This total is composed of these items: butter, $56,642,327; cheese, $91,462,678; condensed milk, $73,342,268

Data already published by the Census Bureau shows that Wisconsin in 1919 manufactured 76 per cent of all cheese produced in the United States, and in excess of 50 per cent of all canned peas. It ranked first also in the combined value of butter, cheese and condensed milk, and in the manufacture of hemlock, birch, elm and basswood lumber, concrete mixers, planing mill machinery, traction engines and universal lathes. Wisconsin was also the first state in the union in the number of wage earners employed in the manufacture of engines of all kinds, but ranked second in the value of the engines manufactured.

Wisconsin ranked second in agricultural implements, butter, cream separators and dairymen's supplies, internal combustion engines, milling machines, maple lumber, refrigerating machinery and sawmill machinery. It ranked third in the manufacture of steam engines and windmills; fourth in paper and wood pulp, pneumatic automobile tires, woodboxes, excelsior, ash lumber and leather working machinery other than shoe machinery; fifth in carriages and wagons, white pine lumber, grinding machines and dynamite; sixth in miscellaneous wood working machinery; seventh in brass, bronze and copper products, elevators and elevating machinery, and rubber products; eighth in all

lumber products combined, and in beet sugar; ninth in machine tools, miscellaneous metal working machinery and in soap; tenth in electrical machinery and apparatus.

As to certain other industries for which complete reports have been published, Wisconsin's rank can only be stated approximately, because the Census Bureau has adopted the policy of not showing totals for any state in which an industry is represented only by one or two plants. From these reports, however, it can be stated with reasonable definiteness that Wisconsin ranks first in the manufacture of matches; first or second in steamshovels and excavating machinery; second or third in bottling machinery; third in motorcycles; and among the first three states in the production of all kinds of mining machinery.

For many other manufactured products, totals by states and for the country as a whole are not yet available. This list includes some of the most important of Wisconsin's manufacturing industries. Among others are the manufacture of automobiles and automobile parts, in which there was an increase in Wisconsin in the five year period, 1914 to 1919, of over 1000 per cent; leather in which Wisconsin ranked third in 1914; hosiery and knit goods; shipbuilding, confectionery, men's clothing, and iron, steel and rolling mill products.

Manufactures by Cities

Summaries have already been issued giving totals for manufactures in all Wisconsin cities of above 10,000 population. These summaries show that Milwaukee has about one-third of the manufactures of Wisconsin. After Milwaukee, the leading manufacturing cities, ranked upon the basis of the number of persons engaged in manufacture, are Racine, Kenosha, West Allis, Sheboygan, Oshkosh, Superior, Beloit, Green Bay, LaCrosse, Manitowoc, and Madison. These same cities also occupy the first twelve postions with respect to the value added by manufacture; but the order is Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, West Allis, Superior, Sheboygan, Green Bay, Oshkosh, Manitowoc, Beloit, LaCrosse, and Madison.

Two of the cities which both in 1910 and 1920 had above 10,000 population more than doubled the number of persons engaged in manufactures between 1914 and 1919: Superior and Manitowoc. Three other cities increased the number of persons engaged in manufactures by over 75 per cent: Janesville, Kenosha, and Green Bay. Three other cities had increases of more than 50 per cent but less than 75 per cent: Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Racine. For cities which in 1910 did not have a population of 10,000, no statistics of increases in manufactures are available.

Comparative Importance of Agriculture and Manufactures in Wisconsin

It is difficult to make a fair comparison between agriculture and manufactures in Wisconsin. It is clear, however, that in 1920 manufactures slightly outranked agriculture both in the number of persons

engaged and in the value of production, but not in investment. In 1910 agriculture ranked ahead of manufactures in all respects.

The best information as to the number of persons who make their living from agriculture and manufactures, respectively, is the data from the census of occupations, already cited, which shows that in 1920, 339,573 persons were engaged gainfully in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and 308,038 in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry.

Upon the total value of the production, the census gives the gross value of all farm products in 1919 as $780,616,288, and the total value of manufactured products in the same year as $1,846,984,000. Both of these items involve much duplication, but this is probably greatest with reference to the value of manufactured products.

The item value added by manufacture is one for which there is nothing comparable in the agricultural census. It is significant, however, that the total value added by manufacture in 1919 was $719,709,000,―a figure nearly as great as the gross value of all farm products. Value added by manufacture is a figure representing net increase in wealth, while the gross value of farm products admittedly involves many duplications.

The total value of farm property in 1920 was $2,677,282,997, while the capital invested in manufacturing enterprises in 1919 was reported as $1,371,930,000. From the census, however, it is very clear that the term "capital" is used with so many different meanings that the totals for capital invested in manufacturing are much less reliable than those for the value of all farm property.

The census, thus, indicates that Wisconsin has an unusually good balance between agriculture and manufactures. It is both a great agricultural and a great manufacturing state. In both agriculture and manufactures, also, Wisconsin gained more rapidly during the last decade than the country as a whole.

