quire. The mode of adjusting the lateral draugnt of the plough so as to give the share more or less land, and also to enable it to be drawn by a single or double team of horses, is by the addition of a bar f, fig. 5, to the end of which one of the drawing shackles is to be attached. The plough, shown at fig. 5, is constructed in every respect upon the ordinary principles of what is called a Scotch plough, the side bar only excepted, which by sliding horizontally, in a lateral direction upon a plate g, may be set at any angle to the beam, ard, being there fixed by a bolt, will cause the plough to follow a certain course to which the draught by the adjustment of the bar will incline it. The skeleton plough, fig. 6, designed for wet land, is constructed of bars set in the usual form of the mould-board, and landside; these bars may be either square or round, and set by screws or bolts, cradled together so as to produce the general figure of those surfaces. The object of this construction is that the earth shall not adhere to the surfaces, but pass through between the bars, and by that means allow the plough to clear itself as it proceeds.

Fig. 7 represents the improved harrow; it is formed of bars, which support a peculiar sort of tines (shown detached at fig. 8, and another form at fig. 9). The intention in forming these tines with rounded heads is that the stubble, roots, and other vegetable matters, may be enabled to rise over the top of the tines, and clear them. In order to regulate the depth at which the tines of this harrow shall penetrate the ground, the carriage of the fore-wheel is connected to a lever bar, a, by the raising and lowering of which the nose of the harrow is depressed or elevated to any required distance from the ground, and consequently the depth to which the tines are intended to penetrate will by these means be determined. The lever that regulates the fore-wheel is held at the hinder part of the harrow by a spring-guide, b, consisting of two rods placed close together with swells or bands, forming open spaces at several parts for the lever to rest in. When the tines are intended to penetrate the ground to the greatest depth, the handle of the lever must be raised to the top of the guide; but, when the tines are to be drawn out of the ground, the handle must be pressed upon so as to cause the lever to fall to the bottom of the guide, the elastic lateral pressure of the guide holding the lever in any intermediate position to which it may have been shifted for adjustment. As it is frequently necessary to lift the tines of the harrow out of the ground instantly, without stopping the horses, as in turning at the headlands, that may be done by merely pressing upon the handle of the lever. The hinder wheels of the harrow are also to be raised or lowered to correspond with the fore-wheel, and this is done by means of screws, c, c, which pass through the end bearings of the frame into the axle of the wheels. The last improvement proposed is a horse-hoe, or drill-harrow, with peculiarly formed tines attached to the frame-work, as seen in fig. 10. One of these tines has been shown at fig. 9, and before alluded to, as designed to permit the stubble to rise over its top, and thereby to relieve the hoe or harrow from choking. At the sides of

this hoe scufflers are introduced, their extremities being formed like shares for the purpose of cutting away obstructions.

The inventor has, we understand, received testimonials from a number of highly respectable agriculturists, expressing their unqualified approbation of the efficacy with which these ploughs performed when employed upon rough and unbroken ground, for which they are particularly designed: and the manner in which they throw off the stubble, permitting those obstructions to escape without clogging the progress, is obviously calculated to diminish the labor of draught, as well as perform clean work.

2. Other harrows are exhibited, AGRICULTURE, plate II., as the first, or tusset harrow, and second, or fallow, with their teeth separately underneath. Then follow the double seed and chain and screw harrows. By mistake the plate containing the common and iron seed harrows has been numbered plate II. of AGRICULTURE, as well as that containing the ploughs; but the figures with these inscriptions speak sufficiently for themselves. The field roller of this plate is a very useful instrument: its weight being of course adapted to the land.

Harrows have not undergone much improvement in their construction; the principal point in which they have been rendered more beneficially applicable and convenient for use, appears to be in the form of the frames; the method of attaching the draught; the position and manner of fixing in the tines or teeth; and the directions of the bulls or solid parts.

It has been justly hinted by a late writer that there is no one harrow, whatever the nature of its construction may be, that can be applicable to every description of soil, or which can operate with equal effect and advantage on such lands as are rough and smooth, loose and solid, &c. It is necessary that they should constantly be fitted to the particular nature of the soil, and the peculiar uses to which it is devoted.

In the lighter sorts of ground, it is obvious that smaller and lighter sorts of harrows, with shorter teeth, may more fully answer the purpose than in such as are strong, heavy, and tenacious, or which have been lately broken up from the state of old sward, and that of common moor heath, and other sorts of waste, where they should have much greater weight and length of tines. It is frequently the practice, where the soil is rough and stubborn, as in some instances of fallowing stiff clayey lands, to unite two common harrows together, in order more completely to reduce and break down the lumpiness of such grounds. And in the view of effecting these purposes, especially where the soil is stiff, adhesive, and much matted with weeds, it has been found advantageous not to have the harrows too thickly set with tines, by which they are liable to become choked up, and prevented from working in a proper manner.

The hitching or riding of harrows upon each other it has been attempted to remove, by having them constructed with running bulls, which are said to answer the purpose. It has also been suggested that inconveniences of this nature may be obviated by the mere fastening of the different

harrows together by means of hooks and eyes, or what in some places are called coupling-irons; as in this way the different harrows are only suffered to rise and fall at the same time.

