NOTES AND QUERIES.

LARGE UNIOS AND ANODONS.-In Ossington Lake both unios and anodons were extremely abundant as well as of large size, good food supply, being, I suppose, one reason of this profusion. The water is very rich in lime, containing 16 2 grains of CaO per gallon. This is equal to nearly 29 grains of carbonate of lime. Probably a considerable portion is in the form of sulphate, as veins of gypsum are plentiful in the district; but I had not a sufficient quantity of water to determine this point. I made a note of the distribution of the shells, which the draining of the entire lake rendered easy of observation. In the upper part I found no shells; from the middle they were abundant. A few were close to the edge, about four feet ont, a band of from six to ten feet wide was closely packed with unios and anodons of all sizes. For another couple of yards a few might be found. The whole of the middle of the lake was bare of shells, except a few empty ones, which had probably been carried out by the receding water. The only other species observed in this part were one S. lacustre, and a few L. peregra.-W. Gain, Tuxford, Newark.

HOLLY-LEAVES.-Professor Henslow, writing to "Nature," says that it is not at all usual for hollies to lose the spines of their leaves when the latter are above the reach of cattle. He had several, from six to nearly twenty feet high, and not one had borne an unarmed leaf. Sir John Lubbock, in reply, points out that Hooker, in the "Student's Flora," says of the leaves of holly, "those on the upper branches often entire."

HOLLY LEAVES.-Southey in his beautiful lines on the holly tree, published more than half-a-century ago, makes the fact the central idea of the poem. The second stanza runs thus,

Below, a circling fence its leaves are seen,

Wrinkled and keen;

No grazing cattle through their prickly round
Can reach to wound;

But, as they grow where nothing is to fear,
Smooth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear.
-D. S., Exmouth.

HOLLY LEAVES.-I have frequently noticed that old holly-trees tend to lose the spines on their leaves when above the reach of browsing cattle, as Sir John Lubbock points out. I have noticed it also in old ivy bushes, and enclose you three leaves taken from one such bush; the leaves were picked within six inches of one another.-M. B. Windus.

[Other correspondents have written to similar effect as regards holly leaves.]

UNRECOGNISED BIRDS.-I am obliged by the notice taken of my question by Mr. Kelsall, but I am still in the dark, as to my two birds (p. 69). Of the waxwing I have a stuffed specimen, and the stonechat or wheatear I know very well. Perhaps after all my original supposition was correct, viz. that they were two foreign birds escaped from confinement. The colours were bright and vivid as those of the king-fisher. The most noticeable item of colour was a distinct and sharply defined purple band from the base of the beak over the head as far as the shoulders. I shall be glad if some one can help me in fixing my birds.-H. M., Birkdale.

PARADISE TREE.-I have seen the account of this wonderful vegetable curiosity, and though I do not know exactly where or when it was published, I

think I can add a few more "facts" about from memory: There is only one group of paradise-trees in existence, and they form a large perfect circle The flowers are exactly like a dove, "every feather perfectly represented." For some reason which I forget, the flower is never fertilised, and in no other manner can any new specimens of the tree be produced, so that the circular groove always has consisted of the same individuals, and will do till the end! I think the foregoing will show that the ardent botanist who wishes to fully and scientifically describe the paradise-tree' cannot get far wrong so long as he makes every item sufficiently miraculous. — H. Snowden Ward.

PARADISE TREE.-The dove plant (Peristeria clata) mentioned by "M. L. S," is not a deciduous orchid, therefore I fail to see how it can be identified with the tree described by "F. S." who writes of the tree "fading away to ashes." This I take to mean simply the leaves dropping off. Even if this were so, there would still remain the large pseudo-bulbs, which would not correspond with the idea of a plant's disappearance. Can your correspondent M. L. S' tell us whether the dove plant is epiphytal or terrestrial? I am at present growing it as epiphytal orchid, and have succeeded in flowering it under these conditions, but I am unable to say myself whether it is a true epiphyte or not. Its very large pseudo-bulbs would lead one to consider it an epiphytal plant. If this be so, there seems to be more reason to identify it with the reputed paradise tree.— J. W. Odell.

an

VEGETABLE IVORY.-M. S. W., Hereford, would be glad of information about the perforation by insects of vegetable ivory, the nuts of Phytelephas macrocarpa, and whether there are any known means of guarding against these ravages. A specimen of the nut, and some of the insects, were sent us, the nut being bored in all directions, and rendered useless for manufacturing purposes.

