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LONDON: CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY. A Handbook for Students. By J. E. TAYLOR, Ph.D., F.L.S., &c., Author of The Sagacity and Morality of Plants."

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FIRST-CLASS SPECIMENS, New and Rare Objects in every Department of Microscopy.

LORD S. G. OSBORNE'S DIATOMESCOPE, Post-free, 12s.

Five Typical Examples of Blood Discs on one Slide, Man, Fish, Bird, Snake, and Frog, Double Stained, 3s. 6d. post-free..
A Large Assortment of Spines
Koch's Cholera bacillus, 2s. 6d.

of Echini.

ERNEST HINTON,

post-free.

12, VORLEY ROAD, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.
(TWENTY YEARS WITH THE LATE E. WHEELER.)

CITY MICROSCOPICAL STUDIO AND GEOLOGICAL MUSEUM,
For the Sale of Microscopic Objects, Minerals, Fossils, Rock Specimens, Shells,
Crustacea, Echinoderms, Corals, Flint Implements, Cabinets,
Geologists' Hammers, &c.

THOMAS D. RUSSELL, 78, NEWGATE STREET, E.C.,

CLOSE TO THE NEW GENERAL POST OFFICE.

WORKS BY EDWARD WALFORD, M.A.-Dedicated by Express Permission to H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. (New Editions for 1885.)
THE COUNTY FAMILIES; or, Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled
Aristocracy of the Three Kingdoms. Containing a complete Peerage, Paronetage, Knightage, and Dictionary of the Landed
Commoners of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland; a Notice of the Descent, Birth, Marriage, Education, and Appointments of
each Person, his Heir Apparent and Presumptive, a Record of the Offices which he has held, his Town Address and Country
Residences. Imperial 8vo, cloth gilt. £2 10s.
THE COMPLETE PEERAGE, BARONETAGE, KNIGHTAGE, AND HOUSE
OF COMMONS. In One Volume, cloth extra, gilt edges, 5s.
THE SHILLING PEERAGE.

THE SHILLING BARONETAGE.

THE SHILLING

KNIGHTAGE.

THE SHILLING HOUSE OF COMMONS.

LONDON: CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY, W.

SECOND-HAND MICROSCOPES AND OBJECTIVES.

A large assortment by ROSS, BECK, COLLINS, SWIFT, and other first-class Makers, on Sale, very cheap MICROSCOPÍC OBJECTS in great variety. Spécialité Physiological and Pathological Tissues.

500 SECOND-HAND PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES AND CAMERAS By ROSS, DALLMEYER, TENCH, VOIGTLÄNDER, and all other esteemed Makers. The Cheapest and Best Stock in Londen. New Catalogues gratis on application. Purchases and Exchanges made. Instruments Repaired and Relacquered. SANDS & HUNTER, 20, CRANBOURNE STREET, LONDON.

VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH ABDOMEN

OF QUEEN BEE, APIS MELLIFICA. Showing Ovaries and all

Internal Organs.

25. and 35., Post-free.

Opaque for Binocular.

NEW PREPARATIONS
OF INSECTS,

WITHOUT PRESSURE.

FRED.

ENOCK,

WOKING.

FIRST LEG OF HONE

BEE,

APIS MELLIFICA.
Showing the Semi-circular
Comb used for
Cleaning the Antennæ.
Is. 8d., Post-free.
For Paraboloid.

HOW AND CO.'S NEW POCKET MICROSCOPE LAMP."

Very convenient and portable, gives ample Illumination, has all necessary adjustments, is provided with a Cylindrical Case, and can be conveniently carried in the breast coat pocket; when charged with sufficient Oil to burn for above 3 hours, weighs under 12 oz. Price 8s. 6d. Microscopists who are in the habit of exhibiting at the Meetings of their respective Societies and elsewhere, should provide themselves with this little Lamp.

MICRO-PETROLOGY, TYPICAL ROCK SECTIONS, 1/6 AND 2/- EACH. JAMES HOW & Co., 73, FARRINGDON STREET, LONDON.

STUDIES IN MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE,

Edited by ARTHUR C. COLE, F.R.M.S., &c.

VOL. III. will be commenced shortly. All correspondence connected with this Volume to be addressed to
J. G. HAMMOND & Co., 136 Edmund Street, Birmingham, from whom Prospectus can be obtained.
Now ready, VOL. I., containing 53 Chromo-Lithographed Plates, 1 11s. 6d. ; or, accompanied by 52 Prepara-
tions, in Cabinet, £4 14s. 6d.
And VOL. II., containing THE METHODS OF MICROSCOPICAL RESEARCH; SECTION I., ANIMAL HISTOLOGY
SECTION II., BOTANICAL HISTOLOGY; and POPULAR MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES; with 38 CHROMO-
LITHOGRAPHED PLATES, LI 11s. 6d. ; or, accompanied by 36 Preparations, in Cabinet, £4 4s. od.
NOTE.-The Sections of either Volume may be had separately.

