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NASH.-The History of the Higher Criticism of the New Tes tament. By HENRY S. NASH, Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, Cambridge. Cloth, 12mo, 75 cts. HARRISON.-Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, and Other Literary Estimates. By FREDERIC HARRISON. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00. ADDISON.-The Clergy in Amer- MEREDITH NICHOLSON. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25. SWIFT.-Brook Farm, ITS MEMBERS, SCHOLARS, AND VISITORS. By LINDSEY SWIFT. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25. OPPENHEIM.-The Care of the Child in Health. By NATHAN OPPENHEIM, Mt. Sinai Hospital. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25. ORMOND. - Foundations of Knowledge. In Three Parts. By ALEXANDER T. ORMOND, Princeton University. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00. PEABODY.-Jesus Christ and the Social Question. An Examination of the Teaching of Jesus in Relation to Some of the Problems of Social Life. By FRANCIS GREENWOOD PEABODY, Harvard University. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50. PEARSON.-The Grammar of Science. By KARL PEARSON. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth, $2.50. REINSCH.-World Politics AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, as Influenced by the Oriental Situation. By PAUL 8. REINSCH, University of Wisconsin. Citizens' Library. Cloth, $1.25. RHODES.History of the United States After the Compromise of 1850. By JAMES FORD RHODES. Four volCloth, 8vo, $10.00. umes. SEARS. An Outline of Political Cloth, 12mo, $3.00 net. STEEL.- The Hosts of the Lord. By MRS. FLORA ANNIE STEEL, author of "On the Face of the Waters." Cloth, 12mo, $1.50. STODDARD. - The Evolution of the English Novel. By FRANCIS H. STODDARD, New York University. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50. TEMPLE PRIMERS (THE).—A series of small volumes of condensed information introductory to great subjects, written by leading authorities, offering a wide range for individual selection. Send for a circular. The 15 volumes now ready on Scientific, Historical, and Literary Subjects. Each cloth, 18mo, 40 cts. net. VAN DYCK.-Anthony Van Dyck. AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF HIS LIFE AND WORKS. BY LIONEL CUST, Director of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Imperial 8vo, $35.00. WICKHOFF. - Roman Art. SOME OF ITS PRINCIPLES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO EARLY CHRISTIAN PAINTING. By FRANZ WICKHOFF. Translated by Mrs. S. A. STRONG. Illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $8.00. WOODBERRY. - Makers of Literature. Essays by GEORGE EDWARD WOODBERRY, Columbia University. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50. WRIGHT.-The Dream Fox Story Book. By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT, author of "Tommy Anne," etc. Illustrated by OLIVER HERFORD. Cloth, 16mo, $1.50. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK TWO OF D. APPLETON & CO.'S MOST NOTABLE BOOKS A Masterpiece of Biography Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley By his son, LEONARD HUXLEY In Two Volumes. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth, 549 & 547 pp., with Index. Price, $5.00 net. "The most important addition made to biographical literature in this decade.” "An admirable biography."- LONDON SPECTATOR. NEW YORK Herald. “A full-length picture of a remarkable man."— NEW YORK MAIL AND EXPRESS. "Destined to take high rank among epistolary autobiographies."— THE DIAL, Chicago. “The work is rich in personal literary, social, and scientific interest, while as a biography it is fascinating and valuable."- NEW YORK OBSERVER. Mr. Garland's Best Work THE EAGLE'S HEART A Story of the West By HAMLIN GARLAND 12mo, cloth, 369 pp. Price, $1.50. "Displays sincerity and rugged strength."- CHICAGO RECORD. "The variety of the story is as noticeable as its vigor and dramatic power." 66 Original, inspiring, and full of humanity."- SPRINGFIELD UNION. "Racy of the West."- DETROIT FREE PRESS. "A splendid achievement."— NEW YORK MAIL AND EXPRESS. "The Eagle's Heart' ist ein Buch welches über alle gleichartigen hervorragt." -TOLEDO EXPRESS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Enformation. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUES and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. THE GREAT BOOKS OF THE On this first day of the twentieth century there can be no subject more suitable for discussion in the pages of a literary journal than that of the famous books produced during the century just ended. The subject is one that has already received a certain amount of attention in other quarters, and that will doubtless be handled by many sorts of pens during the coming months. It is a subject of deep and enduring interest, because it affords one way, at least, and probably the most important way, of determining what the nineteenth century has done for civilization. We propose to confine our attention, in the present article, to the books of thought as distinguished from the books of art, and to enumerate, with some sort of brief accompanying comment, some of the works of the century that may fairly be characterized as epoch-making; the books, in a word, that have opened men's eyes to a deeper view of scientific or philosophical truth, and have made permanent changes in the current of human thought. Considered in this respect, the