3. Lester's cultivator of our (second) plate II. AGRICULTURE, is a fine implement amongst the variety that have been suggested as pulverisers of the soil. The scuffler is of similar character and use. But the grubber, RURAL ECONOMY, plate II. fig. 2, is thought an improvement on both.All the coulters but two are fixed in the bars; these two are placed in the side beams of the outer fame, and may be said to go more or less deep by pins and wedges. Land on which potatoes or turnips have.grown, or that has been ploughed in autumn or winter may be so stirred by this instrument that a crop may be sown in spring without further use of the plough. Beans and pease have been thus sown in spring, says Mr. Cleghorn, on the winter furrow, after being stirred by the grubber: and barley also, after turnip, without any ploughing. In working fallow it is used with good effect.

4. The heavy roller of our (second) plate II. AGRICULTURE has been improved upon, in a compound or spiked roller, and in the roller and water-box, plate III. RURAL ECONOMY, fig. 1, of which latter a representation is given. The spiked roller is employed in working fallows, or preparing stiff bean land for wheat. In stiff clay-ground, when ploughed dry, or which has been much trod upon, the furrow-slice will rise in large lumps, or clods, which the harrow cannot break. In this state of the ground, the rollers commonly used have little effect. Indeed, the seed is often buried in the ground, observes Mr. Loudon, by the clods being pressed down upon it by the weight of the roller. To remedy this, the spike-roller has been employed, and found very useful; but a roller can be made, which, perhaps, may answer the purpose better than the spike one. This roller is formed from a piece of hard wood, of a cylindrical form, on which are placed several rows of sharp-pointed darts, made either of forged iron, or cast metal. These darts, by striking the hard clods in a sloping direction, cut or split them into small pieces; and, by this means, they must be more easily pulverised by the harrow.'

5. The best, and, as Mr. Loudon says, 'the essential drill machines, are French's for turnips, Cooke's for corn, and the drill attached to a plough for beans.'

Mr. French was an agricultural mechanic of Northumberland, who first suggested the great improvement of concave rollers in the drill machine. Since it has been usual to sow pulverised manure with turnip seed, two hoppers (h) (h) have been added to his invention. See plate III. fig. 2.

Cooke's improved drill and horse-hoe is shown in fig. 3, plate III. It can be used as cultivator, hoe, rake, &c. It is in general use in Norfolk, Suffolk, and various other parts of England. Its advantages are said to be, 1. That the wheels are so large that the machine can travel on any road without trouble or danger of breaking; also from the farm to the field, &c., without taking to pieces. 2. In the

coulter-beam, with all the coulters, moving with great ease, on the principle of the pentagraph, to the right or left, so as to counteract the irregularity of the horse's draught, by which means the drills may be made straight: and, where lands or ridges are made four and a half or nine and a half feet wide, the horse may always go in the furrow, without setting a foot on the land, either in drilling or horse-hoeing. 3. In the seed supplying itself regularly, without any attention, from the upper to the lower boxes, as it is distributed. 4. In lifting the pin on the coulter-beam to a hook on the axis of the wheels; by which means the coulters are kept out of the ground at the end of the land, without the least labor or fatigue to the person who attends the machine. 5. In going up or down steep hills, in the seed-box being elevated or depressed accordingly, so as to render the distribution of the seed regular; and the seed being covered by a lid, and thus screened from wind or rain. The bean drill attached to a plough is shown fig. 4.-It can be fixed in the handles of any common plough.

The interval between the rows of drilled turnips, potatoes, and beans and peas, admit the employment of a horse-hoe, or hoeing-plough. Of this kind of machine there are many varieties. A very good one is described in the Northumberland Report (p. 43). The body is of a triangular form, and contains three coulters and three hoes, or six hoes, according to the state of the soil. A hoe of the same kind is sometimes attached to a small roller, and employed between rows of wheat and barley, from nine to twelve inches distant; it is also used in place of a cultivator, in preparing bean stubbles for wheat in autumn, and for barley in spring. For THRESHING and WINNOWING MACHINES, see those articles

ADDENDA.

We hoped (see our article AGRICULTURE) to advert at this period of the publication of our work to a more satisfactory adjustment of the corn question by the government.

At present (1829) we have only seen another temporary and tampering expedient resorted to in the shape of a new corn bill which we believe satisfies no party. We consider this, therefore, still an adjourned question; and shall only add some miscellaneous observations on its importance. We are indebted to a pamphlet published at the period of the passing of the corn bill of 1815 for the following observations:—

1. On the variations in seasons, and their effects on agricultural productions.-Although the price at which productions will sell is in some measure regulated by the proportion betwixt demand and supply, yet it is by no means in the ratio of the excesses to the demand in times of superabundance, or in the ratio of deficiency to demand in times of scarcity. Thus, if the demand be as ten, and the supply as eleven, the price will be depressed more than ten per cent. If, on the other hand, the demand be as ten, and the subply as nine, the price will be raised more tha ten per cent. If the demand continue the same, and the supply be as twelve, the price to which the production will be reduced will be far more