All correspondence having reference to Vols. I. and II. to be addressed to the Editor-
ST. DOMINGO HOUSE, 53, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W.
From whom all Particulars may be obtained.

A. C. COLE AND SON'S Pathological, Physiological, Botanical, and general Preparations and Diatoms, may be obtained of all the principal Opticians.

HARDWICKE'S SCIENCE-GOSSIP.

li

WATKINS AND DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

N.B.-For Excellence and Superiority of Cabinets and Apparatus, references are permitted to distinguished Patrons and Colleges, &c.

Plain Ring Nets, Wire or Cane, including stick, 1/8, 2/-, 2/3.

Folding Nets, 3/9 and 4/6.

Umbrella Nets, 7/6 (self-acting).

Pocket Boxes, -/6; corked both sides, -/9, 1/-, and 1/6.
Zinc Relaxing Boxes, -/9, 1/-, 1/6, and 2/-.

Ditto, large size, with strap, 6/-.

Nested Chip Boxes, 4 dozen, -/8.

[black).

[oz.

nor dangerous to use), 1/- per

Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/- per oz. (white or
Glass Killing Bottles or Tubes ready for use, 1/-, 1/5.
Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 10/-.
Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-.
Mite Destroyer (not inflammable
Store Boxes, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, and 6/-.
Ditto, Book Pattern, 8/6, 9/6, and 10/6.
Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1-in., -/6; 14-in. -/8; 14-in., -/9
2-in., -/10: at-in. 1/-; 3-in., 1/2; 34-in., 1/4; 4-in., 1/6;
4t-in., 1/8; 5-in., 1/10. Complete set of 14 boards, 10/6.
Setting Houses, 9/6 and 11/6; corked back, 14/6.
Zinc Larva Boxes, 9/-, 1/-.

Breeding Cage, 2/6, 1/-, 5/-, and 7/6.

Taxidermist's Companion, ie, a pocket leather case, containing
most useful instruments for skinning, 10/6.
Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8.
Ditto, Tin Boxes, 1/6.

Ditto, Japanned Pocket Case, fitted with 26 tubes, 5/-.
Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-, 9/•.
Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, and 2/2 per quire. (Too heavy
for post.)

(Supplied to

Insect Cases, imitation mahogany, 3/6 to 11/-.
Cement for replacing Antennæ, -/6 per bottle.
Forceps for removing Insects, 2/6 per pair.
Collectors all over the world.)
Cabinet Cork, 7 X 34. best quality, 1/3 per dozen sheets.
Pupa Diggers, 1/6, 2/-. Insect Lens, 1/6 to 8/-.
Glass Top Boxes, per dozen, 1/8, 2/-, 2/6.
Egg Drills, -/3.

Metal Blow-pipes, -/7.

Setting Needles, 6d. per box.

All Articles enumerated are kept in stock, and can be sent immediately on receipt of order.

For Sale, a large Assortment of Ova and Pupa of both British and Foreign Butterflies and Moths.

CABINETS.-Special Show Room.

The following are the prices of a few of smaller sizes; for measurements and larger sizes see Catalogue (48 pp.)

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A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS.

Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class workmen. 36, STRAND, W.C. (FIVE DOORS FROM CHARING CROSS).

W. P. COLLINS,

Science Bookseller, Speciality-Microscopy and the Allied Sciences.

New and Second-hand Works on ALGÆ, BIOLOGY BOTANY, CHEMISTRY, CORALS, CONCHOLOGY, DESMIDS, DIATOMS
ENTOMOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, INFUSORIA, NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, &c., &c., &c.
Back parts of the various Microscopical Journals, always in Stock. Catalogues on application. Scientific Books bought or exchanged
Agent for the American Monthly Microscopical Journal; The Microscope and the Journal of the New York Microscopical Society, each 58. per annum, postage included.
157, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.

NEW SLIDE OF DESMIDS, MICRASTERIAS.

Mounted so as to retain the Colour. A Beautiful Object, 1s. 6d. free per post.

CHAS. COLLINS, OPTICIAN, 157, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON, W.

MICRO-SLIDES FOR

SCIENCE CLASSES.

