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HARDWICKE'S SCIENCE-GOSSIP.

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WATKINS AND DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

N.B.-For Excellence and Superiority of Cabinets and Apparatus, references are permitted to distinguished Patrons and Colleges, &c.

Plain Ring Nets, Wire or Cane, including stick, 1/8, 2/-, 2/3.

Folding Nets, 3/9 and 4/6.

Umbrella Nets, 7/6 (self-acting)..

Pocket Boxes, -/6; corked both sides, -/9, 1/-, and 1/6.
Zinc Relaxing Boxes, -/9, 1/-, 1/6, and 2/-.

Ditto, large size, with strap, 6/-.

Nested Chip Boxes, 4 dozen, -/8.

(black).

[oz.

nor dangerous to use), 1/- per

Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/- per oz. (white or
Glass Killing Bottles or Tubes ready for use, 1/-, 1/5.
Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 10/-.
Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-.
Mite Destroyer (not inflammable
Store Boxes, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, and 6/-.
Ditto, Book Pattern, 8/6, 9/6, and 10/6.
Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1-in., -/6; 1-in. -/8; 14-in., -/9
2-in., -/10; 24-in. 1/-; 3-in., 1/2; 34-in., 1/4; 4-in., 1/6;
4t-in., 1/8; 5-in., 1/10. Complete set of 14 boards, 10/6.
Setting Houses, 9/6 and 11/6; corked back, 14/6.
Zinc Larva Boxes, 9/-, 1/-.

Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, and 7/6.

Taxidermist's Companion, ie. a pocket leather case, containing
most useful instruments for skinning, 10/6.
Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8.
Ditto, Tin Boxes, 1/6.

Ditto, Japanned Pocket Case, fitted with 26 tubes, 5/.
Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-, 9/-.
Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, and 2/2 per quire. (Too heavy

for post.)

(Supplied to

Insect Cases, imitation mahogany, 3/6 to 11/-.
Cement for replacing Antennæ, -/6 per bottle.
Forceps for removing Insects, 2/6 per pair.
Collectors all over the world.)
Cabinet Cork, 7 X 34, best quality, 1/3 per dozen sheets.
Pupa Diggers, 1/6, 2/-. Insect Lens, 1/6 to 8/-.
Glass Top Boxes, per dozen, 1/8, 2/-, 2/6.
Egg Drills, -/3.

Metal Blow-pipes, -/7.

Setting Needles, 6d. per box.

All Articles enumerated are kept in stock, and can be sent immediately on receipt of order.

For Sale, a large Assortment of Ova and Pupa of both British and Foreign Butterflies and Moths.

CABINETS. Special Show Room.

The following are the prices of a few of smaller sizes; for measurements and larger sizes see Catalogue (48 pp.)

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A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS. Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class workmen.

36, STRAND, W.C. (FIVE DOORS FROM CHARING CROSS).

6/6

COLLINS' POND COLLECTING STICK

Consists of a neatly made Bamboo Stick, with joint to pull out to 5ft., and a Dipping Bottle and Net to attach
to the end. Every Microscopist should have one. Sent free on receipt of P.O.

6/6

MICROSCOPES AND APPARATUS. 36-PAGE CATALOGUE MAILED FREE.

5/10/0 COLLINS' HISTOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE,

With 1-inch and -inch Obiectives of splendid definition, in Mahogany Case. Harley Binocular Microscopes, Dissecting Microscopes, Cabinets, Objects, Lamps, Object Glasses, Thin Glass, Ground Slips, Pocket Magnifiers, Mounting Media, &c.

CHAS. COLLINS, MICROSCOPE MAKER, 157, Great Portland Street, London, W.

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Mr. PIFFARD'S Patent Counter-sunk Slips. Sizes now ready. 3-16 and 5-8. SIX SHILLINGS per Dozen.

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GUARANTEED PURE SOLUBLE COCOA OF THE FINEST QUALITY.

