Contrib., &c. Contributions to the Natural History of the U. States Bost., 1857, 2 vols. 4to,-to be complete in 10 vols. "There are 2500 subscribers to this work in the United States. A magnificent support of a purely scientific undertaking, executed on a grand and expensive scale; a tribute to the worth of science, and an appreciation of the labours of a great original investigator, such as has never before been exhibited to the world."-PROF. C. C FELTON: Appleton's New Amer. Cyc. Agate, John. Theological Treatise, Oxford, 1708. "This celebrated surveyor published the first map of London in 1560, republished in 1618 and likewise in 1637."-LOWNDES. Aglionby, E. Latin Poem in Wilson's Epigram., 1552. Aglionby, John, D. D., 1566-1609, originally De Aguilon, educated at Queen's College, Oxford, was chaplain to James I., and one of the divines engaged in the version of the Scriptures set forth by that monarch. Aglionby, W. Works upon Painting, Lond., 1685, &c. Aguilar, Grace, was born at Hackney, England, June, 1816. Her father was Emanuel Aguilar, a merchant, descended from the Jews of Spain. She went abroad for her health, and died in Frankfort, in 1847. She could not speak for some time before her decease; but having learned to use her fingers in the manner of the deaf and dumb, almost the last time they moved, it was to spell upon them feebly,-"Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him." She wrote The Magic Wreath, a little poetical work; Home Influence, Mother's Recompense, Jewish Faith, its Consolation, &c., Records of Israel, Women of Israel, Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Days of Bruce, and Home Scenes and Heart Studies. Several of these were published after her death. Home Influence, a Tale for Mothers and Daughters, second edition, in 1 vol., with a Memoir of the Author. Agutter, Wm. Sundry Sermons, Lond., 1796-1808. Ahlers, C. Woman of Godalming, London, 1726. Aickin, J. On Grammar, 1693; Counterfeiting, 1696. Aickin, J. Sermon, published Dublin, 1705. Aiken. Sermons, Edinburgh, 1767. Aikin, Anna L. See Barbauld. Aikin, Arthur, was one of the editors of the Annals of Philosophy, and a voluminous writer upon Mineralogy and Chemistry. He edited The Annual Review, 1803, &c., 7 vols. His Journal of a Tour through North Wales, &c., 1797, Stevenson praises as "an admirable specimen of a mineralogical and geological tour." Aikin, C. R., surgeon, London, in conjunction with the above published a Dictionary of Chemistry, 1807-14. He was the author of several other professional works. Aikin, E. Architectural works, London, 1808-1810. Aikin, J., contributor to Phil. Trans., 1774. Aikin, John, M. D., 1747-1822, born at Kibworth, Harcourt, was the only son of Rev. J. Aikin, LL.D., and brother of Anna Letitia Aikin, afterwards Mrs. Barbauld. He attended the lectures of Dr. John Hunter in 1770, and took the degree of M. D. at Leyden. His first publications were professional, and very favourably received. In 1772 he published his vo of Essays on Song Writing, which has been commended as "a much esteemed and elegant collec- | tion." In 1775 he published A Specimen of the Medical Biography of Great Britain, which was sufficiently approved to induce him to prepare a volume of Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain, from the revival of Literature to the time of Hervey, London, 1780. About the year 1792, in conjunction with his sister, he commenced the Evenings at Home, completed in 6 volumes in 1795. Almost the whole of the matter was the production of the doctor's pen. "These little books are too well known to require any comment; and they have led the way to many others of a similar nature, and been translated into almost every European language." He next published the Letters from a Father to a Son. From 1796-1807 he was literary editor of the Monthly Magazine. In January, 1807, he started the Athenæum, which was discontinued in 1809. He commenced, in 1796, a General Biography, in which Mr. Nicholson, Drs. Enfield and Morgan, and others, assisted him. This work extended to ten quarto volumes, and was published 17991815, having employed the doctor nearly twenty years; yet time was found by him for various other Literary works. -Rose's New Biog. Dict. Widely different opinions have been entertained as to the merit of Aikin's Biographical Dictionary. Mr. Gifford calls it a "worthless compilation," whilst Roscoe, in his Life of Leo X., praises it as "a work which does not implicitly adopt prescriptive errors, but evinces a sound judgment, a manly freedom of sentiment, and a correct taste." Here is a vast difference of opinion! We find some reference to this work in Mr. Southey's Correspondence: "Did I tell you," he writes to his brother, "that I have promised to supply the lives of the Spanish and Portuguese authors in the remaining volumes of Dr. Aikin's great General Biography?" In 1807, he tells Longman & Co., "At Dr. Aikin's request. I have undertaken (long since) the Spanish and Portuguese literary part of his biography. Some articles appeared in the last volume, and few as they are, I suppose they entitle me to it. Will you ask Dr. A. if this be the case?" From 1811-15, he edited Dodsley's Annual Register. In 1820, his last publication, the Select Works of the British Poets, (Johnson to Beattie,) made its appearance. A continuation of the series by other hands has been published. Dr. Aikin died December 7, 1822. He was emphatically a literary man. Dr. Watt gives a list of about fifty publications of this industrious and useful writer. Aikin, Lucy, daughter of the preceding, authoress of several historical and other works. Epistles. Juvenile Correspondence. Memoirs of the Court of James I., Lon., 1822, 2 vols. 8vo. "An admirable historical work, nearly as entertaining as a novel, and far more instructive than most histories."