Mr. PIFFARD'S PATENT COUNTER-SUNK SLIPS now

on Sale. Two sizes are ready, 3-16 and 5-8, at 6s. per dozen. Prasiola Crispa, portion of Thallus, beautiful arrangement of Chlorophyl granules, 1s. Teleutospores of Puccinia graminis, 1s. Spores and Elaters of Aneura Pinguis (Jungermanniacea) 18. Stained and Isolated Conidia-bearing Hyphæ, of a Micro-fungus, probably Polyactis cana. 1s. Lecanora Tartarea, vert. sect. of Apothecium, showing Asci, 1s. Atrichum Undulatum, vert. sect., Male Perichætum and Antheridia, 1s. Fasciated Stems of Strawberry, Sweet Pea, Tropaeolum and Thistle, 1s. each.

REMITTANCE WITH ORDER. ENLARGED CATALOGUE READY, POST FREE.

B. PIFFARD, Hill House, Hemel

SCHWEITZER'S

Hempstead, Herts.

COCOATINA.

Anti-Dyspeptic Cocoa or Chocolate Powder.

GUARANTEED PURE SOLUBLE COCOA OF THE FINEST QUALITY. The FACULTY pronounce it 'the most nutritious, perfectly digestible Beverage for BREAKFAST, LUNCHEON, or SUPPER, and invaluable for Being without sugar, spice, or other admixture, it suits all palates, keeps for years in all climates, and is four times the strength of Cocoas thickened yet weakened with arrowroot, starch, &c., and in reality cheaper than such mixtures.

Invalids, and Young Children.'

Made instantaneously with boiling water, a Teaspoonful to a Breakfast Cup, costing less than one halfpenny.
COCOATINA possesses remarkable sustaining properties, and is specially adapted for

early Breakfasts.

In Air-Tight Tins, at 1s. 6d., 38., 5s. 6d., &c., by Chemists and Grocers.

THE

GRESHAM

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

Head Office-ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

FUNDS, 1884.

Realised Assets

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Life Assurance and Annuity Funds
Annual Income

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£3,491,376 £3,391,789 £685,369 Moderate Rates of Premium, Liberal Scale of Annuities. Loans granted upon Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, Life Interests, and Reversions; also to Corporate and other Public Bodies, upon Security of Rates, &c. BONUS YEAR, 1885.

POLICIES effected before the 1st July 1885 on the profit tables, with annua! premiums, will participate in the Bonus to be declared next year, in the manner prescribed by the regulations of the Society, JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

Prospectus, Reports, and Proposal Forms can be obtained on application to the Society's Agents and Branch Offices, or to
JOSEPH ALLEN, Secretary.

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE INSURANCE COMPANY

INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER AND SPECIAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. Authorised Capital, £3,000,000. Subscribed Capital, £2,500,000. Paid-up Capital, £625,000. Chairman-JOHN WHITE CATER, ESQ. Deputy-Chairman-CHARLES MORRISON, Esq. Manager of Fire Department-G. H. BURNETT. Manager of Life Department and Actuary-HENRY COCKBURN. Secretary-F. W. LANCE.

Foreign Sub-Manager-PHILIP WINSOR.

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

The Net FIRE FUNDS, irrespective of the Paid-up Capital, now amount to £1,592,235 5s. 2d.

LIFE DEPARTMENT.

The LIFE FUND now amounts to £3,340,918 11s. 2d. The ANNUITY FUND now amounts to £500,275 17s. IldTHE PRINCIPLES on which this Company is conducted combine the system of Mutual Assurance with the safety of a large Protecting Capital and Accumulated Funds, and thus afford all the facilities and advantages which can prudently be offered by any Life Assurance Office. NINETY PER CENT. of the WHOLE PROFITS is divided among the Assurers on the Participating Scale. The PROFITS are divided every Five Years. POLICIES are INDISPUTABLE after Five Years. ANNUITIES of all kinds are granted.

Prospectuses and every Information can be obtained at the Chief Offices

LONDON: 61, THREADNEEDLE ST., E.C. WEST END OFFICE, 8, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. EDINBURGH, 64, PRINCES ST.

BRITISH EMPIRE MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY.

NEW BRIDGE STREET, LONDON, E.C.

ESTABLISHED 1847. EMPOWERED BY SPECIAL ACT OF PARLIAMENT.

This Company being established on the MUTUAL PRINCIPLE, all Profits belong to Policy-holders. The average Cash Bonus (Triennially) exceeds 20 per cent. on the Premiums paid.

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£4,793,942
£200,000
£1,028,215

Paid in Claims.

Total amount of Profits already Dis-
tributed amongst Policy-holders .

£1,230,133 £847,000

Prospectuses, with Copies of the last Report and Balance Sheet, Board of Trade Returns, &c, can be obtained from any Agent of the Company, or will be sent upon application to EDWIN BOWLEY, Secretary.