Invalids, and Young Children.'

The FACULTY pronounce it 'the most nutritious, perfectly digestible Beverage for BREAKFAST, LUNCHEON, or SUPPER, and invaluable for
Being without sugar, spice, or other admixture, it suits all palates, keeps for years in all climates, and is four times the strength of
Cocoas thickened yet weakened with arrowroot, starch, &c., and in reality cheaper than such mixtures.
Made instantaneously with boiling water, a Teaspoonful to a Breakfast Cup, costing less than one halfpenny.
COCOATINA possesses remarkable sustaining properties, and is specially adapted for

early Breakfasts.

In Air-Tight Tins, at 1s. 6d., 3s., 5s. 6d., &c., by Chemists and Grocers.

THE

GRESHAM

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

Head Office-ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

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£3,491,376
£3,391,789
£685,369

Life Assurance and Annuity Funds Annual Income Moderate Rates of Premium. Liberal Scale of Annuities. Loans granted upon Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, Life Interests, and Reversions; also to Corporate and other Public Bodies, upon Security of Rates, &c. BONUS YEAR, 1885.

POLICIES effected before the 1st July 1885 on the profit tables, with annua! premiums, will participate in the Bonus to be declared next year, in the manner prescribed by the regulations of the Society, JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

Prospectus, Reports, and Proposal Forms can be obtained on application to the Society's Agents and Branch Offices, or to

JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE INSURANCE COMPANY.

INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER AND SPECIAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. Authorised Capital, £3,000,000. Subscribed Capital, £2,500,000. Paid-up Capital, £625,000. Chairman-JOHN WHITE CATER, ESQ. Deputy-Chairman-BARON Schroder. Manager of Life Department and Actuary-HENRY COCKBURN. Secretary-F. W. LANCE.

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The Net FIRE FUNDS, irrespective of the Paid-up Capital, now amount to £1,597,295 9s. 6d.

LIFE DEPARTMENT.

The LIFE FUND now amounts to £3,458,595 18s. 9d. The ANNUITY FUND now amounts to £536,066 8s. 6d. THE PRINCIPLES on which this Company is conducted combine the system of Mutual Assurance with the safety of a large Protecting Capital and Accumulated Funds, and thus afford all the facilities and advantages which can prudently be offered by any Life Assurance Office. NINETY PER CENT. of the WHOLE PROFITS is divided among the Assurers on the Participating Scale. The PROFITS are divided every Five Years. POLICIES are INDISPUTABLE after Five Years. ANNUITIES of all kinds are granted.

Prospectuses and every Information can be obtained at the Chief Offices

LONDON: 61 THREADNEEDLE ST., E.C. WEST END OFFICE, 8, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. EDINBURGH, 64, PRINCES ST.

BRITISH EMPIRE MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY,

NEW BRIDGE STREET, LONDON, E.C, Incorporated in the year 1847 under Act 7 and 8 Vict., cap. 110, and further empowered by Special Act 15 Vict., cap. 53. Accumulated Fund £1,028,215 Profits already appropriated Annual Income, nearly £200,000

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POLICIES ABSOLUTELY INDISPUTABLE after five years, provided the age of the Assured has been admitted.
POLICIES KEPT IN FORCE when requested by appropriating the Surrender Value to the payment of premiums.
Assurers under the TEMPERANCE SCHEME are placed in a separate Section.
Policies may be effected under the DEFERRED BONUS plan.

3 Vols., crown 8vo., at all Libraries.

BABYLON: A

£847,000 £1,230,133

EDWIN BOWLEY, Secretary.

NOVEL.

By GRANT ALLEN, Author of "Strange Stories," "The Evolutionist at Large," &c.

LONDON CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY, W.

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40,000 First-class Specimens, illustrative of every Branch of Study, from Is. each. NEW CLASSIFIED LIST OF OBJECTS (Including the recently acquired Stock of MR. E. WHEELER, late of Holloway). ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF MICROSCOPES AND APPARATUS.

