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THE

GRESHAM

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

Head Office-ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

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Moderate Rates of Premium. Liberal Scale of Annuities. Loans granted upon Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, Life Interests, and Reversions; also to Corporate and other Public Bodies, upon Security of Rates, &c.

BONUS YEAR, 1885.

POLICIES effected before the 1st July 1885 on the profit tables, with annual premiums, will participate in the Bonus to be declared next year, in the manner prescribed by the regulations of the Society, JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

Prospectus, Reports, and Proposal Forms can be obtained on application to the Society's Agents and Branch Offices, or to
JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE INSURANCE COMPANY

INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER AND SPECIAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. Authorised Capital, £3,000,000. Subscribed Capital, £2,500,000. Paid-up Capital, £625,000. Chairman-JOHN WHITE CATER, ESQ. Deputy-Chairman-CHARLES MORRISON, ESQ. Manager of Fire Department-G. H. BURNETT. Manager of Life Department and Actuary-HENRY COCKBURN. Secretary-F. W. LANCE.

Foreign Sub-Manager-PHILIp Winsor.

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

The Net FIRE FUNDS, irrespective of the Paid-up Capital, now amount to £1,592,235 5s. 2d.

LIFE DEPARTMENT.

The LIFE FUND now amounts to £3,340,918 11s. 2d. The ANNUITY FUND now amounts to £500,275 17s. 11d. THE PRINCIPLES on which this Company is conducted combine the system of Mutual Assurance with the safety of a large Protecting Capital and Accumulated Funds, and thus afford all the facilities and advantages which can prudently be offered by any Life Assurance Office. NINETY PER CENT. of the WHOLE PROFITS is divided among the Assurers on the Participating Scale. The PROFITS are divided every Five Years. POLICIES are INDISPUTABLE after Five Years. ANNUITIES of all kinds are granted.

Prospectuses and every Information can be obtained at the Chief Offices

LONDON: 61, THREADNEEDLE ST., E.C. WEST END OFFICE, 8, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. EDINBURGH, 64, PRINCES ST.

BRITISH

EMPIRE MUTUAL

LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY,

NEW BRIDGE STREET, LONDON, E.C. Incorporated under Act 7&8 Vict. cap. 110, and further empowered by Special Act, 15 Vict. cap. 53

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£847,000

Accumulated Fund, 1883, nearly £1,000,000 | Profits already Divided
Annual Income, 1883

£184,101 Claims Paid to 31st Dec. 1883 £1,166,027

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£4,434,661.

EDWIN BOWLEY, F.I.A., F.S.S., Secretary.

PREPARATIONS for the MICROSCOPE.

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12s.

NEW SLIDES WORTHY SPECIAL ATTENTION. Type Slide Diatomaceæ. 100 different kinds, all named 21s. Type Slide Foraminifera. 19 different kinds, all named Most beautiful and elaborate arranged Slides of Diatoms, Anchors and Plates of Synapta, Wheels of Chirodota, &c. For dark ground illumination these are unequalled, each 7s. 6d., 10s., 16s., 21s. Diseased Lung from Coal Miner, Chimney Sweep, Saw Grinder, Gin Drinker, Effects of London Smoke, each 1s. 9d. Jaw of Mole, Horizontal Section. Through all the teeth

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Either of the above forwarded post-free to any part of the world on application.

W. WATSON & SONS, 313, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

OPTICIANS TO HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT.

ESTABLISHED 1837. . ·

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HIS subject ex- the fins and tail of minnows, many of the larvæ of plains itself, water insects, and, par excellence, the yolk bag of freshly hatched fish, may be, by well-known methods, arranged, and disclose on the stage of the microscope, exhibitions of energetic life, in the circulation of the blood, of the deepest and most impressionable significance.

revealing a distribution of blood vessels, in a transparent section of the toe of a mouse. The skill required to successfully inject the vessels, and afterwards procure so delicate a scission, is essentially the province of the professional preparer; but, the object is sufficiently "popular," to be purchasable, and is found in most col

lections of microscopic objects. Although not approaching the stern requirements of the biologist or anatomical student, as revealing disentanglement of delicate tissues, or isolation of determinate structure, it is eminently a valuable educational or class preparation, as exhibiting conditions of distinct parts seldom found, in one view so intimately or compactly associated. The drawing was made from a "happy" cut, just cleaving, without injuring or disturbing, the tarsal bones, showing them in perfect integrity, surrounded by minute blood vessels spreading from the digital artery, and continuing to the capillary loops terminating in the papilla of the thick, but highly sensitive, and vascular epidermic cushion under the surface of the claw, the matrix of which is seen, penetrated with minute blood vessels. Elegant and instructive as this preparation may be, as a microscopic exhibit, it is as nothing compared to such a condition in a living state, with the blood coursing through the vessels; the web of a frog's foot, the branchia and transparent parts of a tadpole, No. 242.-FEBRUARY 1885.

Addendum. Eylaïs extendens: In the January article on this subject, it was stated that the comely rotundity of the Hydrachnæ rendered them difficult to preserve, as permanent specimens for the cabinet, except at the sacrifice of their shapeliness, the dilemma being to find a medium of just the density needed to preserve the integuments from wrinkling or collapse. The writer has since received, through the courtesy of Mr. Henry Francis, the President of the Bristol Microscopical Society, a specimen en permanence, mounted three years ago: enclosed in a deep circular cell. The medium Mr. Francis used is a mixture of eight parts of distilled water (just tainted with carbolic acid), to one part of pure glycerine; under severe examination, although a little "off colour," its characteristic plumpness is perfectly intact, and such important features as the curious ocelli, the palpi, the parts about the mouth and the genital plates, are so well preserved and displayed, as to bear scrutiny under the highest reaching powers.