SINEL AND CO., NATURALISTS, DAVID PLACE, ST. HÉLIER'S, JERSEY.

The largest stock of Crustacea, Echinoderms, Annelids, and other Marine Zoological specimens, in the United Kingdom, and at the lowest prices. The large Stone Crab, Lithodes Maia, 10s. 6d., the Norway Lobster, Nephrops Norvegicus, 38. 6d., carriage free. A few of these rare Dogger Bank Crustaceans left; they are not often to be obtained.-The igneous and allied Rocks of Jersey in fine series (localized and named), from 55. to £3 per set. Also a single set for sale, of the rocks composing the earth's crust, 100 named specimens, carriage paid, 255.; suitable for classes, &c. MICROSCOPY.-Special offer of a splendid spot lens slide, one of the best ever shown at a Soirée, viz., Surface nettings from the sea near Jersey, comprising a host of forms on one slide, mounted in a sunken cell without pressure, post free Is. 2d. each, or is. each if more than one be ordered, for each slide may contain different forms from another, as the animals are so numerous. Send for Lists. Assistance given to Naturalists visiting Jersey. Dredging arranged for, &c, &c.

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40,000 Specimens, illustrative of Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, Entomology, Geology, &c., 1s., 1s. 6d., 1s. 9d., & 2s. each. W. WATSON & SONS' Special Slides for Soirees, &c., 5s. to 21s.

Cut Sections ready for Mounting.-Pons Varolii in Insanity; Pinna of Child's Ear; Scalp of Negro from Australia; Leafy Stem of Selaginella. Six Sections in tube, 1s.; postage 2d. NEW CLASSIFIED LIST OF OBJECTS FOR 1885 Just Published. (Including the Stock of MR. E. WHEELER, late of Tollington Road, Holloway.) ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF MICROSCOPES AND APPARATUS.

Either of the above sent Post Free to any part of the world on application to

W. WATSON & SONS, 313, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Two Doors from Chancery Lane. Established 1837.,

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gation; every part has a curious fitness, and expediency may be revealed in all the more important organs; among other features, the character of the nearly globular box, containing the animal, built up of an enormous number of accurately-fitting plates, the calcareous pieces forming the mouth, the five sharp socketed incisor teeth, of great strength, arranged in a circle, and in such a position as to simultaneously close upon, and crush the hard crustaceous substances, or anything that comes in its way, as food; guided to the centre of the mouth by a similar number of interposing osseous processes, with jaws of such complex structure as to establish, with the dental system, a masticatory apparatus, unique in character and adaptability. Supporting this, and enclosing other softer tissues is the "lantern of Aristotle," a framework of five symmetrically curved bones with transverse ties firmly attached to the interior of the box, strengthened by a similar number of elegantly formed pieces rising from the base; all the hard parts are formed on a pentagonal principle, a multiple of five; the whole locked together with mathematical precision; exteriorly, the interest is sustained by the prehensile suckers emerging through multitudinous No. 245.-MAY 1885.

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apertures, and where least expected, a disclosure of rare beauty in the structure of any one of the forest of hard spines with which the creature is completely surrounded; each capable of separate movement. A transverse section of such a spine, ground and polished, is the subject of the plate.

The case, or envelope of an Echinus consists of a somewhat flattened spherical box, made up of many hundred jointed pieces, the whole appearing like a single shell. In some species the texture is light and porous, in others considering the number of parts of exquisite solidity; five pairs of "ambulacral" plates, connected by well-marked sutures, traverse the shell in polar lines. This set of segments is perforated with many apertures for the emergence of prehensile locomotive suckers. Between each is a similar number of rather wider segments, the "interambulacral," accurately fitting the others; on these project a double row of knobs, or tubercles, on which the spines are articulated by a ball and socket joint. All the pieces forming the wonderful box are serrated, and compacted with minute precision, giving great strength; the actual substance of the shell is composed of calcareous material and silicates obtained from the sea, secreted by a soft organic membrane which invests and permeates every fissure. The spines are articulated to the tubercles on small polished nipples seen studding the outside of the interambulacral plates, and vary in form and size according to species; generally they are grooved horizontally.

Vertical cuttings of these organs are interesting; but their true beauty is only disclosed when transverse sections are made, carefully ground and polished to a requisite thinness; and so diversified are the patterns that a collection of many hundred specimens rarely discloses two absolutely alike, differences in appearance and complexity resulting from the position of the cutting, and its distance from the base or the apex; as the spine consists of a series of cones either of overlapping or inter-deposited growths, necessarily a section reveals annular bands in number equal to the cones included in the part where the cutting is

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