book of the century, beyond any possibility of a successful challenge to its preeminence, is "The Origin of Species," by Charles Darwin. The influence of this book ranks it with the treatises of Copernicus and of Newton, with the "Contrat Social" and the "Wealth of Nations." It is doubtful if any other book, in all the history of modern thought, has been so far-reaching in its influence, or productive of such immense intellectual results. There is a difference, not merely of degree but almost of kind, between the intellectual processes of the men who lived before Darwin and those who have grown to manhood during the period in which the evolutionary leaven has been working in men's minds. We no longer think in the same terms as of old, and we see that the true measure of the power of the great thinkers of the past is to be found in the extent to which their work foreshadowed or anticipated the evolutionary method. It is because the influence of Darwin has thus extended far beyond the biological field in which his work was done that his most famous book stands thus preeminent. Among the books that have proved epoch-making in more restricted fields of thought, we may mention Lyell's "Principles of Geology," Helmholtz's "Tonempfindungen," Froebel's “Education of Man," Ruskin's "Modern Painters," and Maine's "Ancient Law." The science of comparative philology, which hardly existed before the nineteenth century, dates from the publication of Bopp's "Comparative Grammar"; and the scientific pursuit of historical scholarship, whose ideals are very different from those of the eighteenth century historians, although Gibbon did much to anticipate them, really began with the publication of Niebuhr's "Römische Geschichte." Dalton's "New System of Chemical Philosophy" laid the foundations for atomic chemistry, and the Mécanique Céleste" of Laplace provided a firm mathematical basis for the nebular theory, previously outlined, it is true, by Kant, but lacking in the confirmation that was brought to it by the masterly analysis of the French astronomer. Here is also the appropriate place for mention of the researches of Pasteur, which have proved so immensely fruitful in the domain of bacteriology, and upon which, more than upon the labors of any other investigator, the new science is based. To the work of Pasteur and his followers we owe the first rational theory of disease and its treatment that has ever been formulated, a somewhat surprising fact when we consider the paramount importance of the subject to mankind. What were once supposed to be the foundations of religious belief have, during the century just ended, been sapped and mined by many agencies. The study of ancient civilizations has proved to be the merest fables many things that the credulous earlier ages accepted without question. The new scientific view of man and nature has also brought about a silent transformation in many matters of opinion once thought to be indissolubly connected with religious belief, but now seen to have little or nothing to do with it. As far as religion is a question of the interpretation of the Scriptures, the historical methods that have dealt so effectively with Greek and Roman tradition have also made an enduring impression upon the traditions of the Hebrew people and of the Christian church. The "higher" criticism, which means simply the new historical criti cism of sources and ideas, has triumphed so completely that little in the way of superstition is left for it to slay. Many men have fought valiantly in this cause, and it is difficult to specify individual scholars. But if our test be that of direct influence upon great numbers of people, it is probably true that the "Leben Jesu" of Strauss and the "Vie de Jésus" of Renan have been the most important popular agencies in bringing about a restoration of the Christian religion to its proper place in the perspective of general history. In the domain of economics, the most influential book of the century has probably been one whose teachings are repudiated by those who have the best right to speak in the name of this science. The propaganda of socialism has become so marked a feature in the political life of most of the civilized nations that it cannot be ignored in any survey of the tendencies of nineteenth century thought, and credit must be given to the book which, more than any other, has been responsible for this movement. That book, it need hardly be added, is the "Kapital" of Karl Marx; and its force is not yet spent. Indeed, we are inclined to think that fifty years hence it will loom even larger than it now does among the writings that have most profoundly influenced the thought of modern times. For the socialist experiment has not yet worked itself out, and it will not be discredited until civilization has suffered some very rude shocks. Mill's "Political Economy," on the other hand, while it has profoundly influenced the real thinkers in this field, and has an absolute value far exceeding that of "Das Kapital," falls short of being an epoch-making book for the simple reason that, instead of setting new ideas in motion, its energy was devoted to clarifying the old ones, and to setting them forth in logical arrangement. It is still the best single treatise on political economy that has ever been written, and for this, at least, it deserves an honorable place in any review of the intellectual history of the nineteenth century. We are inclined to give a place in this connection to