-Edinburgh Review. Miss Aikin has also given to the world, Mem. of the Court of Queen Eliz., 1818, 2 vols. 8vo; of the Court of Charles L, 1833, 2 vols. 8vo; Life of Addison, 1843, 2 vols. 8vo. Aikman, Jas. Poems, chiefly lyrical, Edin., 1816. Ailmer, John. See AYLMER. begins with an account of David, King of Scotland, which is followed by a brief history of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman kings. The old bibliographers have made more than one book out of this tract. 4. The Life of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland, which is only preserved in an abridged form. 5. The Story of a Nun of Watton in Yorkshire, who was seduced and afterwards repented. 6, 7. The early catalogue of the library of Rievaux, printed in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, enumerates, among Ailred's writings, a Vita Sancti Niniani Episcopi, and a treatise De Miraculis Hagustaldensis Ecclesiæ. The Life of St. Ninianus was formerly in MS., Cotton. Tiberius D. 3, now nearly destroyed. The Miracles of the Church of Hexham are preserved in the Bodleian Library. John of Peterborough, under the date 1153, observes, "Here ends the chronicle of Ailred." Ailred's theological writings are more numerous, and consist of, 8. Thirty-three homilies or sermons, De Onere Babylonis, on the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth chapters of Isaiah, addressed to Gilbert, Bishop of London, and therefore written after 1161. 9. The Speculum, or Mirror of Divine Love. 10. A Com pendium Speculi Charitatis. 11. A dialogue De Spirituali Amicitia, the plan of which arose from the perusal of the treatise De Amicitia of Cicero. 12. A tract on the words of the evangelist, Cum factus esset Jesus annorum duodecimo anno Christi, which is sometimes entitled De duodecimo anno Christi. This work, and the four preceding, were collected and printed at Douai early in the seventeenth century, by Richard Gibbons, a Jesuit, and were reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum. 13. Liber de Institutione Inclusarum, or the Rule of Nuns. This, being found without the name of the author, was printed among the works of St. Augustine, but it was given under Ailred's name in the collection of monastic rules published by Lucas Holstenius. It is enumerated among Ailred's works in the early catalogue of the Rievaux library. 14. He wrote a considerable number of homilies and sermons, some of which have been printed. Thirty-two of his sermons are intermixed with those of St. Bernard in a manuscript at Lambeth, and twenty-five inedited sermons of the same writer were printed in the Bibliotheca Cisterciensium. 15. A large collection of epistles by Ailred appear to be entirely lost. 16. His dialogue De Natura Animæ is preserved in the Bodleian Library, MS. Bodl. Mus. 52. 17. The old catalogue of Rievaux mentions a work by Ailred, entitled Fasciculus Frondium. His rhythmical prose in honour of St. Cuthbert, as well as his "Epitaph on the Kings of Scotland," is lost, unless the latter be the prosaic Chronicon Rhythmicum printed at the end of the Chronicon of Mailros, in the edition by Mr. Stevenson. Among the manuscripts of Caius College, Cambridge, according to Tanner, there is a version of the Life of St. Edward in Leonine Latin Elegiacs, ascribed to Ailred, and commencing with the line, Cum tibi, Laurenti, cogor parere jubenti. Ainslie, Alex., M.D. Medical writer, Edin., 1753, &c. with a quarto volume of plates, price 21s. "The best book on surveying with which I am acquainted."-WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Ailred of Rievaux, 1109-1166. The name of this eminent writer, which was properly Ethelred, is variously spelt in old manuscripts, Ailred, Aelred, Alred, Ealred, Alured, &c. Ailred, the most usual form, appears to be merely a north-country abbreviation of Ethelred. He was born in 1109, and was educated in company with Henry, son of David, King of Scotland, whose friendship, as well Ainslie, J. Treatise on Surveying, Edinburgh, 1812. as that of his father, he continued long to enjoy; and the Tables for computing Weights of Hay, &c., London, 1806. latter would have raised him to a bishopric, but he prefer- Farmer's Pocket Companion, Edinburgh, 1812. Treatise red entering himself as a Cistercian monk in the Abbey of on Land Surveying. A new and enlarged Edition, em. Rievaux, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Here