Either of the above sent Post Free to any part of the world on application to

W. WATSON & SONS, Opticians to Her Majesty's Government, 313, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

14797

GRAPHIC MICROSCOPY.

By E. T. DRAPER.

Museum of

No. XXII.-TRANSPARENT SECTION OF TOOTH OF ANT-EATER.

FULL exposition of the general and comparative structure of teeth may be found in standard works of Physiology and ordinary textbooks; but in explanation of the singular diversity of form and character in a mammal tooth as shown in the plate, it is necessary to describe generally the typical condition.

The teeth of vertebrates greatly differ in character, in the disposition of the tissues, structure, position, numbers, and adaptability, not only for seizing and macerating food, but as weapons of defence, attack, and instruments or tools subservient to the economy, and habits of the animal. They also denote age, sex, and are curiously adapted to the quality and character of food; to meet these and many other exigencies, their structures and condition necessarily divaricate into differences, to such an extent as to be subservient to use and functions; the shape, character and organisation of a tooth raises it to the importance of a zoological touchstone and element in classification, reaching the deepest researches of the paleontologist; every class of the vertebrata-fossil or recent-may be distinguished by the moulding and contexture of this organ; notwithstanding that in the complex creatures of past ages, strange approximations, and combinations of class, exist; the recognition of an extinct Batrachian, the Labyrinthodon, was determined by the character of the convoluted folds of the dentine of its tooth.

No. 250.-OCTOBER 1885.

Comparativ

Zoology NOV 16 1942

In the beautiful sections as now prepared for microscopical investigation, these differences are so admirably shown, as to raise them above "popularity," and elegant as they may be as attractive objects, to the student they are of deeper interest and educational value.

A typical tooth (human molar) may be said to consist of three constituents; in the centre a cavity enclosing a soft dental pulp, freely supplied with blood vessels and nerves; surrounding this is the dentine, the actual formed substance with radiating canaliculi, covered on the surface of the exposed parts by the enamel; surrounding the imbedded portion (the root or fangs) is a thin vascular structure, the cement, also rich in blood-vessels. A section cut horizontally would exhibit all these components; made transversely, the pulp cavity, the dentine, and enamel only would be revealed; such a preparation discloses a typical condition of the parts, but without deviating from the fundamental principle, varieties and modifications are found in lamination, solidity, contour, and distribution of the tissues. These diversities are found in every class, and extended modifications in species.

It is common knowledge that the horns of some animals, as the rhinoceros, are formed of a dense compressed mass of hairs, and the component parts of these compacted structures are easily distinguished by the microscope. Such cohesions are found in teeth, as seen in the plate. An infinite number, each with its distinctive character, may be aggregated into one mass; to external appearance it is a single tooth; on microscopical examination it is found to be a multitude locked together. This peculiar compound intertexture is common in the class of fishes, but somewhat rare in the mammalia. The object depicted in the plate is an instance of this peculiarity, and is thus described by Professor Sir R. Owen.

"Each tooth of the Cape Ant-eater (orycteropus) presents a simple form, is deeply set in the jaw, but without dividing into fangs; its broad and flat base is porous like the section of a common cane. The

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canals to which these pores lead contain processes of a vascular pulp, and are the centres of radiation of as many independent dentinal tubules. Each tooth, in fact, consists of congeries of long and slender prismatic denticles of dentine, which are cemented together by their ossified capsules, this columnar denticle slightly decreasing in diameter, and occasionally bifurcating as they approach the grinding surface of the tooth."