Crouch End.

BATS.-A correspondent in the December issue tells us he has often seen bats flying about the streets of Maidstone in mild weather during the autumn and winter months. This reminds me of what I saw in Paris on the first Sunday in January 1871. During the service in the church of St. Roch, I saw several bats flying about in the church between three and four in the afternoon. Afterwards in the evening twilight of the same day, I saw a good number flit about in a very lively fashion on the banks of the Seine.-H. M., Birkdale.

C

E

NOTES ON NEW BOOKS.

LEMENTARY Text-Book of Zoology, by Dr. C. Claus. Translated and edited by Adam Sedgwick, M.A., and F. G. Heathcote, B.A. (London: W. S. Sonnenschein & Co.). To a seeker after scientific truth and knowledge that parochial mindedness which we sometimes dignify under the title of "Patriotism" gives place to a candid recognition of merit wherever it is found. Otherwise we should have regretted that no English Zoologist had provided students with a work of this class. Nicholson's Manuals go part of the way, but only a part. A really good text-book of Zoology, something like Sachs' Manual of Botany, was much wanted. Dr. Claus's name, both as a teacher and investigator, are well known, and this translation of his well-known manual will be thankfully received by zoological students. Let us add that we think the work has been improved by editing and translating. Certainly none could better have fulfilled this task than Mr. Adam Sedgwick. The chief feature which strikes us in reading the present work is its lucidity. The English is of the best, and the illustrations apt and pointed. Although it only includes the invertebrate animals from the Protozoa to the Insecta (in the special part), the preceding general part is of great value. Nothing in connection with the science and philosophy of zoology has been lost sight of, and the comparison of the same organs in different classes of animals, of similar structures, their embryological | and general development, the discussion of the doctrines of evolution, natural selection, the historical review of Zoology—all of which are duly treated upon in the general part-recommend the work as a most attractive one. The woodcuts are very numerous and of a high artistic character.

On the Fossil Fishes of the Carboniferous Limestone Series of Great Britain, by J. W. Davis, F.G.S. (Dublin: Published by the Royal Dublin Society). Here is a work of quite another character, one which demands infinite pains and patience, and that quick and ready intuitive diagnosis of specimens which almost amounts to genius. And yet the author (a young man) is no salaried professor, or state endowed investigator, but a British manufacturer, with a brisk business to successfully superintend. British science owes much to such men, and we are proud of them-our Lubbocks, Evans, Tylors, Sorbys, and Davises! The present monograph will be a great boon to real workers, particularly on the interesting carboniferous limestone. Mr. Davis derived the materials for his examination and study from the well-known collection of the Earl of Enniskillen, now in the British Museum, South Kensington. He has laid under contributions the collections in the National Museum; the museums of the Geological Society, of Dublin, Cambridge, York,

Bristol, &c., besides private collections. Mr. Davis accepts Günther's classification; and without devoting more than half a page to his introduction, he plunges at once into his subject, like a practical man. The plates are 65 in number, coloured, and very artistically got up; so that the volume is a credit to the Royal Dublin Society, and one which cannot fail to greatly enhance the high reputation as a palæontologist which the author has been deservedly earning for some years past.

Phillips's Manual of Geology, edited by Robert Etheridge, F.R.S., and H. G. Seely, F.R.S. (London: Charles Griffin & Co.). We cannot complain of want of manuals in geology, although palæontology is by no means so well off. The present volume is devoted to "Physical Geology," and is edited by Prof. Seely, who has taken the well-known and almost classic work of Prof. John Phillips as a basis, and it evolved this book. It must have been a harder task for Mr. Seely to work on these lines than to have written an original manual. But he has loyally fulfilled his work, and under the rôle of editor, has really given to geological students a work, whose erudition, painstaking succinctness, and thoroughness, none would have more heartily recognized than the genial John Phillips himself— who would have been amused in no small way at finding how his little book had grown into a big one! Many of the illustrations are those used in the original work.

The Student's Elements of Geology, by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., F.R.S. Fourth edition, Revised by P. M. Duncan, F.R.S. (London: John Murray). It is late in the day to praise Lyell's Elements. It is far beyond the region of criticism. But one feels glad that so old a friend as this book is--endeared by those recollections of the past, when it sent us with delighted enthusiasm to the work, and the fossils of which it treated-has not been allowed to fall out of the ranks of geological literature. It is seven years since the last edition appeared, and geology has progressed marvellously in the meantime; more particularly with regard to the help it has received from microscopical investigation. The publisher was fortunate enough to get an editor who has a high reputation as a geologist and palæontologist, and who also knows how to write for students. Consequently this is by far the best edition of Lyell's "Student's Elements," which has ever appeared.

Plant-Lore, Legends, and Lyrics, by Richard Folkard, jun. (London: Sampson Low & Co.). No department of natural knowledge has taken such a hold on the public mind as plants. No other natural objects are so intimately associated with the historical mental and moral development of mankind at large, or have so grown up, and intermingled with its hopes and fears, joys and sorrows. There is hardly a common wayside weed which is not sanctified to us in these modern times by

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