his vir- bracing Railway, Military, Marine, and Geodetical Surtues and abilities were soon acknowledged by his fellow-veying. Edited by W. Galbraith, M.A., F.R.A.S. In 8vo, nonks, and he was made master of the novices. His monkish biographer tells us that his extraordinary sanctity was exhibited by miracles which he performed almost in his childhood. After remaining some time at Rievaux, Ailred was removed to be made abbot of the monastery of Revesby in Lincolnshire, which was a more recent foundation of the Cistercian order. He died on the 12th of January, 1166, at the age of fifty-seven. As an historical writer, Ailred has little importance in comparison even with the ordinary chroniclers of his age, for he too generally prefers improbable legends to sober truth. His historical works are not very numerous. They consist of, 1. The Life of Edward the Confessor, which has been frequently printed. 2. An account of the Battle of the Standard, printed by Twysden. 3. A work entitled in the old catalogue of Rievaux, De Generositate et Moribus et Morte regis David, which also has been printed by Twysden, who gives it the title Genealogia regum Anglorum. This book, dedicated to Henry II. before his accession to the throne Ainslie, Robert. Blindness and Indifference of Men to Futurity; a Discourse occasioned by the Death of George the Fourth, London, 1830. "It is rich in practical and pointed reflections upon the thoughtlessness of men in reference to their eternal destiny. The dis course is very creditable to the author, both as a literary and theological composition."-Evan. Mug., 1830. Reasons for the Hope that is in us. A Series of Essays on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, the Immortality of the Soul, &c., London, 1838. Ainslie, Sir Robert. Views in Egypt, Palestine, and the Ottoman Empire, London, 2 vols. fol. Ainslie, W., M.D., A. Smith and M. Christie, M.D. Medical, Geographical, and Agricultural Report by them, on the Jauses of the Epidemical Fever, which prevailed m the Provinces of Caimbatore, Madein, Dinigal, and Tinnevelly, in 1809-10-11, Lon., 1816. Ainsworth, Henry, D.D., d. 1662, date and place of birth unknown. He became a Brownist in 1590, and suffered in the persecutions which that sect endured. He found a refuge in Holland, where he laboured with Mr. Johnson in raising a church at Amsterdam, and in compiling A Confession of Faith of the People called Brownists. He was noted, even in his youth, for his knowledge of the learned languages, especially for his skill in the Hebrew tongue. He applied himself with great diligence to the study of the Rabbins, and is thought to have owed his death to his zeal for the conversion of the Jews. Having found a diamond of great value, he restored it to its owner, a Jew, who begged him to accept a reward. Ainsworth stipulated for an opportunity of a disputation with some of the Rabbis upon the Old Testament prophecies relating to the Messiah. The Jew acceded to his request, but unable or unwilling to perform his promise, had the zealous divine poisoned, thus evincing the odium theologicum to a remarkable degree. Narrations of this character are to be received with great caution. His Annotations on the Psalms were printed in 1612, 4to; on the Pentateuch, 2 vols. 4to, 1621; and (folio) in 1627 and 1639. His treatise, A Counter-Poison against Bernard and Crashaw, 1608, excited much attention, and was answered by Bishop Hall. Few authors have been more quoted by learned men of various countries than Dr. Ainsworth. Walch observes of his Commentaries on the Psalms, "Monstrant istæ eruditionem non mediocrum ac merito laudantur." In 1690, the work was translated into Dutch, and Poole has incorporated the substance of it in his Latin synopsis. Dr. Doddridge and Dr. Adam Clarke express a high opinion of the value of the Annotations. Ainsworth, J. Obs. rel. to a pro. Duty on Cotton, 1813. Ainsworth, Robert, 1660-1743, well known as the author of a work which many profit by at first against their will the Dictionary of the Latin Tongue. Mr. Ainsworth was born at Woodyale near Manchester. His Dictionary cost him twenty years' labour, and was first published in 1736. It was dedicated to that eminent scholar, one of the brightest ornaments of the medical profession, Dr. Richard Mead, of whom we shall have more to say in his place. Of the Dictionary, there have been improved editions by Patrick, Ward, Young, Carey, &c. This work was far better than any that preceded it. Since its publication the treasures of the Latin tongue have been greatly developed by classical scholars in Germany and elsewhere. The lexicons of Gesner, Facciolati, Sheller, Georges, and Freund are of inestimable value to the student. The Wörterbuch der Lateinischen Sprache of Dr. Wilhelm Freund was published in Leipzig in four volumes, containing 4500 pages, in the following order: vol. i. (A-C) in 1834; vol. iv. (R-Z) in 1840; vol. ii. (D—K) in 1844; and vol. iii. (L-Q) in 1845. Upon the basis of this work Dr. E. A. Andrews's Lexicon is founded. Ainsworth, Wm., author of Marrow of the Bible, in verse, Lon., 1652, and of other works. Ainsworth, Wm. Triplex Memoriale, &c., 1650. Ainsworth, William Francis, M.D., b. 1807, at Exeter; studied medicine and graduated at Edinburgh; took charge of the Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, 1828. 