FOOD FOR TORTOISE.-In answer to a query in SCIENCE-GOSSIP as to proper food for land tortoise. The reason the tortoise mentioned by K. H. I. would not eat lettuce was probably because it had left off eating for the winter. This they generally do as soon as the cold weather sets in, when they make preparations for hybernation. I had one two or three years, and, although he never hybernated, he would not touch a morsel of food throughout the winter, from about the middle of September until the latter end of April, when his appetite returned, and in proportion as the weather got warmer, the more ravenously he ate. Roaming at will in the garden he would eat of just the choicest plantstiger lilies, pinks, pansies, &c. The proper food to give them is any succulent or milky vegetable or plant, as lettuce, cabbage, dandelion, milk thistle, &c.-W. Finch, jun., Nottingham.

FOOD OF TORTOISES.-Had W. Mattieu Williams been as slovenly a gardener as myself, he would doubtless have learned a fact or two in natural history of which his prim and well-kept lawn has evidently held him in ignorance. It appears from his account of the tortoise which fed upon his fine grasses and clover, that these alone fail to impart the robustness requisite for withstanding the severity of our winter. Perhaps, also, he has not in the middle of his lawn, as I have, a number of the old-fashioned fuchsia bushes, surrounding a rockery, and offering a tempting retreat where a tortoise can burrow, and find a comfortable winter's bed. It is seven years next summer, since,

in passing "up" the "High Street" of Deal, a street several feet lower than any of the rest, and perfectly level, I observed an Italian with a truck-load of crawling tortoises, which he was offering for sale. It was a sight calculated, and perhaps intended, to excite compassion. At all events, it did mine, with the result that I sported a shilling, in order that one, at all events, should taste the sweets of liberty. Being placed upon my lawn, it soon found itself "in clover," such a rare variety of food as, I presume, seldom falls to the lot of an alien tortoise. There were docks and plantains, milfoil and mallows, daisies, chickweed, and dove's-foot, trefoil, groundsel, and dandelion. Many of these, with an occasional snap at the young grasses and clover, were quickly utilised; but the prime favourite, and the only food I can ever persuade it to take from my hand is the dandelion, especially the flower. In fact, it is to the dandelion I attribute the creature's preservation. It is now buried beneath one of the fuchsias, from which I hope to see it emerge.-J. Wallis, Deal.

A MUSICAL MOUSE.-E. P. Turner writes referring to a recent occasion on which a singing sound, heard in the house of a friend, was said to proceed from a mouse in the wall. Some little time after, a guinea pig which had been injured by a cat was obliged to be drowned. It had kept up almost unceasingly, "This sound except when moved, a singing sound.

struck me as being very similar to the singing of the mouse. I held a post-mortem examination on the body and detected two small holes in the skin on the left side, where the cat's teeth had entered and penetrated as far as the lung, round which there was a quantity of gore indicating the rupture of one or two blood vessels. Its left fore-leg was also broken in two places. From the lung being damaged I drew the conclusion that this was the cause of the singing sound."

I do

BIRD'S NESTING-HABITS.-I believe it is generally taken for granted that our song-birds and migrants are in the habit of seeking mates every season, and not keeping to the same mate year after year. not know that any author, standard or otherwise, actually states this, but the fact of the raven remaining paired for life is mentioned, as if it were an extraordinary and exceptional fact. Now, in the face of this general understanding, and the very noticeable frequency with which exactly the same nest-sites are used year after year by the same species of bird, it would seem as if a wide field is opened for practical observation during the present spring. I think the conclusion arrived at will be that, almost, if not quite all birds are fairly constant in their attachment. If this is not so, we must conclude that the regularly recurring use of a nesting-site is due either to its very apparent suitability for the purpose, or to the return of one bird of the last year's pair. In the latter case it would be interesting to know whether the old site is in bird-law considered the property of the cock or the hen. Possibly it is inherited by one of the youngsters.-H. Snowden Ward.

THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM.-Mr. Swinton appeared to have a difficulty in accepting the explanation of the "Star of the Magi" which I had adopted from St. Chrysostom, viz. that it was a miraculous appearance in the form of a star, because the sacred narrative does not expressly state this. But surely it is the manner of the Scriptures to speak of celestial phenomena according to their appearances. No one supposes that during the battle of Beth-horon the sun actually stood upon Gibeon, or the moon in the valley of Ajalon; but they appeared to remain in the parts of the heavens over those places longer than

usual, and the immediate cause which produced this appearance is not recorded. But let me refer Mr. Swinton to a place in the New Testament where the very word star is certainly used for something made In Acts vii. 43, to represent the appearance of one. St. Stephen (quoting from the prophet Amos) says that the Israelites, when wandering in the wilderness carried with them, amongst other idolatrous images, the star of the god Remphan (in the revised version Rephan), which is thought to be a name of the planet Saturn. Most certainly they did not carry the star, but something intended to be an image, representation, or likeness of it.-W. T. Lynn, Blackheath.

TO CORRESPONDENTS AND EXCHANGERS.-AS we now publish SCIENCE-GOSSIP earlier than formerly, we cannot undertake to insert in the following number any communications. which reach us later than the 8th of the previous month.

TO ANONYMOUS QUERISTS.-We receive so many queries which do not bear the writers' names that we are forced to adhere to our rule of not noticing them.

TO DEALERS AND OTHERS.-We are always glad to treat dealers in natural history objects on the same fair and general ground as amateurs, in so far as the "exchanges" offered are fair exchanges. But it is evident that, when their offers are simply disguised advertisements, for the purpose of evading the cost of advertising, an advantage is taken of our gratuitous insertion of "exchanges "which cannot be tolerated.

WE request that all exchanges may be signed with name (or initials) and full address at the end..

C. C. D.-See Dr. M. C. Cooke's "Ponds and Ditches," published at 2s. 6d. by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. There is no cheap book on Alga. A most elaborate work by Dr. Cooke is now appearing in 2s. 6d. parts, coloured plates. An older book is Dr. Hassall's, of which a secondhand copy is sometimes obtainable. Works on Diatoms are rare and costly, Smith's "Diatomacea" fetching several times its original value. Leucojum Carpathicum is not a British plant; L. astivum is the English form.

A. A. and W. C. C.-The exchange columns are intended for exchanges, not sales.

E. H. R.(1) See our last number. (2) Write to the secretary of the Botanical Record Club, Mr. C. Bailey, F.L.S., Ashfield, College Road, Whalley Range, Manchester. (3) Probably Mr. Bailey will be able to help you in this. (4) Apply to Dr. Carrington, Eccles, near Manchester, who is the authority on the Hepaticæ.

H. LAMB.-Dried specimens look like (1) Carex glauca; (2) Luzula pilosa; (3) Luzula Forsteri (?); (4) a Lepidium (?). W. (Dorsetshire).-(1) The scientific name of cup moss is Cenomyce (Scyphophorus) pyxidata. (2) For Dr. Braithwaite's "Moss Flora, apply direct to the author, 303 Clapham Road, London. The price varies.

R. A. H.-Perhaps "The Fresh and Salt Water Aquarium," by J. G. Wood (Routledge), will answer your purpose. For the other, get "Ponds and Ditches," by Dr. M. C. Cooke (Soc. Prom. Christian Knowledge).

In SCIENCE-GOSSIP for 1879-81, the names and addresses are given of assisting naturalists who are willing to help others in their respective subjects. Will correspondents take note of these? Also see the notice in this number of the Botanical Exchange Club. The subscription is 2s. 6d. per

EXCHANGES.

GOOD botanical, histological, crystals, polariscopic, diatoms, fish scales and miscellaneous, microscopic slides for others as good of bacilli, entozoa, algæ, desmids, zoophytes, rocks, fossil woods.-B. Wells, Dalmain Road, Forest Hill.