the writings upon political and social subjects of the great apostle of Italian. unity, Guiseppe Mazzini. It is not merely because they brought about the political regeneration of his own country that these writings are of the highest importance — although that would suffice to justify the estimate — but rather because they brought the element of spirituality into the discussions with which they were concerned, and supplemented the conception of the rights of man, of which something too much had been made during the period that followed the French Revolution, with the hitherto neglected conception of the duties of man, thus giving an ethical turn to the general movement of European emancipation, and allying it with something higher and finer than merely material interests. The teaching of Mazzini, enforced by the singular purity and nobility of his devoted life, has had a widespread influence upon political thought, and has given it an ethical impulse that would be difficult to overestimate. Turning last of all to the philosophers, that is, to the men who, as far as may be, take all knowledge for their province, and seek to systematize the various results of special intellectual activity, we find the names of Humboldt, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Comte, and Mr. Herbert Spencer to be the conspicuous names of the nineteenth century. The "Kosmos of Alexander von Humboldt marks, in a sense, the end of the period of general scholarship and the beginning of the period in which specialization has held full sway. Never again can anyone hope to master the scientific knowledge of his time in the sense in which Humboldt mastered it; even the magnificent achievement of Mr. Spencer falls short of that ideal and shows the futility of any further endeavor in that direction. We owe to Mr. Spencer the most thorough-going application of the conception of evolution to history that has ever been made, and that is glory enough for one man; but we cannot read his "Synthetic Philosophy" without at the same time realizing that there are gaps in his knowledge and defects in his philosophical comprehension. We have the same feeling in more marked degree when we read Comte; and in his case, while recognizing his great influence, we must admit that it is an influence no longer active. Even the eloquence of Mr. Frederic Harrison cannot galvanize the "Cours de Philosophie Positive" into any semblance of the life that left it a generation ago. Nevertheless, it will always be reckoned among the most influential books of the century just ended. Taking philosophy in the stricter sense, as primarily concerned with the ultimate problems of thought, the names of Hegel and of Schopenhauer stand preeminent in the history of the nineteenth century. The "Logic" of the one and "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" of the other have been the chief metaphysical forces of the period, although now, at the end of the period, we see that the former is a waning influence, while the latter is an influence still to be taken into account in any study of the forces which still sway the minds of thoughtful men. It supplies, better than any other metaphysical system yet produced, the needed corrective for that material view of the universe which would seem to be the outcome of modern science, and enforces the fundamental teachings of the philosophers of Plato, and Spinoza, and Berkeley, and Kant-in the terms of the modern intellect, and with a cogency that is irresistible to the logical mind. We are inclined to believe that if the " Origin of Species" is approached in its influence upon nineteenth-century thought by any other one book, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" is that book. THE CASE AT STANFORD The recent case of alleged "interference with the freedom of academic teaching" at Stanford University has called out a range of discussion and criticism that seems to us disproportionate to the importance of the case. It was, of course, to be expected that the matter would be made the most of by sensation-seeking newspapers, and those of California in particular seem to have improved their opportunities without much regard to the finer equities or to the injury they might be doing the institution and those who have made it one of the chief glories of their State. Into the details of the affair we do not now propose to go. Broadly viewed, it seems less a question of academic freedom than of academic common-sense. It appears that an instructor was asked to resign his position,as he claims, on account of some sentiments, uttered by him in a public speech, which were objectionable to the founder of the University; as the other side claims, on account of an antagonism of long stand ing, aggravated by some offensive references to the family of the founder, the instructor questioning in his class-room the legitimacy of the fortune by which the University had been established, while not scrupling to accept a portion of the same fortune in payment of his professorial salary. Now if these things were true, or Mrs. Stanford believed them to be true, her resentment was natural and inevitable; and in any event, it seems to us that such generous devotion and boundless liberality as she has shown to the institution whose welfare lies so near her heart might fairly have entitled her to more considerate and more kindly treatment than she has received from some quarters. We do not believe, from all we know of this case, that the |