1. Researches in Babylonia, Syria, &c., 1842, Lon., 8vo. 2. Travels and Researches in Asia Minor Mesopotamia, &c., vols. p. 8vo. 3. Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks, 1844, p. 8vo. 4. The Claims of the Christian Aborigines in the East. Ainsworth, W. Harrison, novelist, b. 1805, and intended for the law. In 1826, he pub. a novel, John Cheverton, which was commended by Sir Walter Scott. In 1834, Rookwood appeared, followed (after pub. of Crichton) by another bad book of the same class, Jack Sheppard. Works of this mischievous character might be very appropriately published as a series, under the title of the "Tyburn Plutarch." We are glad that the author has struck upon a better vein in his later works of fiction. The Tower of London, Old Saint Paul's, Windsor Castle, and St. James's Palace, are thought much more creditable to the novelist than the works above censured. Mr. Ainsworth resides in the neighbourhood of Kilburn; he edits the New Monthly, and the magazine which bears his name. Ainsworth, T. The Validity of Episcopal Ordination, and invalidity of any other, considered in Three Letters between a Presbyter of the Church of England (T. Ainsworth) and a Dissenting Teacher, (Asher Humphreys,) Oxford, 1719. Ainsworth, Thomas, Vicar of Kimbolton. Sermon: | 1 Cor. iii. 21-23. True Riches, or the Christian's Possessions, London, 1840. Sermon: 2 Tim. iv. 5. Pastoral Duties, (Visitation,) London, 1844. Airay, Christopher, 1601-1670, of Queen's College, Oxford, author of a work on Logic, and some other treatises. Airay, Henry, 1559-1616, Provost of King's College, Oxford, author of a number of theological works. The Lectures upon Philippians were published 1618. Aird, James. Case of Spasms in the Esophagus; Medical Essay. Aird, Thomas, b. 1802, at Bowden, Roxburyshire. A poet of much promise, author of the beautiful stanzas entitled My Mother's Grave. He has pub. The Captive of Fez; Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village; Ithuriel, and other poems; Poetical Works, new and complete ed., Edin., 1846, sm. Svo: see Lon. Athen., 1485, April 12, 1856. Religious Characteristics. Ed. Poems of David Macbeth Moir, (the "Delta" of Blackwood's Mag.,) with Memoir prefixed, 1852, 2 vols. p. 8vo. Aires, Joseph. Two Serms. on Prov. xiv. 34, 1715. Airy, George Biddell, b. July, 1801, at Alnwick, Northumberland, Astronomer-Royal of England; entered Trinity Coll. at the age of 18; took the degree of B.A., 1823; in 1826, took the degree M.A., and was appointed to the Lucasian Professorship; in 1828, was elected Plumnian Prof. of Astronomy and Director of the newly-erected Observatory at Cambridge; he was appointed AstronomerRoyal in 1835, on the resignation of Mr. Pond, and, in the same year, was elected President of the Roy. Ast. Soc. 1. Reductions of Observations of the Moon, 1750-1830, 2 vols. 4to. "An immense magazine of dormant facts contained in the Annals of the Royal Observatory are rendered available to astro nomical use."-ADMIRAL SMYTH. 5. 2. Astronomical Observations, Greenwich, 1845-53,9 vols. 4to. 3. Explanation of the Solar System, 8vo. 4. Lectures on Astronomy at Ipswich, 1848, 8vo; 3d ed., 1856. Mathematical Tracts on Physical Astronomy, 8vo; 4th ed., 1858. 6. Treatise on Gravitation, 8vo. Contrib. "Figure of the Earth" and "Tides and Waves" to Encyclopedia Metropolitana, "Gravitation" to Penny Cyclopedia, and Memoirs of Astronomical Society, Trans. Cambridge Phil. numerous valuable papers to Philosophical Transactions, Soc., &c. and astronomers, the first of this country, at least."-Sir Robert "Prof. Airy, of Cambridge, the first of living mathematicians Peel to Robert Southey, Whitehall, April 4, 1835: Southey's Life and Corresp., chap. xxxvi. The Royal Astronomical Society awarded two of its medals to Prof. Airy,-one for his "Observations of the Moon and Planets from 1750 to 1830;" the other for his discovery of the "Long Inequality of Venus and the Earth." This paper was communicated to the Royal Society, and was published in the Philosophical Transactions. Aisbatie, J. Speech before the House of Lords, 1721. Aitchison. Modern Gazetteer, Perth, 1798. Aitken, D., Surgeon R.N. Con. to Ann. of Med., vii. 309, 1802. Aitken, John, M.D., d. 1790, a teacher of anatomy, surgery, &c. at Edinburgh; he published a number of professional essays, 1771-90. Aitken, Robert, 1734-1802, came to America in 1769, and was for a long time a printer in Philadelphia. He has the credit of the authorship of An Inquiry concerning the Principles of a Commercial System for the United States. He published an edition of the Bible, copies of which are now exceedingly rare, and worth a high price among bibliographers. Aitken, William. Ten Sermons, Edinburgh, 1767. Aitkens, J. A work upon Fire Arms, London, 1781. Aitkinson. Epitome of the Art of Navigation, 1759, Aitkinson. Sermons, London, 1772. Aiton, John, D.D., Minister of Dolphinton. The Lands of the Messiah, Mohammed, and the Pope, as visited in 1851, pub. 1852, 8vo, London. "We doubt whether there has yet been produced a more amus of the Pyramids is so graphic that we must give it in his own Dr. Aiton's account of his ascent ing volume upon the East. words; indeed, we question whether it would have been possible to Smollett, in his broadest comic mood, to heighten the effect of the picture. His sketches of the banks of the Jordan, and wood's Magazine. the shores of the Dead Sea, possess considerable merit."