SCIENCE-GOSSIP for 1883 unbound. What offers ? Also What Cassell's "Technical Educator," 24 parts, unbound. offers?-W. C. C., 342 Green Lanes, Finsbury Park, London, N. SCIENCE-GOSSIP, bound volumes, one each of 1873 to 1879, two of 1880. Exchange for other books, &c.-68 Middle Street, Yeovil.

WANTED, Rye's "British Beetles," and works on entomology. Exchange other works on kindred subjects.-Frederick Bishop, 50 Bartholomew Street, Leicester.

WANTED, Specimens of carboniferous limestone from Froghall and Gloucester, good value given in either other rocks, ready for mounting, or well-mounted objects, anatomical or otherwise, also pieces of horn of rhinoceros, bison, &c., for cutting sections from.-R. M., 59 Hind Street, Poplar, London, E.

A HERBARIUM of British plants numbering over 1000 specimens, and including most of the rarest species, all uniformly mounted and labelled; in return, British or other Lepidoptera, or books on natural history.-J. E. Robson, Hartlepool.

LARGE telescope, with tripod stand and brass elevating rod, in exchange for furniture or pier glass, framed or not.-E. E., 4 Padua Road, Penge, London, S. E.

BRITISH land and freshwater shells in exchange for others, duplicates and desiderata numerous; also British land and freshwater for British marine or foreign marine, land, or freshwater species.-W. Gain, Tuxford, Newark.

WANTED, eggs of insects of all kinds, also parasites of birds, fishes, &c., or any other good micro material; will give wellmounted slides in exchange. - C. Collins, Bristol House, Harlesden, N.W.

WANTED, to purchase the following dried specimens of British ferns, viz.: Polypodium alpestre, Gymnogramma lep tophylla, Aspidium thelypteris, Asplenium fontanum, Asple nium Germanicum, Cystopteris montana.-C. F. Oakley, Lee Street, Uppermill, near Oldham.

FOSSILS from the Mt. limestone, London clay, Wenlock beds, Great Oolites, chalk infr., Oolites, coal measures, Woolwich beds, in exchange for fossils from Tertiary (animal remains), Bracklesham, flint implements, or fossil fish from chalk.Geo. E. East, jun., 10 Basinghall Street, London, E.C.

WANTED, old volumes of SCIENCE-GOSSIP, and the following odd numbers: 1881, Jan. to May, inclusive, and July, August, and Sept.; 1882, Sept., Nov., Dec.; 1883, April and May; 1884, Feb., July, Aug. and Sept. Micro objectives, appliances, and material also wanted; will give in return micro slides or British and foreign birds' skins.-Fred Lee-Carter, 25 Landsdowne Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

FORAMINIFERA.-Haliphysema tumanowiczii and Haplophragmium agglutinans offered in exchange for other rare species.-F. W. Mellett, Marazion, Cornwall.

AQUARIUM, 34 X 15 X 15, stand slates and rockwork; will Gower exchange for cabinet suitable for minerals.-H. W., 39 Street, Bedford Square, W.C.

COINS or medals wanted. What offers for twenty-four microscope slides? Six or more exchanged for others. Send list.Henry E. Ebbage, Framlingham, Suffolk.

Nos. 1 to 54 of "Knowledge" (No. 22 missing); will exchange for minerals, fossils, or micro slides to value.-R. H., 8 Draycott Street, Chelsea, S.W.

CASSELL'S "Dante," Dore's engravings, perfect condition, unbound. Wanted, first-class microscopical objects, scientific books, or apparatus.-G. E. Cox, Capworth Street, Leyton.

A QUANTITY of micro slides, well-mounted and of various subjects, to exchange for books, micro accessories, shells, or curios. Alfred Drapper, 275 Abbey Dale Road, Sheffield.

SEVERAL well-mounted slides (chiefly botanical and micro fungi) to exchange for others; or will exchange for books on chess, or for scientific works and appliances.-J. W. Horton, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln.

WANTED, good secondhand entomological cabinet; exchange miscellaneous natural history objects, &c. List sent. Silence negative.-F. R. Rowley, 60 Lower Hastings Street, Southfields, Leicester.

Lepidostrobus variabilis fruit of Lepidodendron; fair examples of this I am willing to give for Trilobita or other good characteristic Silurian fossils.-A. Eneas Robertson, 3 Hillhead Gardens, Glasgow.