The drawing represents a transverse section from the thickest part of a molar, and meeting the above description, displays, in the separating lines, the columnar denticles; in the centre, the pulp cavity, and in the intervening spaces the radiating dentinal tubules, the whole showing a curious example of a number of elementary teeth locked together, in fact, a compound tooth built of many into one uniform mass. An interesting and singular example of a similar disposition of parts may be seen in a horizontal section of the incisor of a lemur, with the difference that a space exists between each denticle; although a combined tooth, they stand out alone, as free processes from the base to the crown, without adhesion; consequently a transverse section cuts them into separate and distinct pieces, each (as regards structure) a tooth in itself.

Sections of teeth should be prepared and mounted to meet every possible appliance for illumination. Crouch End.

LEAVES FROM MY NOTE-BOOK FOR 1884. By A. KINGSTON.

[Continued from p. 131.]

HE most notable circumstance during the month

Tof May was the remarkable contrast between the

severe frost at the latter end of April, and the summer heat which prevailed as early as from the 9th to the 12th of May. On the latter day the thermometer registered 80 degrees in the shade, while a correspondent from Doncaster gave a record for that day of 112 degrees in the sun, and it was certainly considerably upwards of 100 degrees in the sun, in many other places about mid-day on the 12th.

Few things in the botanical world were more remarkable, in the phenomenally dry summer of 1884, than the superabundance of the common red poppy (Papaver Rhæas), which brightened up many a broad stretch of cornfield with its ruddy glow, and in many cases outshining the green corn and producing a heavy crop of itself, which afforded employment to a number of young people and casual hands in collecting the flowers for use in drug distilleries.

From scarlet poppies to bats may seem a far cry, but, on a summer's evening at least, it need only be a question of looking up or down, so far as one of these curious "flying animals" is concerned. Early

in the evening on July 18th, in the broad daylight, and some little time before sunset, the writer's attention was attracted by what, at a distance, appeared to be a number of swallows hawking vigorously for insects in the neighbourhood of a group of trees. On getting nearer to them they were found to be bats, from 12 to 20 in number, of the great bat (Scotophilus noctula). I am aware that there was nothing very extraordinary in the number seen together of a bat which is known to be remarkably gregarious, especially in its winter quarters. Indeed, it is I believe on record, that the large number of 185 were taken from beneath the eaves of Queen's College, Cambridge, in one night, and 63 the following night. I have included the reference to it in these notes as a confirmation of the curious fact, that this particular species of cheiroptera, which has been singled out from about fifteen species to receive the distinctive name Noctula, is remarkable for the very opposite peculiarity of coming out by daylight, and earlier in the evening than any other species!

It would have been singular indeed, if such an exceptionally hot and dry summer had not produced some effect in that universe of "scales, legs, and wings, and beautiful things " which make up the interesting domain of entomology. But passing over the unusual abundance of the common house-fly and the earwig, my notes refer chiefly to the lepidoptera. A passing notice must however also suffice for the exceptional numbers of the pretty orange-tip butterfly (Anthocaris cardamines), the variously coloured species of the Satyridæ, and the "blues," such as the charming little Polyommatus Adonis, to make room for a fuller reference to the fortunes of the better known Pieris brassica, or large white butterfly. In the autumn of 1883, the caterpillar of this butterfly was so abundant, that if this could have been conclusive evidence, horticulturists might have feared a direful visitation of white butterflies in 1884. But "there's many a slip," &c., even in butterfly economy. Probably owing to the absence of that peculiarly succulent condition of the cabbage tribe, which is so essential to this caterpillar's comfort, the larva of the large white butterfly was as remarkable for its absence last autumn as it had been for its abundance the previous year. In 1883, at one particular spot where the writer has been accustomed to watch their interesting transformations, about a score of caterpillars of this butterfly took up their positions and strapped themselves up to await the coming spring. But last autumn only one caterpillar was seen there, and the busy little ichneumon made short work of that one. Yet the conditions were just the same as to plants of the cabbage tribe within a similar distance. I mention the latter point as having some bearing upon the interesting question of butterfly instinct. It is perhaps too often assumed that the butterfly, having deposited its eggs on some object suitable for the food of its caterpillar, has

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