-Black "Dr. Aiton, in composition, is always clear, sometimes eloquent, and occasionally graphic. He is honest and unprejudiced. and looks on all with which he comes in contact with a fresh and penetrating eye.... The volume has honesty and freshness, and is never dull or wearisome."-Fraser's Mogazine. Aiton, William, agricultural writer, Glasg., 1805- 6, Aiton, William, 1731-93 an eminent botanist, and gardener to George III. Hortus Kewensis: or, a Catalogue of the Plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, illustrated with engravings, London, 1789, 3 vols. 1810-11, 5 Vols. See AITON, W. T. "A most curious, instructive, and excellent botanical work, which for scientific arrangement and execution has never been surpassed."-LOWNDES. Aiton, William T., son of the former, and sucreeded him as gardener to the king. He published a new edition of Hortus Kewensis, (also an epitome of the same,) and some other horticultural works. Akenside, Mark, M.D., 1721-1770, was born November 9, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. His father, a butcher of that place, intended him for the ministry among the Dissenters, and he was accordingly sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he remained three years. Preferring the study of physic to that of divinity, he returned a sum he had received for the prosecution of his studies, and took up his residence at Leyden, where, after three years' application, he took his degree of M.D., May 16, 1744. In the same year he published his Pleasures of the Imagination. "I have heard Dodsley, by whom it was published. relate, that when the copy was offered him, the price demanded for it, which was a hundred and twenty pounds, being such as he was not inclined to give precipitately, he carried the work to Pope, who, having looked into it, advised him not to make a niggardly offer; for *this was no every-day writer.'"-DR. JOHNSON. The poem was well received; and its circulation not injured by an attack from Warburton, elicited by Akenside's having adopted Shaftesbury's assertion respecting ridicule as a test of truth. Jeremiah Dyson took up the cudgels for Akenside, and thus the young author "awoke and found himself famous." The Epistle to Curio was his next publication. This was an attack upon Pulteney, Earl of Bath, upon political grounds. Different opinions, of course, were expressed of the merits of this epistle. "A very acrimonious epistle."-DR. JOHNSON. "Impressive, moral, and sensible production."-Hutchinson's Biographia Medica. In 1745 he published his first collection of odes, and soon after commenced the practice of medicine at Northampton, which he quitted for Hampstead, and in two years and a half for London. His generous friend, Mr. Dyson, who had before drawn his pen on his behalf, now generously drew his purse, and made him the handsome allowance of £300 per annum. In June, 1751, the Royal College of Physicians associated him as a licentiate, and in April, 1754, he was elected a Fellow of the College, having received a doctor's degree the preceding year by mandamus at Cambridge. In 1759 he received the appointment of assistant physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, and was shortly after made one of the physicians to the queen. He was selected by the College of Physicians to deliver the Gulstonian lectures in 1755, and the Croonian in 1756. Akenside was obtaining considerable eminence, when he was attacked by a putrid fever, which proved fatal on the 23d of June, 1770, in his 49th year. We should not omit to mention that his thesis upon taking his degree of M.D. at Leyden, entitled De Ortu et Incremento Foetus Humani, took new grounds upon the subject, which experience has since confirmed. In his professional conduct to the indigent patients placed under his charge, Akenside cannot be too much blamed. Dr. Lettsom, a pupil at the hospital, tells some unpleasant truths respecting this matter, which the biographer would gladly spare. He was Supercilious and unfeeling. If the poor affrighted patients did not return a direct answer to his queries, he would instantly discharge them from the hospital; he evinced a particular disgust to females, and generally treated them with harshness. One leg of Akenside was considerably shorter than the other, which obliged him to wear a false heel. He had a pale, strumous countenance, but was always very neat and elegant in his dress. He wore a large white wig, and carried a long sword." parentage:-obscure, but no subject for shame. As a son of a butcher, he was perfectly respectable; when aping fashion and rank, he was supremely