WANTED, back volumes of SCIENCE-GOSSIP or "Nature" in exchange for forty-nine parts (clean and unbound) of "Conchologia Iconica," published by Mr. Lovell Reeve, containing upwards of life-size figures beautifully hand coloured. Or what offers? Write first to-S. J. W., 22 Richmond Terrace, Clapham Road, London.

3000

WANTED, examples of the British Limnææ from as many different localities as possible; other British shells in exchange. -S.C. Cockerell, 51 Woodstock Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick. DESIDERATA: northern British (esp.) and foreign shells. Duplicates: H. revelata, H. aspersa, var. tenuis, H. pisana, H. lapicida, Haliotis tuberculata, Pl. nautileus, contortus, corneus, Calyptræa chinensis, B. Leachii, H. ventrosa, H. ulvae, &c.-B. Tomlin, Pembroke College, Cambridge.

SEVERAL fair duplicates of that rare and lovely butterfly, Morpho aurora from Bolivia; also some other South American species lately considered unprocurable; also wings of brilliant species for microscopic work. Morpho Cypris exhausted for the present; unanswered applicants kindly accept this notice.Hudson, Railway Terrace, Cross Lane, Manchester. "KNOWLEDGE,' ,"from Oct. 27th, 1882, to Dec. 26th, 1884, 118 numbers in all; also Wood's (Rev. J. G.) "Insects Abroad," 600 illustrations, cloth; wanted, a good microscope, or what offers?-John Inglis, 12 Glen Street, Edinburgh.

WANTED, SCIENCE-GOSSIP for 1883, also Jan. and Feb. 1884, in exchange for vols. xxxviii. (less Nos. 1 to 7), xxxix., and xl. of "English Mechanic," all in clean condition.-F. Stainton, New Street, Chatteris, Cambs.

WAN ED, small batches of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis from different soils: shells or plants given in exchange.-H. P. Fitzgerald, M.C.S., North Hall, Basingstoke.

WANTED, to exchange British plants; lists exchanged. Likewise British land and freshwater shells.-H. P. Fitzgerald, M.C.S., North Hall, Basingstoke.

WELL-MOUNTED teeth of the Leuciscus rutilus (showing anchylosis) in exchange for other well-mounted slides.-Charles Arnold, L.D.S., 8 St. John's Villas, New Southgate, N.

WANTED, SCIENCE-GOSSIP from beginning of 1865 to end of 1884, either bound or in loose numbers; and also any other microscopical books or journals. State what is wanted in exchange for them.-Charles Von Eiff, jun., 347 Greenwich Street, New York City.

A STRONG tricycle, in excellent order, cost 21 guineas; will take a good microscope or botanical works in part or whole payment. Front steering wheel, central gearing, saddle and treadles, ball-bearings.-J. Hamson, 19 Victoria Road, Bedford. WELL-MOUNTED micro slides for exchange; diatoms, entomology, micro-fungi, &c. Lists exchanged. Shall be pleased to hear from former correspondents.-Dr. Moorhead, Errigle, Cootehill, Ireland.

FINE healthy cock canary, sweet singer, in exchange for a good book on British mosses, also a splendid large hen canary for a book on lichens or liverworts.-E. A. M. W., 31 Aynhoe Road, West Kensington Park, W.

WANTED, SCIENCE-GOSSIP, any of the following numbers :1-34, 51, 52, 55-59, 67, 68, 72, 76, 83, 84. Also any odd numbers of "Zoologist," Entomologist," "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," or Loudon's " Magazine of Natural History." Good exchange given in micro slides, birds' eggs (one hole), books, magazines, periodicals, &c.-W. T. Taylor, Seymour House, Keswick.

EGGS of osprey, grosbeak, grebe, petrel, cuckoo, woodpecker, and tern offered for others not in collection.-J. T. T. Reed, Ryhope, Durham Co.

FOR specimens of Dreissena polymorpha, Pall., send box and stamped addressed envelope to-J. M. Campbell, Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow.

EGGS of Sterna hirundinacea, Less., from Patagonia, in exchange for other natural history objects. Accepted offers replied to per return.-J. M. Campbell, Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow.