AGRICULTURE

Although a somewhat smaller number of persons were engaged in agriculture than in manufactures in Wisconsin in 1920, this state ranks among the foremost agricultural states of the Union. In land in farms and in improved land in farms Wisconsin ranks seventeenth; in the value of all farm property, twelfth; and in the gross value of farm products, ninth. It is the first state in the Union in the value of dairy products and the fourteenth state in the value of farm crops. The most significant statistics relating to agriculture in Wisconsin are given in Table VII-Farms and Farm Property, and in Table VIII-Farm Production, which are published on pages 37-39. These tables give totals for the state from the 1920 census, the percentage of increase or decrease as compared with 1910, and the rank of Wisconsin among the states of the Union, whenever ascertainable. The farm production statistics gathered in 1920 are for the year 1919.

Farms and Farm Area

Since 1880 each census decade has shown only a slight increase in the number of farms in Wisconsin and in the percentage of the land area of the state included in farms. Between 1910 and 1920 all counties of the southern half of the state showed decreases in the number of farms or only small increases. In many of these counties the percentage of the total land area included in farms also decreased. Many northern counties, on the other hand, reported increases of more than 25 per cent both in the number and in the area of farms.

The decreases in farms and farm area in the southern half of the state do not represent any abandonment of farms. Both in 1910 and in 1920 substantially all of the land area outside of cities and villages in the counties of the southern half of the state was included in farms. The growth of the cities and villages converted some farms into city property and accounted for the slight decreases in many counties in the farm acreage. Even with the increases in farm acreage in northern Wisconsin, a much smaller percentage of the total area is included in farms than in southern Wisconsin. While in all but one county of the southern half of the state at least 80 per cent of the total acreage is included in farms, and in many of these counties more than 90 per cent, the counties along the northern boundary from Florence to Douglas, and also Price and Sawyer, have as yet less than 20 per cent of their area included in farms.

That the percentage of farm land which is improved decreased during the last decade and is, in fact, smaller now than in 1880, also is not a cause for any alarm. This is due chiefly to the rapid increase in the number of farms in northern Wisconsin, which are as yet largely unimproved. That some southern counties also show a somewhat smaller percentage of farm lands which is improved is probably due to the rapid progress of dairying, with its increased demand for pasture lands.

In the average size of farms there has been little change in Wis consin since 1860. One-half of all farms in Wisconsin are under 100 acres. There are only 147 farms in the state of over 1,000 acres, and 912 farms with between 500 and 1,000 acres. The average acreage per farm is considerably higher in the western and southwestern counties than in other parts of the state. Buffalo county, with an average acreage of 200.2 per farm, leads in this respect.

The census shows that of the land included in farms in Wisconsin 1,839,273 acres requires drainage; but only 794,569 acres are included in organized drainage districts, and 658,411 acres have actually been drained. In this respect Wisconsin is far behind neighboring states, which show a much larger percentage of the area requiring drainage to have actually been drained.

Wisconsin is one of the leading states in the woodland on farms. Of the total woodland on farms, 543,504 acres are listed as being merchantable timber.

Value of Farm Property

The total value of all farm property in 1920 was nearly $2,700-, 000,000. As compared with 1910, this is an increase of 89.5 per cent. This percentage is to be compared with an increase of 5.2 per cent in the farm acreage. Each of the four items into which the census divides farm property-land, buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock-showed great increases in value during the decade. The land itself, however, increased by a somewhat smaller percentage than other farm property.

During the decade the average value per farm increased over 77 per cent, standing at $14,143 in 1920. This gives $120.78 as the average value of all farm property per acre in Wisconsin, of which $98.78 represents the value of the land and buildings. There are only eight states which have a higher average value per acre.

Farm Operators

The census of 1920 secured data from nearly all farmers as to the number of years they have operated the farms upon which they now live. Eight and five-tenths per cent of all the farm operators had been on their farms less than one year, 36 per cent less than 5 years, 58 per cent less than 10 years, and 42 per cent more than 10 years. In the country as a whole only 35 per cent of all farm operators were found to have operated their present farms for more than 10 years.

Forty-eight and three-tenths per cent of all farm operators in Wisconsin in 1920 were 45 years of age and over, and 7.3 per cent 65 years and over. These percentages correspond very closely with those for the United States as a whole.

Ownership and Tenancy

The percentage of tenancy is much lower in Wisconsin than in the entire United States, being only 14.4 per cent, as compared with 38.1 per cent in the nation. All north central states have a larger percentage of tenancy than has Wisconsin.

This low percentage of tenancy in Wisconsin is due to the central and northern sections of the state. In all of the older settled counties the percentage of tenancy is above the average for the state. In four counties this percentage exceeds 30 per cent; with Lafayette county having the highest percentage of tenancy, 36.2 per cent.

The percentage of all farms operated by tenants has increased slightly during each census period. In 1880 this percentage was 9.1 per cent; in 1890, 11.4 per cent; in 1900, 13.5 per cent; in 1910, 13.9 per cent; and in 1920, 14.4 per cent.

Mortgage Debt

In round numbers, 60 per cent of all owned farms in Wisconsin were mortgaged in 1920, 35 per cent were free from any mortgage, and as to 5 per cent no information was secured. For the farms as to which