ridiculous. Rochefoucauld truly says that "we are never ridiculous for what we are, but only for what we pretend to be." We turn to a more agreeable theme. The Pleasures of the Imagination has been deservedly commended for all the excellencies of style, language, and illustration which constitute a poem of the first order. Dr. Johnson speaks of it as raising expectations that were not very amply satisfied: "It has, undoubtedly, a just claim to very particular notice, as an example of great felicity of genius, and uncommon amplitude of acquisitions; of a young mind stored with images, and much exercised in combining and comparing them. . . . The subject is well chosen, as it includes all images that can strike or please, and thus comprises every species of poetical delight." "As I know that Akenside's work on the Pleasures of Imagination is deservedly one of your most favourite poems, I send you enclosed what, I have no doubt, you will set a due value uponno less than a copy of all the corrections he made with his own hand on the poem. They were inserted in the margin of his printed copy, which afterwards passed into the hands of a gentleman, from a friend of whom, and of my own, a very ingenious young Templar, I received them."-PINKERTON: Heron's Letters. These marginal alterations were published by Mr. Pinkerton. "Had Akenside completed his plan, his poem would have lost as much in poetry as it would have gained in philosophy."-DR. AIKIN. Akenside intended to revise and enlarge this poem, but he died before his intention was fulfilled. "His periods are long but harmonious, the cadences fall with grace, and the measure is supported with dignity." Johnson declares that "Of his odes nothing favourable can be said; the sentiments commonly want force, nature, or novelty; the diction is sometimes harsh and uncouth," &c. Yet when Mr. Elliott (father of Lord Minto) was commended for his eloquent speech in support of the Scotch militia, he exclaimed, "If I was above myself, I can account for it; for I had been animated by the sublíme ode of Dr. Akenside." Gray censures the tone of false philosophy which is to be observed in the Pleasures of the Imagination: "The pleasures which this poem professes to treat of, proceed either from natural objects, as from a flourishing grove, a clear and murmuring fountain, a calm sea by moonlight, or from works of art, such as a noble edifice, a musical tune, a statue, a picture, a poem." Dr. Dibdin denominates Akenside "The most perfect builder of our blank verse. Why are his Pleasures of the Imagination so little perused? There are a hun dred (I had wellnigh said a thousand) electrical passages in this charming poem." "Akenside's picture of man is grand and beautiful, but unfinished. The immortality of the soul, which is the natural consequence of the appetites and powers she is invested with, is scarcely once hinted throughout the poem."-WALKER. found to be lofty and elegant, chaste, correct, and classical."— "If his genius is to be estimated from this poem, it will be MRS. BARBAULD. "In his poem, as an elegant critic has observed with great propriety, he has united the grace of Virgil, the colouring of Milton, the incidental expression of Shakspeare, to paint the finest fea tures of the human mind. and the most lovely forms of true morality and religion."-Bucke's Life of Akenside. "Akenside's Pleasures of the Imagination is a very brilliant and pleasing production. Every page shows the refined taste and cultivated mind of the author. That it can strictly be called a work of genius, I am not prepared to admit. His Hymns and Odes have long since fallen into oblivion, and I do not feel inclined to disturb their rest. His Inscriptions. however, have an attic terseness and force, which are unequalled by any produc tions of the same class in our language, excepting, perhaps, a few by our contemporary, Southey."-Neele's Lectures on English Poetry. Campbell remarks: "The sweetness which we miss in Akenside is that which should arise from the direct representations of life, and its warm realities and affections. We seem to pass in his poem through a gallery of pictured abstractions, rather than of pictured things." "If any young man of genius, classical learning, and poetical ardour, would present the world with a Greek translation of Akenside's Hymn to the Nalads, and submit it to the correction of an experienced Greek scholar before publication, he might es tablish a learned and honourable reputation for himself, and add another composition worthy of Homer or Callimachus. Sic liceat magnas Graiorum implere catervas."