WANTED a fine healthy cock and hen bullfinch or extra fine cock only, will exchange any of the following: "English Mechanic," Nos. 758-796, nos. 788, 776, 770 790 missing. Gray's "Natural Arrangement of British Plants," in 2 vols. with 21 plates. Boy's Own Paper," either vol. 3, 4, 5, or 6, in monthly parts with plates and index. Vols. i. and ii. of Imison's Elements of Science and Art," bound in tree-calf.-W. S. Castle-Turner, 6 Dagnall Park Terrace, Selhurst, S.E.

BOOKS, ETC., RECEIVED.

"The Metaphysical Aspect of Natural History," by Dr. Stephen Monckton (London: H. K. Lewis).-"Science." "The Botanical Gazette."-"The American Monthly Microscopical Journal."-"The Naturalist."-"Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes."-"The Midland Naturalist."-" Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science."-" Journal of the Health Society" (Calcutta).-" Ben Brierley's Journal."-"Report of the Mitchell Library, Glasgow," 1884.-" Results of Twenty Years' Observations on Botany, Entomology, Ornithology and Meteorology," taken at Marlborough College, 1865-1884.-"Le Monde de la Science."-" Journal of the New York Microscopical Society."-"Revista Scientifica."-" Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society."

COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED UP TO 11TH ULT. FROM :C. F. O.-G. F. H.-C. C. D.-W. H. H.-A. A.-W. G.G. A. A.-M. S. W.-H. C. B.-J. H.-E. L.-T. M. R.J. G.-G. A. R.-T. E. A.-E. H. R.-F. B.-A. A.-F. H. A. -A. H. S.-R. D.-M. B. W.-E. H.-W. C. C.-C. C.H. J. G.-F. W. C.-R. M.-J. E. R.-W. A. P.-S. J. Mcl. -D. B.-C. H. R.-A. R. W.-A. H.-J. W.-Č. P.W. H. P.-R. A. H.-J. W. N.-E. C. B.-S. C. C.-W. S.H. M. B.-T. W. O.-B. B. L. T.-R. W. G.-D. S.-H. M. -T. H. M.-C. A.-F. S.-H.-A. E. R-H. P. F. G.B. T.-G. E. C.-R. H.-S. J. W.-J. W. H.-J. M. C. F. R. R.-G. E. E.-F. L. C.-E. A. M. W.-F. W. M.H. W.-H. E. E.-W. T. T.-J. I.-W. S. C. T.-A. D.J. T. T. R.-C. V. E.-E. H., &c. &c.

Nineteen Series of MOUNTED Microscopic Objects, on smooth glass slips, each Series of 12 Slides, 5s. Selected Diatoms (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4): Spread Diatoms: Palates of Mollusca; Zoophytes, Botanical (Nos. 1 and 2); Pathologi cal; Anatomical, Foraminifera, and Polycistina; Polariscopic; Desmids and Freshwater Algae. These Series are selling fast; persons getting a sample dozen soon order the rest and recommend them to their friends, as they beat any that have yet been offered.

S. LOUIS'S UNMOUNTED Objects, 9 Series of cleaned Diatoms (12 tubes in each), among which are:-12 Thin Sections of Human Bones (8 kinds); 24 Spicules; 24 Starches; 36 Ferns; 36 Vegetable Hairs; 36 Marine Objects; 36 Animal Hairs; 36 Micro-Seeds; 36 Micro-Fungi; 36 Miscellaneous (Nos. 1, 2. 3. 4 and 5); 36 Mosses (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4); 24 Hepatica; 18 Vegetable Sections (Nos. 1 and 2); etc. S. LOUIS'S Cements and Varnishes in 15. bottles. Such is the demand for these Series that fresh ones are being constantly prepared; they have penetrated and been hailed with delight wherever Microscopy is known. Send Stamp for Catalogue.

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7000 well-finished Slides, on smooth edged 3X1 Slips, finished in Black Rings, 4s. per doz.; 6 doz. selected in Rack Box, 245., consisting of Anatomy, Botany, Entomology, Diatoms, Spicules, Hairs, Leaves, &c. Sample dozen free, 4s. 3d. stamps.

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