-Pursuits of Literature. "BOSWELL: Akenside's distinguished poem is his Pleasures of Imagination: but, for my part, I never could admire it so much as most people do.' JOHNSON: Sir, I could not read it through. BOSWELL: I have read it through; but I did not find any great power in it.'" We are told that sometimes he would order some of the attendants on his visiting days to precede him with Drooms to clear the way, and prevent too near an approach of the patients. Biography is a faithful friend to the race, when obliged to register the faults and follies of genius. The living are thus taught circumspection in their "walk and conversation." How little did Akenside suppose that a century hence thousands who admired the poet, would be forced to detest the physician, and despise the fop! The pride of Akenside, and his rough treatment this indigent patients, are the more striking when we coi sider that he himself was a pensioner of the generous Jeremiah Dyson. His lofty pretension, too, was suicidal to bis pride, as it was a continual remembrancer of his obscure son. Boswell tells us that But on another occasion Johnson gave it as his opinion that Akenside was a poet superior to both Gray and Ma When Akenside's Pleasures of Imagination first came out, le did not put his name to the poem. Rolt went over to Dublin, published an edition of it, and put his own name to it. Upon the Same of this he lived for several months, being entertained at the best tables, as the ingenious Mr. Rolt." We need hardly inform those conversant with literary history that this story has been refuted. We shall excite a smile from our reader, when we beg him to remember that bigoted worshipper of the Greeks and Romans, that getter-up of that renowned "dinner after the manner of the ancients,"-the inimitable physician in Peregrine Pickle! The original of this mirth-compelling son of Esculapius was no less a person than our pompous friend -Doctor Akenside. Tobias Smollett was a rare hand at a portrait! Mr. D'Israeli rates Dr. S. soundly for thus "taking off" his brother of the lancet and bolus: "Piqued with Akenside, for some reflections against Scotland, Smollett has exhibited a man of great genius and virtue as a most ludicrous personage; and who can discriminate, in the ridiculous physician in Peregrine Pickle, what is real from what is fictitious?" -Culamities of Authors. Akenside's works: 1. Pleasures of Imagination, London, 1744, 4to, 1763, 8vo, with a Critical Essay by Mrs. Barbauld, London, 1795, 12mo. Numerous editions. In Italian. Par. 1764. 2. Ode to Lord Huntingdon, London, 1748. 3. An Ode to the Country Gentlemen of England, London, 1757. 4. An Ode to the late Thomas Edwards, London, 1763. 5. Notes on the Postscript of a Pamphlet, entitled, Observations Anatomical and Physiological, by Alexander Munro, Jr., London, 1758. 6. Oratio Harveiana, 1760. 7. De Dysenteria Commentarius, London, 1764. The same, translated into English, by Dr. Ryan, London, 1766, and by Mr. Motteux, 1768. 8. Poems, London, 1772. 9. Poetical Works, including the Virtuosa, a Fragment never before published, with the Life of the Author, London, 1804. 10. Observations on Cancers, Medical Transactions, i. p. 64, 1768. 11. Of the use of Ipecacuanha in Asthmas, ibid. p. 93. 12. A Method of treating White Swellings of the Joints, ibid. p. 104. 13. Observations on the Origin and Use of the Lymphatic Vessels of Animals, being an extract from the Gulstonian Lectures, Phil. Trans. Abr. xi. 145. 14. Of a Blow on the Heart, and its Effects, ibid. xii. 39, 1763. In speaking of Akenside as a physician, we have already given him credit for the new, yet legitimate, ground assumed by his thesis De Ortu et Incremento, &c. "His principal medical work, De Dysenteria Commentarius, has been commended, and is still to be valued, for the elegance of its Latinity. Pathology has made great advances since the time of Akenside, and the distinction between inflammation of the serous, muscular, and mucous textures, are now better understood. The treatment of dysentery depends upon the condition of those structures, and Akenside's book is therefore no longer sought after but as a specimen of elegant composition." See Life, Writings, and Genius, by Bucke, 8vo, London, 1832; Pleasures of Imagination, by Aikin; Poems, in the Memoir by Dyce; Biog. Brit.; Johnson's Lives of the Poets. lished Commentarius de certa Apocalyptica, London, 1621; Lexicon Pentaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, &c., 1637; and several other works. Anthony Wood is loud in his praises : "He was the rarest poet and Grecian that any one age or nation ever produced. He hath written Roxana, Tragedia, admirably well acted more than once in Trin. Coll. Hall in Cambr., and was soon after published, full of faults, contrary to the author's mind. whereupon he took great pains to correct and amend it."-Athena Oxonienses. Dr. Johnson commends Roxana "as a composition equal to the Latin poetry of Milton; and Richard Herrick, the poet, in his Hesperides, doth highly celebrate Alabaster for his elaborate works. He died about 1640, and was buried according to the discretion of his dear friend, Nich Bacon of Grey's Inn." Alaine, R. A treatise on Astron. Instruments. Alan De Lynn, flourished about 1420; was born at Lynn, Norfolk. He applied himself to theology and philosophy at Cambridge, where he took the degree of doctor. He was a preacher of note, and left many works, a list of which will be found in Tanner. Let it be recorded to his credit, for all time, that he was a famous hand at those invaluable literary charts-indexes. May his ex ample be ever honoured by laudable imitation! dinal of the Church of Rome. His name occurs as one of Alan, Allen, or Allyn, William, 1532-1594, carthe translators of the New Testament, Rheims, 1582. He was the author of a number of works, principally in defence of his church, of which he was so zealous an advocate that he used his influence to persuade Philip of Spain to invade England. Indeed, he wrote two books to prove the efficacy of the Bull of Sixtus V., by which he contended that the queen was accursed and deprived of her crown, and her subjects no longer bound to allegiance. Fuller says: "Hear what different characters two authors of several per suasions bestow upon him. He was somewhat above an ordinary man in stature, comely of countenance, composed in his gait, affable in all meetings, and, for the gifts of his mind, pious, learned, prudent, grave, and though of great authority, humble, modest, meek, patient, peaceable; in a word, beautiful and adorned with all kinds of virtues.'-Pits de Anglia Scriptoribus, p. 792. Look first upon this picture; then on this: He was the last of our English cardinals in time, and first in wickedness; deserving not to be counted among Englishmen, who, as another Herostratus, to achieve himself a name amongst the grandees of earth, endeavoured to fire the Church of England, the noblest (without envy be it spoken) in the Christian world; so that his memory deserveth to be buried in oblivion.' Godwin, in his Catalogue of Cardinals: 'Let them say what they please, certain it is, he was an active man, and of great parts and prudence. "-ANTHONY WOOD. Aland, John Fortescue, first Baron Fortescue of Credan, 1670-1746, descended from the famous Sir John Fortescue, Chancellor of England in the reign of Henry VI. A collection of reports taken by him, and called by his name, was published in 1748. "So highly were his literary attainments esteemed, and his judicial merits appreciated. that the University of Oxford conferred on him by diploma, in 1733, the degree of civil law." Akerby, Geo. Life of Mr. J. Spiller, Lon., 1729. Akerman, John Yonge. 1. A Numismatic MaAland was a friend of that eminent Saxon scholar, Wilnual; or, Guide to the Collection and Study of Greek, liam Elstob; and in the preface to his Book of Absolute and Roman, and English Coins. Illustrated by engravings Unlimited Monarchy, he gives an account of Elstob's proof many hundred Types, by means of which even im-ject of compiling a very valuable edition of all the Saxon perfect and obliterated pieces may be easily deciphered, Ì vol. 8vo. "We have long looked for a work on Numismatics which might give so much information as every well-educated man ought to possess, be free from vulgar errors, and at the same time be within the reach of the general reader. Just such a work has Mr. Akerman given us."-Church of England Quarterly Review, Oct. 1840. 2. Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins; plates on India paper, 2 vols. royal 8vo, large paper, 1834. 3. Ancient Coins: Hispan., Gallia, Britannia, 8vo. 4. Archæological Index to Remains of Antiquity, 8vo. 5. Introd. to Study of Anct. and Mod. Coins, 12mo. 6. Legends of Old London, p. 8vo. 7. Numismatic Illustrations of the New Testament. 8. Roman Coins relating to Britain, 8vo. 9. Spring Tide, 12mo. 10. Tradesmen's London Tokens, 1648-72, 8vo and 4to. Remains of Pagan Saxondom, 1855, 4to. Other works. Alabaster, Wm., D.D., flourished in the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century. He was born in Suffolk, educated at Cambridge, and afterwards incorporated of the University of Oxford. He attended Robert, Earl of Essex, as chaplain in the Cadiz voyage, where he became a Roman Catholic, and published Seven Motives for his Conversion, answered by Racster, 1598, and by Fenton, 1599; but it has been observed that he discovered more for returning to the Church of England. He pub 11. laws, both in print and MSS. This design was cut short by Elstob's death. See Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. iv. pp. 117, 120. Alane. On the authority of the Word of God, &c. Alanson, E. Sermons. Liverpool, 1723–34. Alanson, E., surgical writer, London, 1771-82. Alanus de Insulis, of the 12th century, called Doc. tor Universalis, is supposed to have been an Englishman, as well from other circumstances as from the notice of Joseph of Exeter's poem on the Trojan war— "Illic pannoso plebescit carmine noster- In addition to the Anti-Claudianus, he was the author of numerous works in prose and verse. See Histoire Littéraire de France. His contemporary of the same name (called "Senior," for distinction) was a native of Lille, in Flanders. Albericus de Vere, a canon of St. Osyth's, in Essex, contemporary with Richard, wrote a life of St. Osyth. Dugdale makes him the second son of the second Alberic de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who died early in the reign of Stephen. A life of St. Osyth, printed in the collection of Surius, is supposed to be the work of Alberic; but its brevity renders it more probable that it is a mere abridg ment of it. Bale and Pits also attribute to him a history of his monastery, (which Tanner supposes to have been |